Ukwazisa: Ukuqonda Ukungaqhubeki Kwabantu

Ukuthotywa kwezobupolitika kuvezwe njengesiseko solawulo olulungelelanisiweyo kulo lonke ihlabathi elikhulayo neliphucukileyo. Ngokukhuthaza igunya, ubuncwane, kunye namandla okwenza izigqibo ukusuka kumazwe aphakathi ukuya kwizinto ezikhoyo zesizwe esisingingqi, "njengemimandla, amaphondo, oomasipala, okanye isithili(injongo yokuzinzisa urhulumente kufutshane nabemi. Isiseko esiphantsi silula: iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni, ukuba ziyavumelana ngakumbi noluntu abakhonza kulo, ziyakwazi ukwenza imigaqo engcono yokulungisa iimfuno zasekuhlaleni, zisabela ngokukhawuleza kwiingxaki, kwaye zikhuthaza ukuphendula okungakumbi. Kumashumi amane eminyaka adluleyo, amazwe angaphezu kwama-80 aye amkela uhlobo oluthile lokwenziwa ngokuhloniphekileyo, ngokufuthi eqhutywa ngokuqhutywa kwenkonzo ephuculwa, ukuphuhliswa kwenkonzo, nokuphuhliswa kwenkqubela phambili kwenkqubela phambili.

Ulwalamano phakathi kokwenziwa kwemeko-ntle kwezobupolitika kunye neziphumo zentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho azikho lula kwaye azikho ngqiqweni. Ngelixesha abaxhasi bema ngelithi ukuphucula imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kungenza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, kuphucule ubunjani benkonzo kawonke-wonke, kwaye kunike amaqela akwimiqathango, abagxeki balumkise ukuba isenokuba kukungalingani kwengingqi, ukucinezela amandla equmrhu, okanye ivelise iindlela ezintsha zokufumana ubuchule obuphezulu. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olubanzi lwendlela yobuchule obunesidima kwezentengiso yezentlalo-meko, ukuzoba neziphumo zemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, kunye nohlalutyando lwenkqubo. Lihlophelo lokuxhobisa abafundisi, abaqhubi bemi, abasebenzi, abaquququququzeli, kunye nobugcisa benkqubela-machizakhono olufanelekileyo lokuqonda xa kusebenza kwanelisa isidima sobupolitiki xa ingasebenza.

Yintoni Intsingiselo Yezopolitiko?

Ukuthotywa kwezopolitiko kubhekiselele ngokukhethekile ekudluliseleni igunya lezobupolitika kunye namandla okwenza izigqibo kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enyulwayo nenetyala kubemi basekuhlaleni. Kwahlukile ekubekeni isidima (imisebenzi yokususa phakathi kwesebe eliphakathi) kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemali ngokwesidima (ukumisela ingeniso kunye neenkcitho). Ekwenzeni, ezi ndlela zintathu zidla ngokungqubana, kodwa ukuthobeka kwezopolitiko kuyinto eyodwa kuba kubandakanya ukurhoxiswa kwamandla kumabhunga anyuliweyo, oomatilo-dolophu, okanye irhuluneli abane-Oversi abanezigqibo ezibo ezilawula imicimbi enjengemfundo, impilo, izibonelelo, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba.

Imilinganiselo Eyintloko Yokuchana Kwezobupolitika

  • Indaleko: Esona simo sinamandla, apho urhulumente osembindini adlulisela igunya phezu komgaqo-nkqubo, ulawulo, kunye nemali kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ozimeleyo nonyulwe ngokusemthethweni.
  • Isivumelwano somthetho: urhulumente waseMbindini unika abameli basekuhlaleni imisebenzi ethile (ngokufuthi imiselwe) esebenza ngenxa yombindi, negunya elizimeleyo elilinganiselweyo.
  • Ukwahlulwa kolawulo: Ifomu ebuthathaka kakhulu, ebandakanya ukunikezelwa kweembopheleleko zolawulo phakathi kwee-ofisi zasemasimini zikarhulumente ombindi.

