Ulwalamano phakathi kwemithetho-siseko karhulumente kunye nokwanda kwezoqoqosho luyinkxalabo ephambili koorhulumente ehlabathini lonke. Isigqibo ngasinye sibandakanya ukukalisela iinjongo ezininzi, intlupheko enqabileyo, kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo. Ezi zinto ziguqula ngqo imekobume apho amashishini asebenza khona, abasebenzi bafumana ingeniso, neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ndleko zokurhweba ezichaphazela ngayo ukusebenza kwexesha elide kwezoqoqosho kubalulekile kubenzi benkqubo, abavelisi-mali, nakubemi abachaphazelekayo kwiziphumo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iintlobo ezingundoqo zentengiso yempatho kawonke, iziphumo zehlabathi, iziphumo zokwenene, kunye namaqhinga okulawula ukukhuthazwa kokukhula okuzinziswa kwezoqoqosho.

Ukuqonda Urhwebo Lwenkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Urhwebo lomthetho kawonke-wonke lwenzeka xa abenzi besigqibo kufuneka bakhethe phakathi kwezibini okanye ezingaphezulu kodwa ezinqwenelekayo kuphela. Ngenxa yokuba imithombo `ifenancial, umntu, kunye nendalo(isiphelo, zonke izabelo, zinamathuba. Urhulumente okwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali yokuzikhusela kusenokunciphisa utyalo-mali emzileni, umzekelo. Ngokufanayo, umthetho owenzelwe ukukhusela imeko-bume uthintela ulwando lwemizi -mveliso, uchaphazela umsebenzi nemveliso ngexesha elifutshane. Le misebenzi ayilihle okanye ayilihle; ibonisa ukhetho olunzima olumele lwenziwe kwihlabathi elifuna ukuphikiswa.

Imeko yee-transport ekwenzeni izigqibo zikaRhulumente

Iitrantoff zifakwe kwinqanaba ngalinye lomjikelo wenkqubo, ukusuka kucwangciso lokucwangcisa ukuzalisekisa. Kumgangatho ophezulu, oorhulumente bagqiba ukuba zingakanani na iinkcubeko zemali yesizwe ezinokunikezela ngazo ekusebenziseni (umz., ukufuduseleni intlalo, imivuzo karhulumente) ngokuchaseneyo notyalo-mali (umz., izibonelelo, iR&D). Kulo ngeniso, ukhetho lukho phakathi kwemisebenzi yekomkhulu ephathekayo kunye neenkqubo zekomkhulu zabantu. Kwanemigaqo-mthetho yolawulo ibandakanya ukuthengwa: ukhuseleko olungqongqo okanye imilinganiselo yemekobume inokunyusa iindleko zemveliso ezinde okanye inkcitho yempilo kawonke.

Imimandla Engundoqo Yezorhwebo

  • Imisebenzi yotyalo-mali yezemfundo. Iinkonzo zoluntu – Ukwakha iindlela, amazibuko, kunye neenkqubo ezidibeneyo zinganyusa imveliso kunye noqhagamshelwano, kodwa imisebenzi enjalo ingaminyanisa ukuchitha imali kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye neminatha yokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni. I-Centoff ikhulu kakhulu kuqoqosho apho zifuneka zombini.
  • Iintshukumisa zentengiselwano zamashishini. Iinkqubo zoncedo lukawonke-wonke – irhafu yenkampani esezantsi okanye yemali ingatsala irhafu okanye irhafu yerhafu ingenza ingeniso yotyalo-mali kunye nokuhlaziya okungxamisekileyo, kodwa inciphisa ingeniso karhulumente enokuxhasa intlawulo yokudluliswa kwemali, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, okanye imfundo kawonke-wonke. Isiphumo se-nethi exhomekeke ekukhuleni kwengeniso ehlawulwa yimali.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imimiselo yesiseko somthetho engqukuva. ulwando lwemizi-mveliso – imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha igesi okanye imiqathango yosetyenziso lomhlaba inganyusa iindleko zokuthobela kunye nolibaziseko lweprojekthi, ukanti ziyakwazi ukukhuthaza ubugcisa obuluhlaza kunye nokukhusela ikomkhulu lendalo, eliyimfuneko ekukhuleni ixesha elide okuzinzileyo.
  • Inkqubo yokuxhasa i-monetary system vs. umsebenzi – iibhanki zasembindini zijongene nothengiso phakathi kokulawula ukunyuka kwexabiso lemali kunye nokuxhasa intengiso yengqesho. Ukwandisa inzala kunganciphisa iingcinezelo zexabiso kodwa kwakhona kuthoba imfuneko etheth'ethayo kwaye kwandisa ukuswela umsebenzi.

