UMthetho we-Affordble Care Act (ACA), otyikitywe njengomthetho ngo-2010, uye waba ngomnye wezona zidibeneyo zomthetho wesizwe kwimbali yale mihla yaseMerika. Ukususela ekumisweni kwayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yalinganisa ukuma kwayo ngokwemigaqo-siseko kwiimeko eziliqela. Umsonto ongundoqo osebenza kwezi zigqibo yintanda-bulumko yesithethe [[FLLT:1]] [ingcamango yokuba umGaqo-siseko ufanele uqo-siseko uqo-siseko uqondwe njengoko usenziwa ngomthetho wokuqala kwaye uvunyiwe. Le ndlela ingqinela ngokunzulu indlela okusesikweni okucalula ngayo okubhaliweyo kwe-AA kunye nokudibana kwawo nomthetho-siseko onjengoomatiliye, uMandla, kunye no-Clausscaus. Ngoko ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kuyimfuneko ukuqondwa komthetho we-Gwamjinga-United States.

I-FLT: 1 (ekucingeni kwawo ngokwawo) kunye nentsingiselo yoluntu yoqobo. [Phakathi kweNkundla Ephakamileyo, ibonakalisa iinguqu ezahlukeneyo ngokweenjongo zendalo [[FLT:]. Umahluko usekelwe kwimithetho ecacileyo: iimpikiswano ezivela kwiConvention yeSizwe, amaPhepha, kunye nenkqubo yombuso yangaphambili. Ngaphezu kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka adluleyo, ubuGqhinga buye bashukumile kwiprojekthi yemfundo ephambili, impembelelo ecacileyo phakathi kwemithetho esesikweni.

Yintoni Ingcamango Yantlandlolo Yaye Kutheni Kubalulekile?

Enyanzelweni yayo, ubuNqanamzimbe, inyanise ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko imiswe ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemiqathango. Nayiphi na intsingiselo mayifike ngenkqubo yokulungisa, hayi ngokutolika kwezomthetho. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukunyanzela kwabagwebi ukuba ulawulo lokuqala lunyanzele abalawuli, nokuba ngaba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lungaveli kwiziphumo ezicacileyo zedemokhrasi. Njengokuba iJaji yamva Antonin Scalia, umseki ophambili, owaziwayo, obhaliweyo ngolwazi oluqhelekileyo, ubhaliwe kwisiseko somthetho oqhelekileyo, ufile, uxwebhu olufileyo. Abagxeki, noko ke, baphikisa ukuba ubuGaqo bendalo bungavelisiziphumo ezicacileyo kwimilinganiselo yanamhlanje nembali ngokufuthi ziyacaca okanye zikhuphikiswa. Phezu kwako oko, ukuphikisana kokuqala, ukuquluphala kombutho oluqhelekileyo noluphindo lwezo lwezomthetho.

Ukunyuka kobuGqaba kuphakanyiswa kweNkundla kwahambelana neACA ligaxa. Isivumelwano sikaMalungisa Scalia ngo1986 kunye nesiqinisekiso samva soBagwebi uClarence Thomas, uSamuel Alito, uNeil Gorfore, Brett Kavaraugh, kunye noAmy Coney Barrett , abathi bathelekise ngenye indlela yobuGcisa bantlandlo-siseko. Kwimeko ezintathu zeAAA, oku kuthetha ukuhlalutya okunzima kombhalo, ukungaqiniseki kokufundwa kolwazi olubanzi lwamandla orhulumente, kunye nokujolise kwintsingiselo yokuqala yamagama afana "merce," "irhafu," ne "intelelo," ne "efanelekileyo" icandelo elilandelayo lihlola indlela yokucinga kokuqala kwimingeni engundoqo yeNkuNkupho Yolawulo ukuya kwi-A ACA.

Isenzo Sobuntsundu: Ityala LeAca Elikhulu

IFomati kazwelonke yeBusiness (NFIB) v. Sebelius (2012)

Uvavanyo lokuqala olukhulu lomgaqo-siseko we-ACA olusekelwe kugunyaziso oluthe ngqo kugunyaziso olukhoyo ``imfuneko yokuba uninzi lwamaMelika lugcine i-inshorensi yempilo okanye luhlawule isohlwayo. Urhulumente wakhusela igunya phantsi kwe-Chwethemsc Claus, ephikisa ukuba isigqibo sokungawusebenzisi i-inshorensi yorhwebo sichaphazela ngokuphandle urhwebo lwamazwe. Uninzi lwezobulungisa, nokokuba i-Phondo uJohn Roberts, ebhala kwiNkundla, wakholelwa ukuba iCommercast Clas ayinias ayinike amandla okunyanzela abantu ukuba babandakanye norhwebo; ilawula kuphela umsebenzi okhoyo wezorhwebo. Le ngcamango yayisekelwe ngokucacileyo kwimigaqo-siseko soqobo: ukuqondwa kwemeko yasekuqaleni "mencece" phantsi kwe-Ancentrence" okanye "detransme" i- Roberts Farmess, ithetha ngolwazi oluqhelekileyo lwezikomkhulu lwezomthetho-oglaventi, iNt.[F