Utshintsho olunempumelelo lugxininisa utshintsho lotshintsho lokwenziwa kotshintsho, njengoko lubangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho lokwenene lwendawo kunye nokuziphendulela. Noko ke, kwanokungabikho kotshintsho kudinga ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo olusemthethweni, isabelo esicacileyo semisebenzi, kunye nokufuduswa koburhulumente ukuze kuphumelele.

Izixhobo Zokunxibelelana Nokuwohloka Kwezobupolitika Neziphumo Zezentlalo

Ukuqonda indlela impumelelo yezopolitiko echaphazela ngayo inkqubela yentlalo yezoqoqosho kufuna ukuba kuhlolisiswe iindlela ezisebenza ngazo. Ezi nkqubo ziwela kwiindidi ezintathu ezibanzi: ulawulo, izikhuthazo zezoqoqosho, nokuba nenxaxheba ekuhlaleni.

Ulawulo nokuphendula

Ukwenziwa kunciphe uxanduva lokuphendula phakathi kwabemi kunye nabameli babo. Xa amagosa asekuhlaleni exhomekeke kwingeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni okanye kukhetho lobuso lwabavoti basekuhlaleni, anezihlomelo ezomeleleyo zokunikezela iinkonzo ezihambelana nezikhethwayo zoluntu. Le inxulumaniswano [ inokunciphisa ukunganyaniseki, ukuphucula ubunjani benkonzo, kunye nolwandiso lwabemi. Uphando lwezentengiso lwerhafumza lwamazwe anjengeBrazil neIndiya lubonisa ukuba impilo ehloniphekileyo kunye neenkqubo zemfundo zisoloko zikho ezikwindawo ezamkelekileyo nezibonelelwayo.

Ukuphumelela Kwezoqoqosho Nokufuduswa Kwezibonelelo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, xa besondelelene nomhlaba, bayakwazi ukuphawula imisebenzi ephambili , efana nendlela entsha, ikliniki yokugoma, okanye inkqubo yokukhuculula amakhaya ngokuchanekileyo kunendlu ekude. Ngokuvumela impumelelo ecwangcisiweyo [, ukuthoba ivumela ukuba imali kawonke-wonke ifumaneke apho inika khona ukubuya okuphezulu kwentlalo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlaziywa kwemeko-ntle kungenza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni ngokuvumela oorhulumente bamazwe ngamazwe ukuba banike izikhuthazo zerhafu, bavelise ingeniso kwizakhiwo zasekuhlaleni, kwaye benze iindawo ezikufutshane zoshishino.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuluntu Nokumanyana

Ukuthotywa kwezopolitiko kudla ngokudala iindawo ezisesikweni zokuthembisana kwabemi, ezifana nokubhalisa amabhunga, ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe, neekomiti zolawulo loluntu. La maqumrhu anokunika amandla ngokwembali akhutshwe ngamaqela — amabhinqa, amaqela amancinane, amaqela angabantu abambalwa, amahlwempu / ngokuwanika ilizwi kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi bawo. Ngokunjalo, ukungenelela okukhuthaza ikomkhulu lezentlalo-ntle [ nokuthemba amaziko kawonke-wonke, omabini anxulumene neziphumo ezithe kratya nenkqubela.

Imiphumo Efanelekileyo Yokuzithethelela Kwezobupolitika: Ubungqina Nemizekelo

Iqumrhu elininzi lophando libhala iziphumo eziyingenelo zokubekwa kakuhle kweempawu ezifanelekileyo kwintlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho. Ngapha koko sihlola iindawo ezingundoqo apho iziphumo ezifanelekileyo ziqwalaselwe khona.

