Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli Lesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Solwalamano Lonqulo Kumntla Ireland

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu, esatyikitywa ngoApril 10, 1998, simi njengenye yezikhundla zezobupolitika eziguquliweyo kwimbali yanamhlanje yaseYurophu. Saphelisa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yemfazwe enogonyamelo eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Iinkathazo," eyayibulale abantu abangaphezu kwama-3 500 kwaye yashiya amanxeba anzulu kuluntu. Nangona isivumelwano sisoloko sihlalutyaniswa ngeliso leliso lezopolitiko lomgaqo-siseko kunye namandla alawulayo, enye yezona ndawo zinzulu zayo zikhoyo, ``````ilegacies'''' ixhomekeke kwimpembelelo yayo yonqulo phakathi kwamaProtestanti kunye namaKatolika kuMntla Ireland. Isivumelwano asizange siphelise nje ugonyamelo; sadala iziko kunye nenkquluko ezithi ziphinde zitshintshe indlela abantu bonqulo, kunye nezinye iimeko, kunye, kunye nezinye, ezingqingqinelanelo olusebenzisanayo.

Imvelaphi Yokwahlukana Konqulo Embalini

Imposiso yonqulo eNorthern Ireland ikho kwiinkulungwane ezikhoyo, isekelwe kwi-17-centurry Plantation of Ulster, xa abaphambukeli abangamaProtestanti base-Skotlani naseNgilani banikwa ilizwe elithathiweyo kumaKatolika ase-Irish. Oku kwadala indlela yokuba nelizwe, igunya lezobupolitika, kunye nelungelo lokuhlala elayamanyeneyo kunye nokuzichaza konqulo. Ngexesha le-1921 lokwahlulwa kwe-Ireland, ilizwe elitsha laseNorthern Ireland lalineeeeeeeetril elinamninzi, kwaye lafumana amaziko alo, kuquka amapolisa, inkonzo yamakhaya, kunye nenkonzo yamaProbithi-gethi-.

Imfazwe eyalandelayo yayingeyomfazwe yonqulo engqongqo, kodwa unqulo lwalusebenza njengophawu olunamandla lohlanga. AmaProtestanti kunye namaKatolika adweliswe kumanyano lwe-Union kunye nomanyano lwesizwe, ngokulandelelana. IiCawa zazisoloko ziqinisa imida yoluntu kunokuba ziyithintele. Ngexesha leMixokelelwano, abefundisi kuzo zombini izithethe maxa wambi babexhasa amaqela axhobileyo, nangona abaninzi babesebenza ngamandla ukuze bafumane uxolo emva kwemiboniso. Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile ekuqondeni oko iGoving Wesihlanu Sexulutrence emiselwe ukukuphumeza: ukungaphelisi igama lonqulo, kodwa ukudalwa kwenkqubo yezobupolitika engafuni sithethe silawule enye.

Isivumelwano Esilungileyo SoLwesihlanu: Isakhiwo Sokuhlala Ngeenkonzo

Isivumelwano luxwebhu oluntsonkothileyo oluthetha ngeendidi ezininzi zongquzulwano. Amalungiselelo alo olwalamano lonqulo akasoloko ecacile, kodwa aphothiswa kuyo yonke izakhiwo zayo. Embilinini yaso, isivumelwano saqonda ukuba uxolo oluhlala lufuna ukuba zombini imimandla izive ikhuselekile kwaye ilingana ekumeni kwayo. Lo mgaqo wazisa isithathu "intsika" yendawo yokuhlala: ukuqhubana kwangaphakathi eNorthern Ireland (enye), intsebenziswano yoMntla-mzantsi phakathi komntla Ireland kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland (Strand 2) kunye nolwalamano lwaseMpuma phakathi kwe-Great Britain (Strath Yesithathu).

Ukwabelana ngamandla kunye nokuVumelana okuNgaphesheya

Eyona nkqubo iphambili yokusungula ichaphazela ulwalamano lonqulo yayikukudalwa kweNdibano yaseMntla Ireland ekwakunyanzeleka ukuba ikwazi ukuqhuba amandla. INdibano isebenza kwinkqubo yokuvota okunqamlezileyo, ithetha izigqibo ezingundoqo ezifuna inkxaso kubo bobabini oo-Unionism kunye no-Nationalist abameli. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amaProtestanti okanye amaKatolika asebenzisa iilebhile zezopolitiko kunokuba anyanzele omnye umbutho. Iguqule ulawulo kumgca-ero-sum ukuya kudibaniso phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo. Imfuneko yokuzibiza njenge "Uniontist," okanye "Otheralist," isebenzisa iileta zezopolitiki kunokuba asebenzise ezonqulo, kodwa ekuqheliseni ulawulo lobupolitiko ihlala iqinile.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokwakhiwa Komgangatho