Ingingqi nganye inikela imidlalo esebenzayo. Utyalo-mali kwisiseko sezothutho lunganciphisa amaxesha okuhamba okujikeleza, iindleko zobuchule obusezantsi, kunye nokwandisa ukufikelela kwentengiso yeziphumo zentengiso . "zonke] ukukhula kwempumelelo. Noko ke, ukuba olo tyalo-mali luxhaswa ngokusikelwe imfundo, ubuchule bexesha elide bemisebenzi bungaphazamiseka, bunciphise ukukhula okunokwenzeka. Ngokufanayo, ukurhoxiswa kwerhafu yophando nophuhliso lwezobugcisa kunganyusa utshintsho, kodwa ukuba azidityaniswanga nemali eyaneleyo yophando olusisiseko, umbhobho wokufumana izinto ungancipha.

Umsebenzi Wokwanda Kwezoqoqosho

Ukwanda kwezoqoqosho kulinganiswa ngokwanda kwemveliso yokwenene yasekhaya yelizwe (GDP) kumntu ngamnye ngexesha elithile. Noko ke, ukukhula akuyoziphumo zoomatshini; kubangelwa kukudibana kweemeko ezininzi ezinovakalelo kukhetho lwenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Isiseko solwakhiwo lolwakhiwo lolwando siqhekeza iziphumo kwimirhumo evela kwikomkhulu, kumsebenzi, kunye nemveliso yefekta yonke (TFP).

Izinto Ezibangela Ukwanda Kwezoqoqosho

  • Inkqubela-phambili yekomkhulu labantu – Imfundo, uqeqesho, kunye nempilo iphucula imveliso yomsebenzi kunye nobuchule bokwamkela ubugcisa obutsha. Imithetho ebeka phambili ukuchitha ii-asethi kwizikolo, iinkqubo zomsebenzi, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke iqhubekela phambili, kodwa ifuna utyalo-mali oluphambili kwaye isenokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elifutshane.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuveliswa kwemichiza yobugcisa nohlaziyo – R&D ityala lerhafu, iinkuselo ezisemthethweni, kunye nenkxaso-mali karhulumente engqalileyo yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa kungavuselela impumelelo. Ukurhweba kuxhomekeke ekubikweni kwemali yophando olunqabileyo phakathi kwenzululwazi esisiseko (umngcipheko ophezulu, umvuzo ophezulu) kwaye kusetyenziswa uphando (iiimali ehlawulwa ngokukhawulezileyo).
  • ukwakhiwa kwekomkhulu lenkcubeko – utyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke kwiindlela, kwigridi zamandla, kunye nezibonelelo zamanani kunyusa amandla asebenzayo ezoqoqosho. Kodwa imisebenzi yesiseko isoloko iphantsi kobunzima obude nemijikelo yezobupolitika, kwaye ikhuphisana nezinto eziphambili zokuchitha imali zangoku.
  • Okusingqongileyo okungumthetho – imimiselo emiselwe kakuhle ingalungisa ukungaphumeleli kwentengiso (umz., ungcoliso, iipolitiki) kwaye inikezele ngesakhiwo esizinzileyo soshishino. Imithetho egqithisileyo okanye enyanzeliswe kakubi, nokokuba, inganyusa iindleko zentetho, idibanise ukungena, kwaye ithintele ukhuphiswano.
  • Iphawulo lokufumana nokhuphiswano – urhwebo olukhululekileyo, unyanzeliso oluchasene nothelekelelo, kunye nokukhutshwa komthetho wokusebenza, kungandisa ukuphumelela nokukhethwa kwabathengi. Kodwa iimarike ezivulayo zichanaba iifemu zasekhaya kukhuphiswano lwamanye amazwe, ezinokubangela ukushenxiswa komsebenzi kumacandelo angakhuselekanga.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto kuthetha ukuba ukurhweba ngenkqubo akufane kuchaphazele ukwanda ngendlela elandelelanayo. Inkqubo ekhuthaza ukwenziwa kwekomkhulu ngethuba elifutshane isenokulinciphisa ikomkhulu lomntu ukuba linciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali yemfundo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuveliswa kwemali kwimpilo nemfundo kunganyusa imveliso eselunxwemeni yekomkhulu, idala iziphumo ezinolwamkelo. Ukwenziwa kwemigaqo esebenzayo kufuna ukuqonda ezi ngxwabangxwaba nokukhetha okunokwandisa impumelelo eqhubekayo.