Ukunikezelwa Kwenkonzo Ephucukileyo Kwimfundo Nempilo

Uphando oluvela e-Indonesia, eGhana naseBolivia lubonisa ukuba ukuhlaziywa okufanelekileyo kuphucule umlinganiselo wokubhalisa nokugqitywa kwamaziko aphezulu emfundo emfundo ephezulu nolwaneliseko lwemfundo ephezulu ngo-2001. Kwiphondo lorhulumente wesithili, lo msebenzi wakhokelela kuhleko oluphezulu lwezifundo, ulungiso lwezikolo, kunye nokuphendula kootitshala abaphezulu. Ngokufanayo, kwicandelo lezempilo, ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwamaziko aphambili empilo e-Uganda lwabangela ukuncitshiswa kwamaxesha okulinda nolwaneliseko lomonde. I-2019 World Bank ifumanise ukuba amazwe anemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yogcino-mthetho ephezulu yemfundo ephezulu, ukuphumelela kwempilo, kuquka ukuthobalwa kwemingcipheko yeentsana.

Ukukhula Kwezoqoqosho Nokhuseleko Lwasekuhlaleni

Ngokuvumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba benze iinkqubo zezoqoqosho zilunge ngokulinganayo, ukuthomalalisa isidima kungavuselela ukukhula okuncinci koshishino nokutsala utyalo-mali. ETshayina, ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yezopolitiko (kudibene neentshukumisa zezopolitiko zamagosa asekuhlaleni) kwathatha indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwamaphondo akhawulezayo ngexesha lonyaka wee 1980 kunye no 1990. Ngelixa inkqubo yeTshayina ingeyodemokhrasi ngokupheleleyo, umgaqo wokudibanisa igunya lasekuhlaleni ngeziphumo zezoqoqosho uyafundisa. Okubanzi, ukunqumla-i-e-ekhonometrium) icebisa ukuba ulwando olufanelekileyo lwezopolitiki olunxulumene nolwando olufanelekileyo [[FFF:2] kwi-GP] kwiqondo lomlinganiselo lomlinganiselo we-GPGP ukuya ku-1.[3]

Ukuncitshiswa Korhwaphilizo Nokubonakala Kwabantu

Ukwenziwa kwentengiso kusebenza njengovavanyo lwenkohlakalo ngokususa amandla kulwahlulo oluninzi lukarhulumente nangokuvula impembelelo egqithisileyo kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni egada inja. EBrazil, oomasipala abamkela uqingqo-mali lokusebenzisa izahlulo zokwahlukana ngezantsi.Apho abemi bavota ngqo ekusebenziseni izinto eziza kuqala, bajonga unciphiso olubalulekileyo kwiprojekthi yokungasetyenziswa kwemali. impembelelo egqithisileyo [ inamandla kakhulu xa ikhatshwa yinkululeko eyomeleleyo yezixhobo zonxibelelwano nemisebenzi yabantu. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi-Variesties of Demoversivery (VEM) yomsebenzi we-Denecrecial) lubonisa ukuba amazwe aneenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zezobupolitika atyekele ukuvelisa iziba ezibonisa ukubonakala kwelinye icala.

Ugunyaziso lwamaqela adweliswe umda

Ukuthotywa kwezopolitiko kudla ngokuquka izihlalo ezigciniweyo okanye iifaktha zamaqela angaphantsi. EIndiya, uMgaqo-siseko we- 73th Wezihlalo ogcinelwe izihlalo ezizi-3 kwibhunga ledolophana (iiPanchayats). Uphando lukaChattopadhyy noDuflo (2004) lufumanise ukuba iinkokeli ezingamabhinqa zinikela iimpahla ezithengwa kakhulu ngamabhinqa, njengokusela amanzi kunye nezonyango. Ngokufanayo, oomasipala baseBolivia kunye noninzi lwabantu bomthonyama balapho bafumana ulawulo olunentabalala olunentabalala olufanelekileyo emva kotshintsho olufanelekileyo kwiminyaka yee-1990.

Ucelomngeni Nemilinganiselo Elinganiselweyo: Xa Ukugutyulwa Kusifutshane

Kwingxelo nganye yempumelelo, kukho iimeko apho ukuthotyelwa kwesidima kuphoxe okanye kwada kwaya kusiba mbi ngakumbi iziphumo. Ukuqonda le migibe kubalulekile ekuyileni iinguqu ezisebenzayo.

