Ukuqala: Indima Yezilingo Ezisemthethweni Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni

Iimvavanyo ze-ligement zisebenza njengembombo yenkqubo yokugweba yale mihla, zinika ifomati apho iimpikiswano zisombululwa khona kwaye kugwetywe okusesikweni. Enoba kukwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye yesizwe, inkqubo yokuvavanya iqinisekisa ukuba omabini amacala anethuba lokunikela ityala lawo phambi komakhi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo. Ukuqonda indlela amatyala anikelwa ngayo enkundleni ayiyo kubafundi abasemthethweni kuphela kodwa kwanabahlali belizwe abanokusebenza kumsebenzi wetyala okanye abazifumana bebandakanye ekuhlazisweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukwenziwa kwetyala, izitshixo-mdlana, abathathi-nxaxheba, imithetho ecacileyo, kunye neemngeni ezibanzi ezizalisekiswayo.

Isiseko Setyala Elisemthethweni

Nangona iinkqubo zokuvavanya zingafani ngaphaya kolawulo neentlobo zamatyala, uninzi lweemvavanyo zilandela ulandelelwano oluthe ngqo. Ucwangciso olusezantsi luqinisekisa ucwangco, okusesikweni, nokuqwalaselwa ngokucacileyo kwizibakala nomthetho. Ngentla kukwaphuka okunenkcukacha kwesigaba ngasinye.

Inkqubela-phambili yangaphambili kunye nentshukumo

Phambi kokuba kuqalwe ityala, inkundla ibamba ityala eliphambili ukucombulula imiba yetyala. Ezi zisenokuquka ukuthatha inyathelo lokucinezela ubungqina, ukukhupha izityholo, okanye ukucacisa imilinganiselo esemthethweni. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa ungena kwisibongozo /ityala, hayi ityala, okanye kungekho mncintiswano. //ekumeleni kwangaphambi kwetyala. Iingqungquthela zikwanceda ijaji namagqwetha ukuba alawule ixesha kunye noludwe lwamangqina.

Ukhetho

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, inkqubo ye enzima ivumela amagqwetha kunye nomgwebi ukuba babuze abaququzeleli abanokuba ngabagwebi ukuba babhence ikhethe okanye bangqubane. Icala ngalinye lingavavanye inani elithile lejaji lonobangela (umz., eziwayo ikhethe) okanye basebenzise imingeni yokukhulula ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, nangona ezi zingenakusekelwe elubala okanye kubufana. Injongo kukuhlanganisa abagqeba abagwebi abangakhethi bubukhali abaza kuvavanya ubungqina obungenamdla.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Ityala liqala ngokusemthethweni ngokuvula iingxelo ezivela kwityala/ingcaciso kunye nengxelo. La magqabaza awabobungqina kodwa abonisa ukuba yindlela elindelekileyo yokungqina into nganye. Isicatshulwa esinyanzelayo sinika abachopheli-mvo isiseko esicacileyo ukuze balandele ingxelo njengengqina kwaye bayibonise ngokucacileyo. Abameli abanempumelelo basebenzisa ulwimi olucacileyo kwaye baphephe ukunxibelelana ngokugqithisileyo ngeembono zabo zobuqu.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Lo ngunobangela wetyala. Iqela elithwele umthwalo wobungqina − ityala kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho okanye ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elikwityala lasekuhlaleni (ityala labemi). Ubungqina budla ngokuwela kwiindidi ezimbini:

  • [[UMTL:0] ubungqina bokwenene okanye obubonakalayo — izinto, amaxwebhu, izixhobo, okanye ushicilelo.
  • i-Spiemon bungqina obubonisa ukuba i- — iingxelo ezivela kumangqina afungwe.