Imizekelo yenkqubo yehlabathi lokwenene kunye nezorhwebo

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala acacileyo kusinceda sibone indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto ezithengiswayo nendlela ezinokuba yiyo imiphumo yezoqoqosho.

Umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu: Iiyunithi ze-Corporate v. IiNkonzo zikaRhulumente

Irhafu ehlawulwayo iye yabalasela kwidabi lemfazwe. Amazwe amaninzi aye anciphisa intengiso esebenzayo yokutsala ikomkhulu elihambayo kunye namashishini amazwe ngamazwe. Umzekelo, iUnited States yanciphisa isantya sequmrhu layo lenkampani ukusuka kwi 35% ukuya kwi-21% ngo-2018. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba imigangatho ephantsi yerhafu iya kunyusa ingeniso, inyuse ingeniso, kwaye ivelise ukwanda okunamandla okunciphisa ingeniso. Ubungqina obudizako lwemali kwingeniso yorhwebo olusuka kwi-OECD bucebisa ukuba ukucheba irhafunxa yenkampani ngokwenene kungavuselela ukuthengwa kwemali eninzi kunokukhutshwa ngemali eninzi. Kodwa, ukuthengiswa kwerhafuzwa kwerhafu kuyabonakala xa ingeniso ehlawulwayo okanye ukukhutshelwa kwemali ephambili kwezentengo yoluntu oluthelekayo. [F.][F]

Umgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo: Imigangatho yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuphiswano lwezemizi-mveliso

Imimiselo yemekobume inikela imigaqo ecacileyo yokukhula-kungalingani. Imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhutshwa kwemibhobho okanye umhlaba ekusetyenzisweni kwemibhobho enyukayo, isenokunciphisa iziphumo kunye nomsebenzi osetyenziswayo. Kodwa iingenelo zexesha elide ``ukucoca umoya, icutha inkcitho yempilo, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwemisebenzi yezobugcisa ecocekileyo--ingangaphezulu. Uvavanyo lwezibonelelo lwendawo engqongileyo lwe-U.. i-EPA) kwi-EPA Activestions iqikelela ukuba iingenelo lokuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yoMeya-moya kunye nokugula kugqithise leendleko zemali ezikhoyo. Ukuthengwa kwemithetho elawulayo kunakho ukulawulwa kakhulu xa imimiselo yenziwe ukuba isebenze kunemiqatha, inika ubuchule bokufumana iindlela ezincinci zokuthobela. I-OCD igxininisa iziphumo zovavanyo lokuhlola i-off.[0]

Isiseko kunye nemfundo: Ingqikelelo-mbono yelizwe lomnqamlezo

Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, oorhulumente bajamelana nokhetho olunzima phakathi kokwakha iindlela kunye neebhulorho (ezineziphumo eziphezulu zezobupolitika kunye neziphumo zexesha elifutshane lomsebenzi) kunye notyalo kwimfundo yemfundo yesiseko (esele zishiyile ixesha elide kodwa zibuye ziphinde zihambe). Uhlolisiso lweBhanki yehlabathi kumazwe aseMzantsi Merika lufumanise ukuba amazwe abeke intsebenziswano enkulu yemali kawonke-wonke enxulumene nemfundo esekelwe kwisiseko somgangatho womgangatho womgangatho womgangatho womgangatho ophezulu ophezulu ophezulu, nangona ubuninzi bemali yokuqala bungakhawulezi zizinto eziziiiiiiiiiiibhili ezimbini ezizingahropu ezizinzileyo kodwa uqingqo-mali lunganyanze uvule ufikelelo olunzima kukhetho olunzima.