Udidi

Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni kumazwe angenalwazi luninzi lobugcisa, ulawulo lwemali, kunye noovimba babantu abafunekayo ukudlulisela iinkonzo ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuthumela iimbopheleleko ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwamandla afanayo kusoloko kukhokelela ekusebenzeni, ekulahlekeni, okanye ekuweni kwenkonzo. Umzekelo, ukuhlaziywa kwemfundo yokuqala kwathintelwa kukunqongophala kwababhali-manani abafanelekileyo nabaphathi abacwangcisiweyo kumabhunga esithili, nto leyo ephumela ekulibaziseni kwentlawulo lwabafundisi-mfundo kunye nokuwohloka kwezakhiwo zesikolo.

Imimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye nomgangatho

Ukuhla komgangatho ophezulu kunakho ukunyusa ukungalingani ukuba imimandla etyebileyo inesiseko sengeniso esinamandla kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo. EGhana, iphondo le-Ashanti linamathuba amakhulu okufumana ingeniso kuMntla-mpuma wommandla, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuntluphekweni kwemfundo kunye neziphumo zempilo ezithelekisayo. Ngaphezu koko, abaphathi-mikhosi basekuhlaleni, iintloko zezoshishino, ii-magnethi, ii-magnethiscs-joties, zinokuthatha amaziko alungelelezezezo, zicuthe acutheneyo, zicuthelela amahlwempu. [] ezizezo zinto zibangela ingxaki entle yokwenziwa. Ngaphezu koko, iintloko zelizwe, iintloko zezoshishino, iinkcuwa, ii-masternethis , ii-masterneasethis provices provices sy sy.

Ukusilela komanyano nokwahlukana

Xa intsalela emininzi karhulumente (isiqingatha, iphondo, kunye nengingqi) incedisana nembopheleleko kwicandelo elinye", njengecandelo elinye lokuphatha amanzi okanye ezothutho `ukubhabha-bhadula-bhadula kunokubangela ukudideka nokulibaziseka. Ukukhawuleza kwedolophu yaseIndiya kukhatshwa ngamadabi phakathi kwamaqumrhu kamasipala, oorhulumente, kunye namasebe aphakathi, okuthintela ukuphuhliswa kwesiseko soqoqosho. umanyano lwezentlalo-burhulumente [ lufuna isiseko esicacileyo somthetho kunye neenkqubo zokulwanisa, ezisoloko zingekho.

Iimfazwe Zezobupolitika Neengozi Zokuvukela

Ukuthotywa kwemithetho yezopolitiko kungokwemvelo kwaye kusenokubangela ukuchaswa kwabaphathi-mikhosi basembindini kunye nabezobupolitika abaphulukana negunya. EKenya, umgaqo-siseko wonyaka-siseko wowama-2010 wadala oorhulumente abangama-47 bephondo ababenenkululeko eninzi, kodwa ngokulandelayo urhulumente wesizwe wolawulo lwakutshanje kwimpilo kunye noqingqo-mali lwemfundo wadala inkxwaleko eqhubekayo. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuthomalalisa isidima kuye kwatshintshwa okanye kwakhutshwa emva kokutshintsha kolawulo olusembindini, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kunciphiswe ucwangciso kunye notyalo-mali.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Amava Ahlukahlukeneyo Okuchanabeka Kwezobupolitika

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala aqinisekisiweyo kutyhila iinkalo ezikumongo ezibangela ukuba kubekho imiphumo efanelekileyo.