Emva kokuba ityala okanye ityala liphumle, ingqwalaselo inganikela ubungqina balo, kuquka ukubiza amangqina kunye nokuzisa imiboniso. Indlela yokuvavanya ilandela umlinganiselo osezantsi: uvavanyo oluthe ngqo (ngeqela elibiza ubungqina), ukunqamleza (ngeqela eliphikisanayo), ukuthumela, kunye nokuphinda unqamleze. Le nkqubo yezopolitiko ivavanya ukuthembeka nokuthembeka kwesuntswana ngalinye lobungqina.

Ukunikela Ubungqina Nokubonakala Kusemgangathweni

AmaNgqina angundoqo kwezona zilingo. Amangqina anika ubungqina ngeembono zawo, ngoxa amangqina angoogqhinga enikela ulwazi olukhethekileyo ukuze ancede abachopheli-mthetho baqonde imibandela yobugcisa (umz., inzululwazi yezonyango, ubunjineli). Ijaji imisela iimfaneleko zokunikela ubungqina nokungangqinelani kweembono zabo. UJurress uqinisekisa ukuthembeka ngokuqwalasela imbonakalo, ukungaguquguquki, kunye nokungqinelana kobunye ubungqina.

"Ukuxilonga kweCross yeyona i-injini yomthetho ibalaseleyo eyakhe yaveliswa ukuze kufunyanwe inyaniso" — UJohn Henry Wigmore

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bufunyenwe, icala ngalinye likhupha impikiswano yokuqukumbela. Eli lithuba lokugqibela lokucengceleza abachopheli-tyala ngokushwankathela ubungqina, ngokuchaza iimpazamo ezingundoqo kwityala lotshaba, nokuchaza indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo kwizibakala. Iingxoxo zokuvala azinakuveza ubungqina obutsha kodwa zinokufumana intsingiselo esengqiqweni koko kunikelweyo. Umtshutshisi okanye ummangali udla ngokuthetha kuqala, kwaye ukhuseleko lulande; kwezinye iinkundla, iqela elinomthwalo lisenokunikela umva emva kokuqukumbela kokhuselo.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Phambi kokuba ijaji iqalise ukuququzelela, ijaji ifunda imiyalelo yezobuxoki `ingxelo yomthetho ofanelekileyo omele usetyenziswe ngabachopheli-tyala. Le miyalelo ichaza iziqalelo ezisemthethweni zezityholo okanye izityholo, ubunzima bobungqina, nobunzima obumele bunikwe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobungqina. Kumatyala, abagwebi bayayalelwa ukuba ummangalelwa uthathwa njengomsulwa kwaye ukuba ityala limele lingqinwe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Izigqibo neSigqibo

Abachopheli betyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala ukuze baxubushe ngetyala baze bafikelele kwisigqibo. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka singqineke ngokwahlukeneyo (nangona amazwe ambalwa avumela izigqibo ezingangeniyo kwiimeko ezithile). Izigqibo zokuvavanya zamakhaya zidla ngokufuna uninzi okanye ukuthembeka okukhulu, kuxhomekeke ekulawuleni. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakuvuma, ukuqulunqa okuphosakeleyo kungavakaliswa. Xa isigqibo sifundwa kwinkundla evulekileyo, isigaba sokuvavanywa siphela, nangona iintlanganiso zetyala okanye izibheno zingalandela.

Iintlobo Zezilingo

Asizizo zonke izilingo ezifanayo. Owona mahluko ungundoqo uphakathi kwemvavanyo zomcimbi kunye uvavanyo olucinezelekileyo[. Olunye umahluko ongundoqo uphakathi kwemvavanyo zabagwebi kunye neemvavanyo zebheri.

Izaphuli-mthetho. Izilingo zamakhaya

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) utyhola ummangalelwa ngokophula umthetho. Ummangalelwa ujongene nesohlwayo esinokwenzeka njengesohlwayo sokuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuhlawuliswa, okanye ukuvalelwa. Ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba unetyala ngokungaphaya kobunyani, umgangatho ophezulu kumthetho. Kwityala loluntu, iqela labucala (elichaphazelekayo) lisusela elinye iqela (eligwetyiweyo) ngenxa yomonakalo okanye umsebenzi othile okhethekileyo. Umgangatho wobungqina udla ngokuba yi- ingummiselo osisigxina sobungqina obunobubungqina [ (okunokwenzeka ukuba akunjalo) okanye, kwezinye iimeko, [[FLT.2]] kunye nobungqina obugqwesayo.