Isivumelwano sanika urhulumente waseBritane nowase-Ireland ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu oluzinzileyo kwisakhiwo somthetho saseMntla Ireland. Sakhokelela ekumisweni kweKhomishini yamaLungelo angokwabantu eNorthern Ireland, kwiKhomishini yokuLingamela i-Unity for Northern Ireland, kunye nomsebenzi owiswayo kumagunya karhulumente karhulumente ukukhuthaza ukulingana kwamathuba angaphaya kweendidi ezilithoba, kuquka inkolelo yonqulo kunye noluvo lwezopolitiko lwezopolitiko. Olu hlelo lokwahlula-mthetho wemisebenzi yengqesho olusesikweni, imithetho esesikweni, kunye nolwandiswano lwezindlu luye lwanciphisa ucalulo olulawulwa ngamaKatolika. Uvavanyo lweKhomishini yezemali ibonisa ukuhambela kobuKatolika kwimisebenzi, kuquka nenkonzo yamapolisa kunye nezopolitiko yezopolitiko, eziye zasebenza ngokweempumaProtestan nezo zezobuProtestan.

Utshintsho Lokuziphatha Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

IPatten Report, eyapapashwa ngowe-1999 ngenxa yeSivumelwano, yancomela utshintsho olusisiseko lweRoyal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), eyabonwa ngamaKatolika amaninzi njengeqela lamahlelo. I-RUC yathatyathelw' indawo yiNkonzo yamapolisa aseNorthern Ireland (PSI), kunye nenkqubo e-50:50 yokwenziwa kwemiqathango elungiselelwe ukwandisa i-ofisi yamaKatolika. Ngo-2024, umelo lwamaKatolika kwi-PSNIC lwakhula lwaya ngaphezu kwama-30 ekhulwini, xa kuthelekiswa ne-8% kwi-RUC. Ngoxa i-RUC ingekadibaniselwanga inani lamaKatolika jikelele, olu tshintsho luye lwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuthembanawo wonke amaqela eentlalo-RMFUS, kunye nomnye wemijajini eninzi.

Ukuguqula Ulwalamano Lonqulo Lusecicini

Ngaphandle kotshintsho olungokweziko, iSivumelwano savula indawo yokuxolelanisa nokusebenza komanyano okuye kwaba nzima ngexesha lemfazwe. Ukwanda kogonyamelo olugqithiseleyo kwavumela iicawa nemibutho yoluntu ukuba igxininise ekwakheni ulwalamano phakathi kolwahluko.

Indima Yeecawa Ekuxolelaneni

Iinkokeli ezininzi zecawa ezazilumkile ngexesha leMixokelelwano zaqalisa ukusebenza ngakumbi ekwakheni uxolo emva konyaka ka-1998. IBhunga lase-Ireland leeCawa kunye neNgqungquthela yamaKatolika zasungula inyathelo eliququzelelayo, kuquka "Ukuhamba Ngexesha Lokukhumbula" iprojekthi kunye nenkqubo "yokuhamba Ngecala Lecandelo Lesizwe" yobuProtestanti". Amabandla asekuhlaleni aqalisa ukuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yokuhlanganisana kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, iinkonzo ezidibeneyo, kunye nemisebenzi yoluntu. Intlanganiso yezentlalo-ntle, yasekwa ngo-1965, njengentlangano yokwakha uxolo, yandisa umsebenzi wayo emva kwesivumelwano, imema iinkqubo zokuhlala ezidityaniswe ngamaProtestan nangamaKatolika, abafundisi, kunye neenkokeli-ntlalo. La manyathelo amaqela amaqela ancedisana, nangona elungele ukudibana nabantu, imodeliyo ekwaneyo evavanye i-othe ntle yomanyano yoluntu.

Iinkonzo ezidityanisiweyo kunye neziphuhliso zokholo oluninzi

Ithuba lasemva kobuKatolika likwakho ukukhula kwengxoxo esesikweni yomanyano. I-Inter-liefive Forum yasemntla Ireland, eyasekwa ngo- 2003, yaqokelelwa abameli abavela kwizithethe zamaKristu kunye namaYuda, amaSilamsi, amaHindu, kunye namaSikh akhulayo kwimibutho yamaSulumane, amaHindu, amaSikh eNyakatho Ireland. Ngoxa ulwahlulo lwamaKristu lwasekuseyingxakini yonqulo, ukufakwa kwezinye iinkolo kuye kwanceda ukwandisa incoko ngonqulo olubanzi kunye nentlonelo. IForum icwangcise iziganeko zikawonke-wonke, utyelelo lwesikolo, kunye neengxelo ngemibango zemfazwe elwayo kunye nemifanekiso elwayo, emisela ukusetyenziswa kwenkquluko yonqulo.