Imiphumo Yezigqibo Zorhwebo Ezingekho Mthethweni

Xa abenzi benkqubo besilela ukuvavanya intengiso ngocoselelo, okanye benza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwimpumelelo yexeshana yezopolitiko.

  • [[NTL:0] Ukungaqeshwa okuthe kratya --Pricies ebeka phambili amacandelo angundoqo akwicandelo elikwintsebenziswano ngaphandle koqeqesho olufanelekileyo lungakhokelela ekungaqeshwani kwesakhiwo. Ngokufanayo, ukugqithisa kakhulu kungathintela ukwenziwa koshishino kunye nendalo yomsebenzi.
  • Imali ehlawulwayo--ukuba irhafu inceda ngokungenakulinganiswa abangeni-mali abafumana ingeniso ephezulu okanye imibutho, ngelixesha iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezixhasa imveliso yabasebenzi (itransport, impatho yomntwana, impilo) ziyasikwa, umvuzo wokwenene ungaphelelwa. Oku kunganciphisa imfuno ye-aggreate kunye notyalo-mali.
  • ukuyekwa kotyalo-mali kumacandelo abalulekileyo – uxinzelelo olufutshane lwexesha lokulungelelanisa uqingqo-mali lungakhokelela ekunqumleni kwi-R&D, imfundo, okanye ugcino lwezibonelelo ezikhoyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kunyuka kwemali kwekomkhulu likawonke-wonke kuphelisa amandla asebenzayo ezoqoqosho.
  • Ukungalingani kwengeniso - Xa iintengiso zisoloko zixhasa ikomkhulu ngaphezu kwemisebenzi, okanye amaqela afumana imali eninzi kumaqela afumana imali ephantsi, ulwahluko lunyuka. Ukungalingani okuphezulu kunokuthintela ukukhula ngokunciphisa ukulingana kwentsebenziswano kunye nokulinganisela ukutyala ikomkhulu labantu ngokweentsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo.
  • Ukuthotywa kwemeko-ntle - ukubeka phambili ulwando loshishino kukhuseleko lwemekobume kungakhokelela ekuncipheni kobuncwane bendalo kunye nobunzima boluntu, obubeka iindleko ezibalekayo ezingaphezulu kwengeniso ezithe xhaxhe.

Ezi ziphumo zingadala imijikelo ekrakra: ukunqongophala kwentengiso kunciphisa ukukhula, okunciphisa isithuba sotyalo-mali lwexesha elizayo, olubangela uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo. Umzekelo, amazwe ahlala ephantsi kwemfundo abona ukuqokelelwa kwamakomkhulu abantu, okunciphisa ukukhula kwe-TFP, okukwenza kube nzima ukuphepha imigibe efunyenweyo ephantsi.

Ubuchule bolawulo lwezomgaqo-nkqubo osebenzayo

Ukuze baqhube intengiso ngempumelelo, oorhulumente bafuna ubuchule bolawulo kunye nezakhiwo ezikhuthaza ulwazi, zokwenza izigqibo ezicace gca.

Abaxhasi kuMgaqo-nkqubo wokwenza iZigqibo

Ukulungisa amashishini achaphazelekayo ngezantsi, amashishini, imibutho yokusebenza, ibutho labemi, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni . "iintengiso zorhwebo] ezingacacanga kugcino-lwazi oludibeneyo. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba, ukuvalwa kwetyala, kunye namabhunga akhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo kuyavavanywa. Ukubophelelana kwamaqela ahlukeneyo kwakha ukuthembana kwinkqubo yenkqubo, kukwenza kube lula ukuzalisekisa urhwebo olunzima xa kuyimfuneko.

