EUnited States, ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwegunya lasekuhlaleni nelasekuhlaleni luyinxalenye esisiseko yokulawula. Ukuqonda olu lungelelwano kubalulekile kubafundi nakubafundisi ngokufanayo, njengoko lubumba imithetho nemimiselo echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Inkqubo yolawulo lolawulo lwahlula-hlula amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wesizwe, orhulumente abafumana igunya kumazwe abo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ingcaciso, iziseko zomgaqo-siseko, ulwalamano, kunye nemimandla engundoqo yokungavisisani phakathi kwala manqanaba egunya, linikela ukujonga okunzulu komntu owenza imithetho eMerika.

Liyintoni Igunya Likarhulumente?

Igunya lomanyano libhekisela kumagunya neembopheleleko ezinikwe urhulumente wesizwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U. Abaqulunqi bemiGaqo-siseko baseka urhulumente olinganiselweyo onamagunya adwelisweyo, ithetha ukuba urhulumente wesizwe ungenza kuphela kwimimandla edweliswe ngokucacileyo kulo xwebhu. Ezi ziquka ukukwazi ukwenza imithetho esebenza kuwo onke amazwe nemimandla, kwakunye nokulawula imicimbi yenkxalabo yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Isiseko segunya likarhulumente wezwe lonke sikwi-Agate I, Icandelo 8, elinika iNgqungquthela amandla “okwenza nokuqokelela irhafu, ii-Ofisi, izikhombisi kunye nee-Excisses,”“ ukudibanisa urhwebo nezizwe zasemzini, kunye namaZwe amaninzi, kunye ne-Indiyan Colleture,” “i-coin Money,”“ i-Scrigiotical Post Offices,” "iiimfazwe,” kunye“ neMithetho yonke ezakuba yimfuneko kwaye ifanelekile ukuthwala ukuphatha amagunya angaphezulu." I-Fodroma kunye ne-fastious Claus eCaree itoliwe ngokuphangaleleyo ukufikelela kumazwe angomhlaba, ukukhusela imekobume, ukusithela, ukukhusela intlalo, kunye namalungelo abantu.

ISupremacle kwiGatya lesi-4 iqinisa amandla karhulumente, ichaza ukuba umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente eyenziwe phantsi kwawo “iya kuba nguMthetho ophakamileyo weLizwe.” Oku kuthetha ukuba xa imithetho karhulumente neyarhulumente ingqubana, umthetho wesizwe uthatha inyathelo eliphambili ngezantsi-----awubizwa ngokuba kukukhulula. Umzekelo, igunya likarhulumente kurhwebo lwezorhwebo lwezorhwebo lwesizwe liyivumela ukuba ilawule yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lwenqwelo-nqwelo-moya ukuya kugcino-lwazi lwe-intanethi.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo zikaRhulumente woManyano

  • [[NTL:0] ulawulo lwezorhwebo zamazwe [ – iCommerce Classias inika iKhomishini yeNkqutyana yolawulo phakathi kothengiso lwamazwe, eye yasetyenziselwa ukuthethelela imithetho kwimigangatho yemisebenzi, imithetho yemeko- bume, kunye nongquzulwano oluchasene nolawulo.
  • Ukuqulunqa imicimbi yamanye amazwe – Kuphela urhulumente wezwe olawulayo angangena kwizivumelwano, aqaphele oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, alawule ulwalamano lwentlalo-ntle.
  • Ukusungula imithetho yokufuduka – urhulumente wezwe umisela kwaye anyanzelise imithetho yokungena, yokuhlala, kunye nobumi, nangona amazwe enokuthi aphembelele inkqubo ngentsebenziswano okanye ngokuchasa.
  • Ukuchaza ukhuselo lwesizwe – umkhosi, kuquka umkhosi, umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMmoya, umkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi wamanzi, kunye noMmandla weNtlalo-moya, uphantsi kolawulo lwamagunya orhulumente. Iiyunithi zoKhuselo lweSizwe zingagunyaziswa ngamaxesha kaxakeka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukushicilela imali nokubhengeza imfazwe – La magunya axhomekeke kurhulumente wesizwe ukuqinisekisa ubunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Urhulumente wesizwe ufeza indima enkulu kwintlalo-ntle ngocwangciso olunjenge-Social Security, Medicare, neMedicaid, oluxhaswa yirhafu karhulumente kwaye lulawulwa ngentsebenziswano karhulumente.