IIndonesia: Ishumi Leminyaka Leenguqulelo

Emva kokuwa kweSuharto ngo-1998, i-Indonesia yaqalisa enye yeenkqubo ezigqwesileyo zokuphucula umhlaba. Imithetho eyamiselwa ngo-1999 nango-2001 yadlulisela imbopheleleko yemfundo, impilo, izibonelelo, kunye nezolimo koorhulumente besithili. Iziphumo bezibala: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngoku balawula ama-70% okuchitha imali ngaphandle komdla wamatyala. Ukubhalisa kwimfundo yesibini semfundo kunyuke kakhulu ukusuka kuma-65% kumawaka ka-80% ngo-2015. Kodwa ke, ukurhoxa kwemiqathango yemali, izibonelelo ziyaqhubeka phakathi kwemimandla efuna imali (umz. Papua) kunye nemimandla ehlwempula, kwaye urhwaleko oluhlala lulucelomngeni. Isifundo esingundoqo sikukuba [[FLT: 0]

EBrazil: Inxaxheba Ekuqingqeni Uqingqo - mali Nasekuqeqesheni

Umgaqo-siseko we-Brazil ka-1988 wasusa amagunya abalulekileyo koomasipala nakumaphondo. Ulwandiso oludibeneyo lukuqingqo-mali (PB), uvulindlela ePorto Alegre ngo 1989 kwaye kamva wamkelwa ngamakhulukhulu ezixeko. Uphando lubonisa ukuba iPB inciphisa amanani obuhlwempu kunye nonyuselo kumgangatho wenkqubo yogutyulo nezindlu. Kwangaxeshanye, uMthetho we-Fiscal Justice (2000) omiselwe imida engqongqo ekuboleni, ukunqanda uhlobo lwamatyala aphezulu abonwa eArgentina. I-Brazil ibonisa ukuba unyuso-luvo lwamanyuke kunye nemithetho ye-fisticalcal. Kwangaxeshanye, umthetho we-Fiscal Resitionswordive (2000) ozibili) omiswe ngokungqongqo, ukhuseleko lwemali [FOct:1].

ENigeria: Iingxaki Zeziko Elingenamandla

Umgaqo-siseko we-Nigeria ka-1999 waseka inkqubo karhulumente enamaphondo angama-36 kunye ne-74 emimandla karhulumente (LGAs). Noko ke, urhulumente worhulumente uyaqhubeka elawula ingeniso ye-oyile, kwaye i-LGAs ixhomekeke kakhulu kwizabelo zenyanga ezisuka embindini. Ukunganyani kunye nezixhobo ezixhasa inkqubo yorhwebo zifakwe kuwo onke amanqanaba, ukucutha ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Uhlolisiso lwezibonelo lwenkcitho yezempilo entla eNigeria lufumanisekufumaneni ukuba ngaphantsi kwama-40% emali ekwabelweyo afikeleleka kumagumbi empilo. Umba wase-Nigeria ugxininisa ukuba umgangatho wokwenziwa kwemali ngaphandle kolungiso lweziko kunye nokulawulwa kwengeniso kusenokungaphumeleli ukuphucula iziphumo zemali.

Ukuqonda Okuthelekisayo

Ngaphaya kwezi meko, oothunywashe abathathu basoloko bexela impumelelo: (1) ukuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni okwaneleyo, (2) ulawulo-melo nobuchule basekuhlaleni, kunye (3) nobuchule obunamandla bokuphendula (umz., uphicotho-zincwadi kunye novavanyo lomsebenzi). Apho ezi meko zingekho, ukuhlaziywa okufanelekileyo kusoloko kungaphantsi kwemisebenzi okanye iziphumo ezizizo.

Uqikelelo lomgaqo-nkqubo: Ukwenziwa kotshintsho olunempumelelo

Ukuthatyathwa kobungqina, abenzi benkqubo kufuneka balandele indlela elandelelanayo nenomongo ochaphazelekayo kulungiso lwezopolitiko.