IJaji Scalia, edityaniswe nguBagwebi uKennedy, uThomas, noAlito, bakhupha ukungavumelani okwahlukileyo okwathatha ukuma okungqongqo. Baphikisa ngelithi ugunyaziso lwalungeyorhafu (ukuthethelela okunye okunikelwa ngurhulumente) ngenxa yokuba igama elithi “umthetho” kumbhalo weACA licebisa injongo yokulungisa kunokucebisa umlinganiselo wemali-wongamele. Lo mxhasi-mbhalo-wokuqala wathatha intlawulo oluphindiweyo wanyanzelela urhulumente ukuba axhomekeke kwiBBB njengokhuselo. Ekugqibeleni, uMahluleli uRoberts uxhasa ukugunya okusemthethweni njengendlela yokusetyenziswa kweBhunga irhafuthelo, isigqibo sokuba abanye abaqala bagxekwe njengentsingiselo ebanzi yentengo. [FLD][0][FFFFFY]

UKumkani v. Burwell (2015)

Ku uKing v. Burwell, iNkundla yaqwalasela ukuba ngaba inkxaso esemthethweni karhulumente ye-ACA ye-inshorensi yezempilo ethengwe ngentengiso yemali emiselwe ngurhulumente (ngokuchasene nomthetho wokutshintshiselana). Umbhalo womthetho othethiwe ukuba inkxaso-mali ikhona ukwenzela iiplani ezithengiwe “nge-Exchange emiselwe nguRhulumente.” I-Plalthiffs yaphikisa ukuba intsingiselo ecacileyo yala mazwi ayalelwe kwintengiso yorhulumente. Urhulumente waphikisa ukuba ukufunda ibinzana kumongo-at . /tohern, kunye nesakhiwo se-ACAN] yenza ingeniso ekhoyo kuyo yonke indawo.

UJaji oMkhulu uRoberts kwakhona wabhalela uninzi, kodwa uluvo lwakhe ngoku lwala indlela engqongqo yokubhala ngokusuka kwimbali yombhalo exhasa ukufundwa kwe-holist. Wavuma ukuba umbhalo ucace kodwa wagqiba kwelokuba ibinzana elithi “wamiselwa nguRhulumente” kufuneka lichazwe ngokulula kwiinjongo ezibanzi. Ukufumana, ubhalile, uya kubhala, ukuba umbhalo ucacile, umsebenzi we-inshorensi yempilo nganye,” kwaye uvelise iziphumo ezingekho ngqiqweni: la mazwi anokuthi angakwazi ukubeka intengiso lwawo ngokwawo. Ngokunjalo i-SCO imele ivakalise ukuba “intente ebangela ukuba intengiso ifikeleleke. Abaphicoceli, uThosa, uThoma, kunye noAlathiodreyidia, uPhondo oluninzi, umbhali-Algodum, umbhali-mthetho womthetho woburhulumente, uchaza ityala lomthetho wokuqala, ngokutshoyo.[F.] ngokutsho kwetyala: [F.1]

EKhalifoniya . eTexas (2021)

Ucelomngeni olukhulu lwakutshanje lwe ACA, California v. Texas, ibuyele kumgaqo-siseko wogunyaziso `kodwa ngokuma okutsha. Ngo-2017, iBhunga lasilela isohlwayo sokusilela ukugcina i-inshorensi, imisela ku-$0. Abathathi-nxaxheba baphikisa ukuba ngaphandle kwerhafu (isohlwayo besixhaswe njengerhafu), umyalelo awusenakuphinda uthethelelwe phantsi kweSigunya soburhafu, kwaye ngenxa yoko iA yonke imele iwe. Inkundla, kwi 7-12, ikhupha isigqibo, ityala lokungami, bephethe ukuba ii-pesenti azikhangenga monakalo. Kodwa ityala elininzi labhala ngokunjalo, kwaye labonakala linjalo kwinkoliso yoluvo lwakuqala.