Ii-Shifts zeNtlalo ne-Demographic

Isivumelwano seGood Wear Agreement asizange sibangele utshintsho oluthe ngqo, kodwa sadala iimeko apho ubalo lwamanani lwamanani lunokukhawulezisa khona. Ubalo lwamanani abantu lwama-2021 lwatyhila ukuba, okokuqala, amaKatolika aphindwe kabini kumaProtestanti aseMntla Ireland (45,7 ekhulwini, 43,5 ekhulwini lamaProtestanti). Olu tshintsho lunentsingiselo enzulu yokuzichaza kwezobupolitika nokuzinza kwesivumelwano, njengoko luphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuphumelela kwexesha elide kwe-"indawo ezimbini". Noko ke, ukubalwa kwabantu kwabonisa ukunyuka okuphawulekayo kwabo bachaza ukungabi nalunqulo (17 ekhulwini), ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela amatsha. Oku kukuthi kuthotyekelo lwehlabathi lunganciphisa ukungazichaza okuthelekisa ixesha, njengoko kusenza umanyano lwe-com - symony

Imfundo iseyenye yezona zinto zicalucalulwe kakhulu kubomi base-Ireland yasemntla. Abantwana abamalunga nama-90 ekhulwini bafunda kwizikolo ezinamaProtestanti okanye ezingamaKatolika amaninzi, umzekelo lowo iSivumelwano singawubhekisi ngqo. Noko ke, emva kwexesha lokuzalwa kwe-Agreeeve babonile ukukhula kwi "kwizikolo eziqeshiweyo", ezithi ngabom zibhalise amanani alinganayo abafundi bamaProtestanti kunye namaKatolika. Ukusuka nje kwizikolo ezimbalwa ezinjalo ngo-1998, kukho izikolo ezimalunga nama-60 ezidityatyani eNorthern Ireland, ukufundisa malunga ne 8% yabemi besikolo esifunda isikolo. Isivumelwano sokunconywa kwabazali nokuxhaswa kwabo ngemfundo elungelelanisiweyo siye saxhasa oku kukhula, njengokuba uninzi lwezikolo olusasele lukho.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Neshishini Elingakhange Lizinziswe

Ngako konke ukuphumelela kwayo, iSivumelwano esiGosayo sangoLwesihlanu asiwaphelisanga amahlelo okanye ulwalamano lonqulo oluguquke ngokupheleleyo. Uninzi lweengxaki ziya ziqhubeka, ezinye zazo zisekelwe kulalanisa kwesivumelwano.

Imimandla yojongano kunye nezidleleleko

Kumaqela asebenzayo ahlala eBelfast, eLondonderry, nakwezinye iidolophu, "imimandla ephakathi" , "imida ephakathi kwamaProtestanti kunye namaKatolika" ihlala ihleli izingingqi zoxinezeleko. Udonga loxolo, olwakhelwe ukulwahlula abantu ngexesha leMbindi we-Trouble, luse linani elingaphezulu kwekhulu e-Ireland. Ngelixesha isiseko sesivumelwano sivule incoko ngokususwa kwazo, inkqubela-phambili. IKhomishoni, emiselwe phantsi kwesivumelwano sokuthatha uhambo olunempikiswano, iye yanciphisa ugonyamelo kwii-Orangers zodweliso zenkco kodwa ayikhange isombulule iimpikiswano ezikhoyo phantsi kwenkcubangezo zomntla we-Ardoyne kunyaka kuMalfast kunye ne-Drumstromese ePorcewday.

Ukuhlangabezana Nezinto Zamandulo

Elinye lamaqumrhu alwayo eMibango yeMibango yeNkqutyana yemfazwe yenzeka ngendlela yokulungisa ugonyamelo lwangaphambili. Isivumelwano saseka isiseko esintsonkothileyo se "sekusebenzeni nexesha elidlulileyo" kuquka iMphathiswa wamaxhoba waseNorthern Ireland kunye neNtlangatho-Mphathi-Mbindi-Mphini we-Enquies Amplication Iqela, kodwa ukuzalisekisa bekungaguquguquki kwaye kukwahlukana ngokwezobupolitika. Umthetho worhulumente waseBritane wama-20211, onikela ngemiqathango yeengxaki ezinxulumene neengxaki ezinxulumene neengxaki, wachaswa yimiqathango yezezopolitiki yaseNorthern Ireland kunye nemibutho yamalungelo abantu. Elifa le liyaqhubeka lichaphazela ulwalamano lonqulo, njengoko iinkumbulo zogonyamelo zihlala ziqinile kwaye ziqheke kwimigca yoluntu. Ngaphandle kokwamkelo oluqhelekileyo lwenyaniso, intengo, nokuvuma, iingozi ezingomvo eziphakathi zezenteleko ziyaqhubeka kumlinganiselo wolungelelaniso.