Liyintoni Igunya Lasekuhlaleni?

Igunya lasekuhlaleni liquka amagunya aphethwe ngurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Phantsi koMphetho-mval'eshumi, la magunya ahlala engekho “kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, okanye angavumelekanga ngawo eUnited States.” Eli gunya lamapolisa libizwa ngolo hlobo linika igunya elibanzi lokugunyazisa imicimbi yempilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngoko oorhulumente banika igunya elithile kwimibango, izixeko, iilokishini, kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba “ngoorhulumente bendawo.”

Oorhulumente: Igunya Lasekuhlaleni Eliphambili

Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, impatho-siseko, indlu yowiso-mthetho, nemithetho-mthetho. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zingamisela imithetho yemfundo, yezothutho, yezolwaphulo-mthetho, yempahla, yezomthetho weentsapho, neminye imimandla emininzi engagcinelwanga urhulumente wezwe.

Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni: Izixeko, Imimandla Ephakamileyo Nezithili

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zolawulo lwabo phantsi kwento eyaziwa ngokuba uLawulo lwe-Dillon : banamagunya anikwe ngokukhethekileyo yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Noko ke, urhulumente omninzi wamkele ulawulo lwekhaya[, olunika amadolobha kunye neemfuno ezininzi ukuphatha imicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Imisebenzi yorhulumente yobulali iquka:

  • Ukufundisa izikolo zasekuhlaleni - imfundo kawonke-wonke inguxanduva oluphambili lukarhulumente nolwasekuhlaleni, oluxhaswa kakhulu yirhafu yempahla. Iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni zimisela ugcino-lwazi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ngaphakathi kokhokelo lukarhulumente.
  • [[[UMTL:0] ilawula imithetho yesixeko elawulayo – ooMasipala balawula umhlaba, ikhowudi yokwakha, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yokubumba uluntu.
  • ukunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni – amasebe amapolisa, amasebe omlilo, kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko zisoloko ziphantsi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, nangona kufuneka zilandele imithetho karhulumente norhulumente.
  • [[UMHLA] Iinkonzo zoluntu ezithenjiswayo – imiphaka, amathala eencwadi, ucoselelo, unikezelo lwamanzi, kunye nothutho lukawonke-wonke ziimbopheleleko eziqhelekileyo zasekuhlaleni.

Igunya lasekuhlaleni lisoloko livumela ulawulo olulula nolulungeleleneyo. Ibhunga lesixeko lingakhawuleza lithethe kummelwane ongxolayo okanye umngxuma, kanti isenzo sikarhulumente siya kucotha kwaye siphangalele. Kodwa igunya lasekuhlaleni lilinganiselwe ngokukhutshwa ngurhulumente; amazwe anokuwulawula okanye awuthintele imithetho yasekuhlaleni, njengokuvalwa kolawulo lwerente okanye ukulinganiselwa kwentlawulo encinane kumgangatho wesixeko.

Ulwalamano Phakathi kweGunya Lasekuhlaleni Nelamasebe

Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya lasekuhlaleni nelaselurhulumenteni luchazwa ngumgaqo we-cetural-a inkqubo apho amandla ahlulwe khona phakathi korhulumente osembindini kunye neqela lengingqi. Umanyano lwesizwe luvumela omabini amanqanaba karhulumente ukuba ahlale kunye kwaye asebenze ngokwawo kwimimandla yawo yolawulo, kodwa kwakhona adibana kwaye asebenzisane ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo.