Ukwakha Isikhundla Sasekuhlaleni Kuqala

Phambi kokudlulisela iimbopheleleko ezinkulu, ukuhlawula ekuqeqesheni abalawuli basekuhlaleni, ukomeleza iinkqubo zolawulo lwemali, kunye nokuxhobisa oorhulumente bezizwe ngezobugcisa bezi mini bolwazi. IBhanki yengingqi yoLawulo lwengingqi kunye neNkonzo yokuRhubela iSiseko seNkxaso eVietnam inikela imodeli, apho ukwakhiwa komthamo kunikwa inkxaso-mali ngaphambi kokuncitshiswa kwemfundo kunye nokuchithwa kwezixhobo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa okungatshintshiyo korhulumente

Ukukhusela ulwahluko lwemimandla, oorhulumente abasembindini kufuneka bayile iindlela zokudlulisela ingeniso ezilinganayo nemali efumaneka kwiingingqi. Icandelo loMthetho wengeniso eMzantsi Afrika lisebenzisa indlela esekelwe kubemi, kumgangatho wobuhlwempu, nakumsebenzi wezoqoqosho ukunikezela ngemali kumaphondo nakumasipala.

Ukuqinisa Ubuchule Bokuphendula

Ukudityaniswa kufuneka kudityaniswe nezixhobo zolawulo lommi, ukuqokelela uqingqo-mali, amakhadi okufumana iingxelo, kunye namasebe ophicotho-zincwadi azimeleyo. EKenya, iKhomishini ye-Revolution Altandity kunye noMphicothi-zincwadi Jikelele unika iingxelo ezithe rhoqo kwimali yengingqi, kwaye abemi bangafumana uqingqo-mali kwi-mali yengingqi kwi-intanethi. ikhapherabhathi lento ekhethekileyo.

Ukuzalisekisa Imilinganiselo Yomgangatho Oqhelekileyo

Kunokuba abe “kuhlakulelwa okukhulu”, amazwe kufuneka aqhubele phambili ngokufanelekileyo kwimimandla embalwa ngaphambi kokunyuka. Umthetho ka-1994 oPhawulayo woGunyazo lwaseBolivia ekuqaleni wanezempilo nemfundo kuphela, kunye namanye amaqela ongezelelweyo kwiminyaka elishumi. Iindlela zobupolisa zivumela oorhulumente ukuba bafunde kwiimpazamo zabo baze bakhe ukuvumelana kwezobupolitika.

Isiphelo: Ukudityaniswa Kwezinto

Ukuthotywa kwezobupolitika kunika isithembiso sokwenyaniso sokuphucula inkqubela-phambili yentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho ngokukhulisa ukuthembeka, ukuphumelela, nokuthabatha inxaxheba. Ubungqina obuvela e-Indonesia, eBrazil, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi bubonisa ukuba utshintsho olunentsingiselo lunganyusa imfundo, impilo, kunye nokusebenza kwezoqoqosho, ngokukodwa kumaqela acekelwe phantsi. Kodwa ubungqina obunye bulumkisa ukuba ukuthoba akuyondawo entle. Ngaphandle kobuchule obufanelekileyo, ukusasazwa kovimba olinganayo, kunye nokuvelela okunamandla, kunakho ukunyusa ukulingana, kwenza ukonakala, kwaye kubangela ukunikezelwa komsebenzi kawonke wonke.

Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka bafikelele ekuzinzisweni ngokufanelekileyo ngolwazi olucacileyo lorhwebo lwayo. Impumelelo ayifuni ukufudusa nje kuphela amandla kodwa kwakhona ifakelwa kumaqumrhu kunye nekomkhulu loluntu elenza ulawulo lwengingqi lube luphumele. Iintlangano zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana neBhanki yehlabathi[, i-[FLT] i-United Nations Development (UNDP) [UNP)] [[FLTP]] , kunye namaziko ophando olungokwemfundo afana ne-UNU-WU]WU-WID[ iyaqhubeka ibonelela ukhokelo olubalulekileyo kukwenziwa kokwenziwa komsebenzi wezopolitiko olunesidima kwi-conomntlalo, kodwa lungaxhomekeka kwisenzo esifanelekileyo sokulawulwa kwayo, kodwa nendlela elawulwa ngayo.