Ukunganyaniseki Kwezobupolitika Nokuthenjwa

Amaziko alawula amandla esivumelwano aye ajikwa kaninzi, kutshanje ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku 2020 kwaye ngokufutshane ngo-2022. Oku kuwohloka kokholo kumgangatho wezopolitiko kwaye kunokuzisa ukuthamba kwemimandla engaphandle. Xa iNdibano yaseNorthern Ireland ingasebenzi, incoko enqamlezileyo-unitunity ihamba isiya kwimida yephepha, kwaye amazwi anzima asoloko egcwalisa ikhabamfa. Impumelelo yesivumelwano ekuguquleni ulwalamano lonqulo ixhomekeke kakhulu ekuzinzeni kwesiseko sayo sezobupolitika. Xa amandla-asebenzayo (njengoko enzayo kumaxesha awenziwe phakathi konyaka wama-200777 nowama-2017) intsebenziswano kunye nokwakha intelelo. Xa ingaphumeleli, ikhuthaza ukuqonda okokuba abantu angakwaziyo ukulawula kunye.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Izifundo Kweminye Imibutho Eyahluleleneyo

IGood Wear Agreement iye yaba ngumqondiso wendlela yoxolo ehlabathini lonke. Indlela yayo yokusebenzisa intlalo eyahluleleneyo ngonqulo inika izifundo eziliqela. Okokuqala, ibonisa ukuba ukusingatha ukungalingani kwezakhiwo (in polissation, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nokumela kwezobupolitika(imfuneko yokuphucula ulwalamano lwezinkolo. Okwesibini, ibonisa ukubaluleka kwenkqubo ezilawulayo ezifuna ukunqamleza intsebenziswano kunokukhuthaza nje kuphela. Okwesithathu, ibala elibalaselisa imfuneko yomonde: iinguqulelo zonqulo zithatha izizukulwana, hayi iminyaka. Isivumelwano asiphelisangawo amahlelo, kodwa sadala isakhiwo esinokuthi ngoku sicelwe umqobo phakathi kwamahlelo anokucelw'ukucel'ukuhla. Amava eNorthern Ireland ngoku afundwa ngabakhi boxolo eBosbos, eCyprus, eSrison, nasemin, eSrison.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Osetyenziselwa Inkqubela Eqhubekayo

I-Good Wear Agreement yabuguqula ngokusisiseko ulwalamano lonqulo eNorthern Ireland. Yawususa lo mmandla ummandla wemfazwe yogonyamelo nocalucalulo olumanyeneyo nolunoxolo lwezopolitiko. Unqulo lusoloko lungumqondiso onamandla woluntu, kwaye isimo sengqondo samahlelo siyaqhubeka, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinxityiweyo zasezidolophini. Noko ke, iSivumelwano sadala iimeko zokudibana okutsha okuqhelekileyo. Abantu abaselula abakhulayo e-Agreement nase-Northern Ireland baye bazi ibutho apho amaKatolika namaProthestani asebenza kunye kurhulumente, amapolisa, kunye nobomi babantu. Imfundo eqeshiweyo, amanyathelo okudityaniselana amatsha, kunye nemithetho yokulingana kuye kwadala iindlela zokudibana nokusebenzisana kwentsebenzi eentweni ngaphambi konyaka ka-199898.

Ikamva lolwalamano lonqulo kuMntla Ireland lixhomekeke ekulondolozeni nasekuzinziseni ezi ziseko. Ukuqhubeka kotyalo-mali lwemfundo edityanisiweyo, ukuxhasa imisebenzi yokuxolelaniswa kweengca, kunye nesigqibo selifa lexesha elidlulileyo sibalulekile. Isivumelwano ngokwaso siseluxwebhu oluphilayo, olunokuchazwa ngokutsha kunye nokuzinziswa. Ukuba imigaqo yaso esisiseko yokungahlonelwa, imvume yokunqamleza, kunye nokulingana ixhaswe, singaqhubeka sisebenza njengesiseko sokuphucula ulwalamano lonqulo kungekuphela eNyakatho kodwa njengomzekelo wendlela eyahlula ngayo intlalo lwahlukeneyo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona umbhalo opheleleyo wesivumelwano esiLunhla oluLulungileyo kuMthombo we KAIN, iKhomishini yokungalingani yoMntla Ireland yogcino-lwazi lweziphumo zocalulo lonqulo, kunye neBhunga leCwawawa le-[[FLT:] [FLT] eliyi-II-IIISF] ukwenzela inyathelo lomanyano yezizwe ngexesha leposi-Agree.