Imvavanyo zeBench v Jury

Kwityala lebhentshi, ijaji isebenza njengomfumani wenyaniso kunye nomgwebi womthetho. Iimvavanyo ze-Bench ziqhelekile kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo yabemi (umz., ukubekwa kwemvume) okanye apho omabini amaqela ewarhoxisa ilungelo kwijaji. Adla ngokumfutshane kwaye abe ngamagcisa. Kwityala elingaphezulu. Kwityala labachopheli-mthetho, abagwebi bagqiba imibuzo yenyaniso ngelixa ijaji igqiba imibuzo yomthetho nenkqubo yolawulo. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.

Iindima Zabathabathi - nxaxheba Abaphambili

Ukuqonda ezi ndima kucacisa indlela elisebenza ngayo ityala njengenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo nelungelelanisiweyo.

Julay

Ijaji isebenza njengommeli wobundilele, iqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqhubeke ngokwemithetho yesithethe necacileyo. Ijaji imisela imithetho ephikisayo, imisela ukubonakala kobungqina, ifundisa abachopheli-mthetho, kwaye iyalawula inkundla yetyala ngendlela efanelekileyo. Kwizigwebo zebhedri, kwakhona ijaji isebenza njengomfumani wento aze aphumeze isigqibo. Ukungakhethi bubucala kuyingozi; nakuphi na ukubonakala kobungcatshiswano kusenokuba sisizathu sokuziphendulela okanye sokubhenela.

Jury

Iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala liyiqumrhu labemi abafungela ukunikela isigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina obunikelweyo. Abachopheli kufuneka bagqibe izibakala ezisetyenziswa umthetho njengoko zifundiswa yijaji. Ubungakanani bejaji buyahluka: iityala zolwaphulo-mthetho zidla ngokusebenzisa iijaji ezili-12, nangona amanye amazwe evumela ukuba zibembalwa. Iijaji zamakhaya zingasuka kwisithandathu ukuya kwishumi elinesibini. I Juries ngabom emfihlekweni, ezibakhuselayo kwingcinezelo yangaphandle kodwa zikwabenza bacinge ngendlela ecacileyo. Imfuneko yokungaqholisi kwimicimbi yamacala olwaphulo-mthetho ibonisa ixabiso eliphezulu elibekwe ekukhuseleni abamangalelwayo kwinkundla eyahluleleneyo.

Ukumangalelwa (Kwityala Lezaphuli - mthetho)

Ityala limele urhulumente/ityala, urhulumente, okanye indawo yasekuhlaleni, kwaye linomthwalo wokungqina ityala lommangalelwa. Abatshutshisi banyanzelekile ukuba bafune okusesikweni, hayi iinkolelo nje. Kufuneka batyhile ubungqina bokuthethelela (okwaziwa [] izinto ezikhoyo ) kwaye baphephe iimpikiswano ezingafanelekanga. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, indima elinganayo ligqwetha le-post, elimele iqela elizisa ityala.

Ukhuselo lwe Attorney

Igqwetha elithethelelayo limela ummangalelwa (okanye ummangalelwa kwityala lasekuhlaleni). Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, iSiHlaliso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokufumana uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko. Indima yokhuselo iquka ukucel ’ umngeni ubungqina, ukunikela ezinye iingcamango, ukukhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe. Kwanokuba ummangalelwa usenokuba unetyala, igqwetha lenkuselo kufuneka lilwe ngenzondelelo kwimida elungileyo ukuvavanya ityala lommangalelwa.

amaNgqina

AmaNgqina anikela ubungqina obungqinelayo phantsi kwesifungo. Asenokuba ngamangqina (abone okanye ava into ethile eyimfuneko) okanye amangqina achwephesha (anikela iimbono ezisekelwe kulwazi olukhethekileyo). Ukukhokelwa ngamaNgqina ngokufuthi kumisela iziphumo zetyala. Iimeko eziphembelela ukukholiswa ziquka isimilo, ikhethe, iintetho eziphikisanayo, kunye nokungangqinelani kobungqina. omabini amacala asenokungawachazi amangqina achaseneyo ngokunqamleza okanye ngokuvelisa ubungqina obuphikisanayo.