UJaji Thomas, oqukumbela kuphela kumgwebo, waphikisa ngelithi ugunyaziso lomntu ngamnye, nangona kungekho sigwebo, lungawagqithi amandla eBhunga. Walandela intsingiselo yantlandlolo yeChooke, i-Claus Enictal, i-Active and the Poice Power, uluvo lokuba abantu abanyanzela ukuthenga imveliso "aluzange luqondwe njengegunya loMgaqo-siseko owanikwa iBhunga. Wakwaba wagxeka uninzi ngenxa yokusilela ukufikelela iimfuno, ecebisa ukuba ingcamango yokuqala ifuna ukucaca kwanokuba kuthethwa ngetyala ngokwezobupolitika. UJaji Alito, ngokugatya okuditya okudityaniswe nguMgwebi Gore, wahambela phambili, ekwathiswini womthetho osebenzayo, ekwathi phantsi komgaqo othe kokuba umthetho othe kokugqibela. Uhlalutton wancitshiswa kakhulu kwintsingiselo yemithetho karhulumente yangaphambili.

Indlela Ubumfihlelo Obuye Babuguqula Ngayo Ulawulo Lwenkundla IACA

Ezi meko zintathu zityhila umlinganiselo: abagwebi boqobo ngokuzingisileyo bahlolisisa amandla karhulumente ngelensi yentsingiselo yembali, basoloko befuna ukuchanabeka kombhalo kunye nokuchasa intsingiselo yolwakhiwo olubanzi. NFIB[FLT], ubuGqrnam obucacileyo bunika isiseko sobuchule sokulinganisela iChwetheminment Claus. [[[FLT:]] uKingl v. [FLT], i-B, i-inst (okanye umzala wayo) ukwazisa ukungavumelani okubukhali okunokuthi kungene i-AAAA’sdy. [[FLT].[FLT]] kwi-FFM], i-FLT], i-FLT [5], i-offrence i-octive i-activedrompty, i-eced enokuthi idityaniswa nento eyathiswe emva kwemeko yokuqala, u-Rogronomong, uR.[4] UR.[4]

Olu xinezeleko lubalaselisa intsingiselo ecacileyo kwingcamango yemvelaphi. Abanye abaqulunqi, njengoJaji Scalia noJaji Gorfo, bamkela [[FLT: 0] ubhalo lwentsingiselo yomthetho njengeqabane: intsingiselo ecacileyo ilawula, kwaye iNkundla ayifuni kuphanda kwinjongo yomthetho. Abanye, njengoJaji uThomas noJaji Bork (oyena uphambili ekucingeni) igxininisa intsingiselo yantlalo-siseko xa ikhokelela kwiziphumo eziphikisana nenkqubo yangoku. Iimeko ze ACAA zibonisa ukuba ubuGaqo bokuqala abuvelisi ziphumo zeziphumo ezithintelayo; kunoko, bunika ummiselo wokuchaza izibophelelo ezahlukeneyo ezinokusetyenziswa ekufikeleleni kwizigqibo zolawulo zombutho-mthetho, irhafu, kunye nokugosa kwemigaqo yogwebo.

Imisebenzi neMiqathango

UbuGqibeshela bunesabelo sawo sobuGawulayo kwisihlalo. IJajis Breyer, Kagan, kunye noSotomayor zisoloko zixhasa ubuGaqo-siseko obuphilayo obutshintsha imigaqo-siseko ilungelelanisa imigaqo-siseko ukuze iguqule imilinganiselo yesocialism. Kwi ACA litigation. I-Calmaite Claus imele ifundwe ngokuphandle ukuvumela ingqungquthela ukuba ilungise iingxaki zesizwe ezifana nokhuseleko lwempilo-(--/interssmers) engenakulindela. IJaji, kwi-projectreance kwimings epheleleyo [Foctive:]. UBurwell v, ugxininiso ukuba i-Axlexxx' ifuna iinjongo zeNkuhlela, imbono engongongongongongongowodwa nje. IJanethi yembali ephambili, isenokukugxininisa ukuxhasa ubungqina obuninzi, njengoko kusetyenziswa kulandelelwayo.

Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zolawulo lobunzululwazi benkcubeko zonyango lobukho bendalo azinanto iphambili. Indlela engqongqo yokusebenza enokuthi intlawulo engenanto kwintengiselwano yokutshintshisana ngokulawula kwemithetho karhulumente ibangele izigidi zabantu ukuba ziphulukane nemali. Ngokufanayo, ukuphelisa igunya lomntu ngamnye kunokuthi kuthintele iintengiso ze-inshorensi, kunyuswe imiyalelo yabo baneemeko ezikhoyo ngaphambili. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo eqhubekayo ngenkcubeko enzulu ngezomthetho-ukungalawulwa yinkundla. Kodwa njengoko uMgaqo-siseko uRobert H. Jackson wakha waphawula, umgaqo-siseko “umele unyamezele ixesha elide ufikela intengiso. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngenkqubo yokuqala neA i-A igxininisa ulwahlulo olunzulu malunga nokuba ngaba ngaba ngabalawuli benkundla kufuneka benze kakuhle okanye bagcine iinjongo zabo njengokwenziwa ngokuthembeka komGatho-siseko wokuqala.