Imigaqo Eqhelekileyo Yomanyano

  • umthetho wezemfazwe uthatha indawo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni xa kuvela iingxabano – Phantsi kweSupremacy Claus, ukuba umthetho wasekuhlaleni uphikisana ngqo nomthetho wesizwe osebenzayo, umthetho wesizwe ukhona. Umzekelo, imithetho yombuso ezama ukulawula iinqwelo-moya okanye amandla enyukliya iyabethelelwa kuba ezi zikhutshwa ngumthetho worhulumente.
  • Oorhulumente bengingqi bangenza imithetho engqongqo kakhulu kunemithetho yesizwe – ama- States kunye nezixeko zingamisela imilinganiselo ephezulu kunobuncinane bezwe. Amazwe amaninzi anomvuzo ophezulu, imimiselo engqongqo ngakumbi, okanye ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu oluninzi kunaleyo ifunwa ngumthetho wesizwe. Noko ke, abanako ukwenza imithetho engqubana nemiyalelo karhulumente.
  • Ngamaqondo orhulumente angasebenzisana kwimiba emininzi – iKhomputha yorhulumente ibandakanya iimbopheleleko ezabelweneyo. Umzekelo, iminikelo yengingqi yorhulumente efuna iingxelo ezithile zokhuseleko; inkqubo yeMedicaid ixhaswa ngokudityanisiweyo ngurhulumente kunye norhulumente. Le ntsebenziswano inokuthi ikhokelele ekulawuleni kakuhle kodwa ikwakho nongquzulwano xa izinto eziza kuqala zahlukene.

Umanyano lweFederalism

Ngokwembali, iUnited States yasebenza phantsi kwemithetho yesizwe. I-New Deal kwi-1930, apho oorhulumente besizwe nababelawula babeneeplanga ezahlukeneyo zempembelelo encinane. Kwinkoliso yenkulungwane ye-19, urhulumente wajolise iliso kwimida, iiofisi zeposi, kunye nemicimbi yangaphandle, ngoxa umanyano luye lwasingatha imicimbi yasekhaya emininzi. I-New Deal kwi-1930s yaphawula ukuguqukela [[[FLT:] urhulumente wesizwe [[FFFF:3], kunye norhulumente osebenza kunye nentlalo yezoqoqosho kunye ne-e-e. Ngokufukunye, ulwalamano luchazwa ngokuba “ibhakeleleka kazwelonke, kunye namandla akhoyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo embutho, njengoko ibona ku-FFFOLT [5] [5] [ig.[5]

Iindawo Ezingundoqo Zongquzulwano

Ngeli xesha amagunya asekuhlaleni nawamagunya karhulumente edla ngokusebenza kwi-tudem, iingxabano zingavela kwiindawo eziliqela ezingundoqo. Le ngquzulwano isoloko isekelwe kwimiba apho umGaqo-siseko ungaqondakaliyo okanye apho amaxabiso oluntu athe anda phakathi komgangatho karhulumente.

  • [[UMTL:0] Imithetho yolawulo yeGun
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwamkelwa komthetho
  • [[UMTL:0] inkqubo yonikezelo
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imimiselo ye-Environmental
  • [[Uluhlu: 0] Ukwenziwa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali
  • Imiyalelo yempilo ye-

Ulawulo lwemipu

UMthetho woLawulo lweGunF, umisela imimiselo esisiseko, imiqathango yokuhlola, ukuvalwa kwemipu, nokuphatha izixhobo, kodwa umlinganiselo wemipu karhulumente kunye negunya lasekuhlaleni uhlala ukhohlakele. Umthetho womanyano, njengomthetho weSizwe woMkhosi woKhuselo woMkhosi woMkhosi, umisela imimiselo esisiseko (ukuvavanywa kwemiqathango), imiqathango yemipu, ukuvalwa kwemipu ethile, kunye nemiqathango yokuthengisa imipu. Amazwe kunye namadolobha anganyanzela engqongqo: i-Rhovernmental ejongelwe kwimfuno yemipu; iNew York City inemithetho engqongqo engqongqo. Noko ke, amanye amazwe amisele “imithetho yokuzikhulula imikhosi ekwalela ukudlula imiqathango yayo. Ngonyaka 20222, isigqibo seNkulawulo lweNkundla yeNkundla ye-Rhoverselkt. [Fok)]