Inkundla InguClerk Nobhiyozele

Nangona ingekho ngqiqweni, unobhala uyawalawula amaxwebhu enkundla aze anike izifungo, ngoxa ibheyile igcina umyalelo ize iqinisekise ukuba abachopheli-tyala bayalisebenzisa kakuhle.

Ubungqina Nemithetho Engokwesithethe

Ukunikelwa kobungqina kulawulwa yimithetho engqongqo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokusesikweni. IMithetho yoBufakazi (okanye izinto ezilinganayo) inika isakhiwo.

Ukubonakala: Ukuphakamisa nokuphulaphula

Ubungqina kufuneka bube [[NTL:0] bungapha kwe-, oko kukuthi, kufuneka ibe notyekelo lokwenza iziphumo zenyani okanye ezingenzekiyo. Kwanobungqina obunxulumeneyo bungasuswa ukuba ixabiso lemo yemo yezulu lingaphezulu kakhulu komngcipheko wekhethe elingekho sikweni, ukudideko, okanye ukuchitha ixesha.

indlebe ibizwa `ingxelo engaphandle kwecala elungiselelwe ukungqina inyaniso yemeko eqinisekisiweyo("isoloko ingenakusetyenziswa, ngaphandle koninzi. Umzekelo, amanqaku enzelwe ukuxilonga kwezamayeza, amazwi avuyiselayo, neengxelo zeshishini zingavunyelwa. Ukuqonda amava agxekwayo kumagqwetha nabagwebi kuba ithintela iingxelo ezingavavanywanga ekuphembeleni abacholi-tyala.

Umthwalo Nomgangatho Wobungqina

Uxanduva lobungqina luxhomekeke kwiqela elizibanga. Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi kufuneka angqine iprojekthi nganye ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa makangqine eli tyala ngokuphandle. Eminye imicimbi yezopolitiko (umz., ukuqhatha, isohlwayo sesohlwayo) ifuna umgangatho ophezulu: ubungqina obucacileyo nobuyisekayo. Umgangatho uyalela abachopheli-mbhiyo ukuba baqiniseke kangakanani ukuba bamele balawulele umcholi-mthetho okanye urhulumente.

Ulawulo

I-athorney ingaba yingxaki xa iqela elichasayo liphula imithetho ecacileyo, umzekelo, ngokubuza umbuzo okhokelayo kuvavanyo oluthe ngqo okanye ngokungenisa uvava. Ijaji iwisa imithetho ngoko nangoko; ukuba ingcelele ixhathisiwe, ingqina okanye umboniso ukhutshiwe. Ukuba igunyasiwe, ubungqina buvunywa. I-Attorney kufuneka igcine uphicotho-zingcelo lwe-appelte ngokubhala ingxelo ecacileyo. Oku kusebenza ngamandla kulola imibandela kwaye kunceda ukunqanda ukungalungisi tyala.

Ukubaluleka Kwezilingo Ezisemthethweni

Izilingo zisebenza ngokungaphaya kokucombulula iingxabano zomntu ngamnye, ziqinisa umthetho, zibangela ukuba abantu baphendule, yaye zinegalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwemigaqo engokwasemthethweni.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba Ubulungisa nocwangciso olufanelekileyo

Izilingo zinika ulawulo olucwangcisiweyo, lukawonke-wonke apho amacala omabini enokunikela ubungqina kunye nempikiswano phambi komenzi wezigqibo wobundilele. Oku kukhusela kwisenzo soburhulumente esizikhethele, ingakumbi kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho apho urhulumente unegunya elikhulu. Inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa angadibana namangqina, acel ’ umngeni, kwaye abe negqwetha ecaleni lawo.