Ukuqhuba Imisebenzi Ecokisekileyo

Uhlolo lweziphumo zomthetho (i-ARIAs), uhlolo-mcimbi wexabiso, kunye nophando oluzinzileyo lunika ubungqina ngeziphumo ezinokwenzeka zokukhethwa kwenkqubo. Imisebenzi elungileyo ibangela ukuba zombini iimarike kunye neempembelelo ezingezozo marike, iqwalasele iziphumo zonikezelo, kwaye iquke uvavanyo lovelwano. IBhanki yehlabathi iNguquko yoLawulo kunye neNkcitho yezenteleko yeMbali[ oovimba banikela ukhokelo ekufakeleni uluvo olunjalo kwinkqubo.

Isiseko sobungqina obusekelwe kwimithetho

Izigqibo kufuneka zibekwe kuphando olusekelwe kwingqiqo. Iimvavanyo ezilawulwayo, uhlolo olukwi-quasi-experritial, kunye nohlolo lwe-odoli olunqamlezileyo lungabonisa okona kuthengwa kubandakanyekileyo. Umzekelo, ubungqina obusuka kuncwadi oludluliswayo lwemali enemiqathango bubonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezifana ne-Mexico's Progresa[ iziphumo eziphucuthekileyo zempilo nemfundo kunye neziphumo ezinokulawulwa korhwebo olungenatyala, ingakumbi xa zithelekiswa nengeniso engangeniswanga.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo ogosayo

Ngenxa yokuba ukurhweba kuguquka kweemeko ezitshintshayo, imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka yenziwe ukuba ithambeke kwaye ihlolisiswe rhoqo. Ukucwangcisa amacandelo, izizinzisi ezizenzekelayo (umz., iirhafu zengeniso eziqhubekekayo ezilungelelanisa nomjikelo weshishini), kunye novavanyo lwexesha neendawo ezingaphambili zivumela oorhulumente ukuba balungise indlela xa uhlolo lokuqala lokurhwebelana lungqina lungachananga. Abalawuli abatshintshanga bayavuma ukuba akuqiniseki kwaye bayakha ukufunda kwinkqubo yenkqubo.

Uyilo lomgaqo-nkqubo odityanisiweyo oqhutywa ngokurhwetyelwa

Kunokuba banyathele ummandla ngamnye wenkqubo bebodwa, oorhulumente bangasebenzisa iindlela ezinqamlezayo ezithi zichaze intsebenziswano kunye neengxabano. Umzekelo, "ukwanda kwengcambu" ubuchule bokukhusela imeko-bume kunye nenkqubo yoshishino, beqonda ukuba ungeniso olucocekileyo lwamandla lungadala imisebenzi ngeli xesha luncitshiswa ungcoliso. Ngokufanayo, ukudibanisa inkqubo yerhafu kunye nenkcitho yemfundo kunganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubuchule bomsebenzi buhambelana neemfuno zemizi - mveliso ezingenelwa kwizikhuthazo zerhafu.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo yemithetho kawonke wonke yokurhweba ngokwanda kwezoqoqosho inzulu. Kunjalo, ukhetho ngalunye olumalunga nerhafu, imimiselo, okanye ukusetyenziswa koluntu luneendleko ezinokuguqula ingeniso yezoqoqosho kangangeminyaka. Abenzi bolawulo kufuneka baxhathise isilingo sokuphepha ukurhwebelana okanye ukuwenza asebenze njengeenkqubo ezilula. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka bafumane izixhobo zobunzululwazi, eziquka iinkqubo, kunye nombono woluntu. Ngokuvavanya ngenyameko impumelelo kunye nokulahlekelwa kweenketho ezahlukeneyo, nangokuyila imigaqo enokuthi ilungele ukutshintsha njengoko kusanda ubungqina, oorhulumente bangenza iimeko zokukhula okuzinceda ukuhambela phambili koluntu. Ekugqibeleni, injongo ayifuni kupheliswa ukuthengiswa kwentengiso.