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Enye yeemfazwe eziphambili zangoku: umthetho wesizwe ubala umsayini njengemichiza yeShedyuli I phantsi koMthetho weSicwangciso Esilawulayo, uwenza ungabi namthetho ukuvelisa, ukusasaza, okanye ukuba nento. Okwangoku, kumaphondo angama-2025, 24 kunye neSithili saseColumbia sigunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni i-cannabis, kwaye ezininzi zinezicwangciso zezonyango. Oku kwenza indawo engwevukileyo esemthethweni: ulawulo olusemthethweni olusebenza phantsi komthetho kodwa lusemngciphekweni wetyala. ISebe leJaji lisebenzise iqhinga lobugxebatha-mali ukuze liphephe ukuhlasela imicimbi yephondo, ingakumbi emva kokuqhuba iBhobhi (unyaka) ka-2013. IBhunga lidibanise ukuchitha iindleko ze-Dor J ukusuka kwi-mbanje. Umkhosi wezonyango kwi-ovesternernernties.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

Imfundo ngokwesithethe ingumsebenzi wesizwe nowasekuhlaleni. ISebe lemfundo lase-U.S. linika inkxaso kunye nolwalathiso lwezemali (umz., kusetyenziswa uMthendeleli Wonke Ophumeleleyo) kodwa alifuni ukuba kumiselwe iinkqubo. Amazwe amisela imigaqo, iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni zilawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, kwaye iirhafu zemali zesikolo zixhasa imicimbi yesikolo. Ukuxabana kubakho xa urhulumente urhulumente eququzelela iimeko zokuxhasa imali./umzz., ufuna iimeko zokwamkela imigangatho efana ne-Corbes okanye ukuvavanya abafundi beSikolo. Amanye amagunya athi oku kujongwe njenge-Chorver, ephikisa ukuHlunyuselwa kweshumi leMimiselo yeminyaka. Ngo-2015, iBhunga lidlulise ukuqulunqa umva kwemicimbi karhulumente, ukubuyela kulawulo oluphezulu. Sekunjalo, impikiswano ye-orhulumente ye-A.

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo

I-Ndevironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yomgangatho womoya kunye namanzi phantsi kwemithetho enjenge-Cease Air Act kunye noMthetho wamanzi acocekileyo. Amazwe asoloko enikwa igunya lokuzalisekisa nokunyanzela le migaqo, kodwa angasebenzisa imithetho engqongqo. IKhalifoniya, umzekelo, inemilinganiselo yayo yezithuthi ezikhutshwayo. "Iindawo ekhutshwayo" kwaye amanye amazwe angalandela. Ukuxinezeleka xa urhulumente wesizwe ezama ukuqengqela imimiselo esemva, njengangexesha leObama-reera Cape Amandla (icengce Cape Plan) okanye ulawulo lwe-Trump. Ngokuphikisanayo, uthetha njengo-Indiana okanye i-Virginia, maxa eNtshona Virginia alwane mvume yokulawula ulawulo lwe-okrweces, kunye nook acelcel, phantsi kwe-Active, ulawulo lwe-operal.

Uphando lwetyala loonobumba bengingqi. Igunya lomanyano

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala athile kusinceda siqonde indlela igunya lasekuhlaleni nelasekuhlaleni elisebenzisana ngayo, lityhile iingxwabangxwaba, ukulalanisa namadabi angokwasemthethweni achaza uburhulumente baseMerika.

Uhlolisiso Lwezimo Zokungahlali Zisemgangathweni – Izixeko Ezingcwele

Abanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baye bamkela iinkqubo ezimisela intsebenziswano nokunyanzelisa abantu abafudukayo kwezelizwe, ezibizwa ngokuba “zizixeko ezihlala abantu.” Oku kubangelwa yiminqweno yasekuhlaleni yokwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwabantu abafudukileyo kunye namapolisa, nokuphepha ukusebenzisa oovimba bengingqi boluntu ukugxotha izinto eziphambili zikarhulumente. Izixeko ezifana neSan Francisco, iNew York, neChicago ayalwa kukugcina abantu abasejele ngenxa yemeko yokungangeni mvume yokungena kwabantu. I-Immigration ne-Crostomment (ICE). Umthetho wengingqi ephantsi kwe-mali ekwizigweba elingu- 8.U.C.[6] izibambi-zithuba ezithintelwayo kunye neendawo zokuthintela unxibelelwano namagunya asekuhlaleni, ekwala imfazweni esemthethweni esemthethweni woluntu, kodwa i-Trump ekwayalukileni kweminye ingumthetho yelizwe. Inkundla yelizwe ephantsi kwemithetho yezomthetho yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni.