Ukumisa Iziqalelo

Kwinkqubo zomthetho eqhelekileyo, izigqibo zenkundla yokuvavanya (ingakumbi xa kubhenwa) zimisela imizekelo ekhokelela kumatyala exesha elizayo. Ngoxa iinkundla zamatyala ngokwazo zingabopheleli ezinye iinkundla, ukuqiqa kwazo kuphembelela indaleko yomthetho. Ukuvavanywa kwe-Landmark ` imaranda v. Arizona (kulungile ukuhlala uthulile) okanye Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo (iiindawo yemfundo ye-dekolonia) /--schood inteagements eziyenziweyo kamva zaphinda zicaciswe zikhothi ze-encwadi. Kwaneencwadi ezicaciswayo okanye iimfundiso eziqhelekileyo.

Ukulungiselela Ubulungisa Nobuchule Boluntu

Iimvavanyo zivumela abantu ukuba bafune unyango lokwenzakala, ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano, nokugcina abenzi bobubi betyala. Kumaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kunikela indlela yokufumana isohlwayo nokuvalwa. Kwibutho labantu, ukuvavanywa kwezomthetho kubonisa ukuba inkqubo yomthetho isebenza ngokuphandle, iqinisa ukuthembana. IsiHlathiso seSebesti silondoloza ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala kumatyala asekuhlaleni, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba abaseki benkolo yokuba ukuba ukuba ukuthabatha inxaxheba koluntu kukhulisa okusesikweni.

Imisebenzi yemfundo neNtlalo

Iimvavanyo ze-profile ephezulu zifundisa uluntu ngeenkqubo zomthetho, amalungelo, kunye nobunzima bobungqina. Zikwabhenca iimbambano zenkqubo .ezifana nokucalucalula kobuhlanga kukhetho lwabachopheli-chopheli-mvo okanye ukuphosa kwenzululwazi engokwasemthethweni. Ngokubandakanya abemi bephondo. Ngokuzibandakanya njengeejaji, inkqubo yokuvavanya ikhuthaza uxanduva lwezentlalo nokuqonda umthetho.

Isiphelo

Iimvavanyo zomthetho zintsonkothile, ziindidi ezininzi eziquka imigaqo yokusesikweni, ukubonakala, nokuphendula. Ukusuka kwimiba yangaphambi kwetyala kunye nokukhetha okukhoyo ukuze kubonakale ukuboniswa nokuqukunjelwa kweempikiswano, isigaba ngasinye silungiselelwe ukuvavanya amandla etyala ngalinye. Abathathi-nxaxheba (izigwebi, amagqwetha, amagqwetha, kunye namangqina) adlala indima eyahlukileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inyaniso iphuma kwaye igwetyelwe. Ngokuqonda isiseko kunye nemithetho yezilingo, abemi banokuqonda kakuhle indlela inkqubo esemthethweni ecombulula ngayo iimpikiswano nokukhusela amalungelo. Abo babizwa ukuba bakhonze kwinkundla, olu lwazi lukhulisa amandla abo bacinga ngabo kwaye banike isigwebo sobulungisa. Njengokubekwa kwenkqubo esemthethweni, ukuvavanywa kwenkqubo engomthetho kuhlala kuyimfuneko ukuxhaswa komthetho womthetho we-demokhrasi.

Ukuphinda ufunde, jonga i ICornell Incamery Information yenkqubo yokuvavanya kunye nesikhokelo se- se-American Bar Association kwinkundla yabethathi-nxaxheba[. Ubuncwane obongezelelekileyo kwimithetho yobungqina bungafunyanwa kwiMithetho ye-Engqindilili ye-webhsayithi ye-.