Uphando Ngemimiselo Yexesha Elizayo Ephathelele Unyango Nangaphezulu

NgeNkundla yangoku equka amatyala amathandathu abonise uvelwano ngenxa yokwenziwa kobuhlanga, intanda-bulumko iza kuqhubeka ibumba imingeni yexesha elizayo kwi-ACA( kunye nomthetho obanzi wezonyango. Iimeko ezikhoyo ziquka ulwandiso lweMedicaid, imimiselo yeziyobisi ezigunyazisiweyo, kunye nomthi wokugonya i-odonga wesizwe. NFB, iNQOKOKOM], iNQHAGAZELA uNCITHOBO lokuTHWA kwempilo yomntu ngamnye ngokungamela urhulumente ngokungatshayelwa kwemithetho ekhoyo yeMedicaid ifuna ukunyanzeleka ulwano olukhoyo. Oko kusetyenziswa ngurhulumente ukuba kucetyiswa ngobuchule bembali bezorhwebo okanye basebenzisana ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo. Ngokunjalo, nawuphi na nawuphi na umthetho olawula ulawulo lwezonyango oluqhelekileyo okanye olawulayo.

Ubuqaqoba bukwanentsingiselo yomthetho wolawulo kunye nokuthobela abameli. Kwizigqibo zakutshanje ezifana ne- Loper Brigh Enterprises v. Raimondo [2024], iNkundla ilawula [ IChevron [[FLT]]] ukulibazisa, ukuba iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise ugwebo lwazo oluzimeleyo ekutolikeni kwemithetho ebhaliweyo/ulo lolwazi lwemibhalo kunye nolwentlalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa iSebe lezempilo neSebe leNkonzo yoluntu lichaza amalungiselelo akhanka, iinkundla azisayi kuphinda zingakwazi ukulibala; ziya kusetyenziswa, mhlawumbi zikhokelwa yintsingiselo yokuqala yombhalo. Iingcali zezonyango ziqikelela uqwalaselo olungakumbi lwemithetho efuna ukuchaphaza okanye ukuchasana kwemithetho engoonolwazi lwe-ACCCSCSCicic, njengoko kuvavanywa iingxelo zokuqala zengxelo zomthetho zomthetho zokuqala.

Ngaphezu kobugcisa bezempilo, ulawulo lobuGcisa luchaphazela yonke into ebangelwa ngamalungelo emipu ( I-Diologian of Columbia v. Heller, iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Breen) kumthetho wemeko yemeko engqongileyo, nento yokukhupha isisu. Iimeko ze ACAA zisebenza njengemicroscom: zibonisa indlela yokuqala yokuqiqaqamba kwazo zombini ezinyanzela ngayo abagwebi (ngokulinganisela amandla azo okufunda amade kwiMithetho-siseko) kwaye ziwagunyazisa (ngezigweba izigqibo eziye zede ulawulo lwedemo). Iziphumo ezithethsijajini zeMelika ziya kuxhomeke kusini nakungaphinikazi iNkuhlala kwityala.[5][5][5]

Isiphelo

UMthetho weNkqutyana yokuLangulela ubungunozala onamandla. Ngaphezu kwamatyala amathathu amakhulu asusela kwishumi leminyaka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yalwa nentsingiselo yantlandlolo yeChooke, iMandla aXhasayo, i-Pallace, kunye noMsebenzi ka-Claus othe ngqo. Uqulutyiswayo noluNqulu luye lwalungiselela ubuchule obunamandla bokucelw'umgaqo-siseko we-AA, kodwa ayikhange ikhuphe iziphumo ezimfanelekelele. Ukusetyenziswa kwemibhalo, intsingiselo kawonke, kunye nokuthintelwa kwemithetho kuvelise izigqibo ezithe kratya nezingawugcini umthetho. Njengokuba iNkuhlela iyaqhubeka ijonge imibuzo yempilo ephambili, impembelelo yenkquluko iza kuhlala isembini, inika izithembiso zokuzinzisombululo kunye nokuyibeka kwinkquluko yomgaqo-gqesho-siseko, njengoko ibangela ukuba kubekho oko kutyekelo lukawonke womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wezondondondondo lwezondondondo oluthe wamazwe.

[[UMTLL:0] Ukufunda okuphinda-phindiweyo:

  • [[UMTL:0]NFIB v. Sebelius (202) – Inkcazo Epheleleyo
  • [[UMTL:0] uKing v. Burwell (2015) – Inkcazo Epheleleyo
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] California v. Texas (2021) – Imbono Epheleleyo
  • [[UMTL:0] Iqumrhu loLwazi lomthetho lweCornell – i-Exchangeism[[UMTL: 1]
  • [[Umthetho:0] Impinda yoMthetho kaHarvard – Umthetho woqobo weJaji uThomas