Isifundo setyala 2: Imithetho yempilo kawonke-wonke – I-COVID-19 Pandemic

Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amagunya asekuhlaleni asebenzisa amanyathelo ahlukeneyo kukhokelo lwamaqumrhu. Urhulumente worhulumente, esebenzisa iCDC kunye noMongameli, wakhupha iingcebiso ezingagunyaziswanga ekufumbezeni isigqubuthelo, ukuthambeka, nokutshixa. Kodwa amagunya ayenegunya eliphambili kwimpilo kawonke-wonke phantsi kwamandla awo amapolisa. IGawula uGavin Newsom waseCalifornia wakhupha umyalelo wokuhlala ekhaya; iRhuluneli uRhonse Ron Desates of Florida wagcina urhulumente evulekile kakhulu. Amaziko ezempilo asekuhlaleni ngamanye amaxesha abeka imithetho engqongqo kunemeko yawo. Oku kudidelwano okubangelwa kwemiqatha kunye neengxoxo zezobupolitika malunga nokuba igunya lawo lifanele lilawule njani. UGantreant Clauslausleasteak wasebenzisa ngokuqhelekileyo kuba urhulumente akakhuphangagunyazi meyawumbini (CPlatemplate, awazi weNkuphethothothothothotho).

Isifundo setyala 3: Ukuphakamisa amalungelo – imithetho yesizwe

Imithetho egunyazisa ukuchongwa yimithetho yequmrhu eliqhelekileyo. UmGaqo-siseko unika igunya lokumisela “Ixesha, Iindawo kunye noMani wokuphatha unyulo” (INkqutyana I, Icandelo 4), phantsi kwamandla eKhomishini yokuguqula loo mithetho. Amalungelo okuvota aphambili, njengalo Mthetho womthetho wobuRhulumente, wokuthintela ucalucalulo lwesizwe ka-1965, ukuphelisa ukucalucalucalucalucalulo lweentlanga nokufuna utshintsho lwemithetho yonyulo. Ngo-2013, iNkuNkundla oku kweNkulumbuso [FOFLT:0] i-S. i-Solby County v. Harer inyathelo lomthetho wokuvota, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ephantsi kwemithetho elawulayo, kodwa imele ilandele imvume yetyala, ityala elilawulayo, ityala elilawulayo, eliye eliye eliye lamkelekileyo, elingunxala ityala eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda amandla phakathi kwegunya lasekuhlaleni nelasekuhlaleni kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho nenyanzeliswa ngayo eUnited States. UmGaqo-siseko ufumana imigaqo, kodwa loo mgca usoloko utolikwa, ukhuphiswano, kwaye uphinda utsalwa ziinkundla, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye nezenzo zolawulo. Umgaqo wolawulo lolawulo uvumela ukwahlukahlukana kwemithetho elawulayo. Ukuphucula imigaqo-nkqubo ebonakalisa imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni, ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe eqinisekisa ukuba imigangatho efanayo yamalungelo kunye nemilinganiselo. Iinjongo zinokuvela xa zingqubana, njengoko zibonwa kwigunya le njongo, kumjukuswana, imfuno, imfundo, imfundo, kunye nokuvota. Umthetho-mongombyelo noorhoxi lwenkundla yezomthetho wesizwe, uyakwazi ukuqwalalw'ithalela ukulingana kwemeko oluphezulu lwetyala, njengoko umgangatho we-demokhrasithi, ukuvavanyaniswa kweemeko zelizwe. Kodwa ke, iinjongo ezikhoyo zemithetho zesizwe ezilawula ityala ezintsha nezingamele ityala, zonke ezithenjiweyo, urhulumente

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i-U.S. kumgaqo-siseko wogcino-lwazi lwesizwe, [[FLT]] i-Cornell Information Institute of thegement Imentation ye-bugnalist [, kunye nohlalutyo lwakutshanje lwemfazwe esemthethweni ePult uphando . Ezi zinto zinika uluvo olunzulu kwisiseko somthetho kunye nengxoxo yexeshana ezixoxhulumanayo.