Kule nkulungwane yama-21, uzinzo lwezobupolitika lwamazwe lwahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lukarhulumente wawo. Iinkqubo ezimbini ezingundoqo `ii-monarchical' kunye nee-riphabliki' ezinika iinkqubo zomahluko wolawulo, nganye ineenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokulondoloza ucwangco, ukuthembeka, nokuqhubekeka. Ukuqonda umahluko wawo, amandla, kunye nobuchule bobugxwayiba buyimfuneko ekuhlalutyeni indlela amazwe asebenzisa ngayo iziphazamiso zezoqoqosho, utshintsho lwentlalo, iingcinezelo zezentlalo-zwe, kunye nokungavumelani kwemibango yangaphakathi. Eli nqaku linika uhlalutyo olululo oluluthelekiso lozinzo lwezobupolitika kulawulo lwemibutho ye-omibhoshorepu, ukwenziwa kwembali, ukwenziwa kwemibutho, kunye nohlolisiso lwexesha elikhoyo ukunikeza imbono ecacileyo kwimibandela ehlala ihleliyo yezobupolitika.

Ukuchaza iMimandla yoLawulo

Ookumkani: Izithethe Nezithethe Eziphambili

Ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo luluhlobo lorhulumente apho umntu omnye — i-modem — ihlala iyintloko yelizwe lobomi okanye de ibe kukugwetywa. Imikhosi yahlulelwe ngokubhekele phaya kwiintlobo ezimbini. [[FLT: 0]] ilawula i-monarchy [, umlawuli osebenzisa amandla angathintelwayo, ogwetyelweyo, ogwetyelweyo ngokokwasemthethweni okanye ngokwemfuno yomntu. Imizekelo iquka iSaudiarabia, Oman, kunye neUnited Arabhuan Emitranste, apho umlawuli welizwe ulawula umthetho, i-judiary, kunye nemisebenzi ephakamileyo. [[FLT.FLT:] ulawulo lolawulo oluphezulu lwe-monestical [[FLT] [FLD] olunethiweyo], apho ulawulo oluphezulu lwezikomkhulu lolawulo lwe-modeliki, kunye nolawulo lwezigradimesmespol, lwezimonethi yezo ze-ography]

IiRiphabliki: Ulongamo Lodumo nomelo

IiRiphabliki ziinkqubo apho intloko yesizwe inyulwa khona, mhlawumbi i-United States, ngokungqalileyo okanye ngokungangqalanga, ngumlawuli wesizwe. Ulawulo luhlala ebantwini, kwaye urhulumente ufumana igunya kwimiyalelo yabanyuli nokunamathela kwimithetho yesiseko somGaqo-siseko. IiRiphabliki zahluka kakhulu ngokwemo-siseko: iinkqubo zobumongameli (umz., i-United States, iBrazil) inike ingqalelo kumandla olawulo lwezolawulo kumongameli onyuliweyo; ii-Riphabliki zepala (umz., i-Indiya) inyule umphathi-nkulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho-mthetho kwaye ngokufuthi unomongameli ozinzileyo; kunye neenkqubo ezincinane ze-ofisi (umz., eFransi, eRashiya) zidityaniweyo kunye nomlungiseleli omkhulu ojongelwe-demo-demokhrasi ongaphantsi kwe-Celcityspala okanye phantsi koo-Madolaska.

Ukumanyana Kwezobupolitika Kwiinkosi

Imikhosi yolawulo oluphezulu: izithethe ezizinzileyo

Imikhosi yolawulo lomGaqo-siseko ihlala ikwimeko phakathi kwawona mazwe azinzileyo ehlabathi. Indima yokumkani wezobupolitika kunye nomanyano lokomfuziselo lunganika imvakalelo yokuqhubeka kwesizwe okungahlukaniyo nokungahlukani. KuBukumkani bomGaqo-siseko ohlala uluqilima oluhlonelwa kakhulu oluqinisekisa ukutshintsha okugudileyo ngexesha lesiphithiphithi- zobupolitika . Ngokufana nokubhengezwa ngokukhawuleza komlawuli omtsha emva kokufa kukakumkanikazi uElizabeth II ngowama-2022. Ngokufanayo, intsapho yobukhosi yaseJapan iye yasebenza njengomqondiso omanyanisayo ukususela emva kommiselo we-1962 wamandla owitron, imisela indima yayo yezopolitiko zezolawulo-demokhrasi, inceda ilizwe ukuba ligcine uzinzo lwedemokhrasi naphantsi kweengozi zendalo.

Amandla asungulweyo ee-monarchy asoloko enxulumene nemithetho ecacileyo elandelelanayo. Ngokungafaniyo nee-riphabliki, apho utshintsho lwamandla lungabangela ungquzulwano okanye lufuna unyulo, i-monarcha inika ulandelelwano oluzenzekelayo, inciphisa ukungaqiniseki okunokuphazamisa ii-riphabliki eziselula. Oku kuqhubeka kwemfuza kungabangela ukuba kubekho ukuthembana okude kwimimandla karhulumente, njengokuba abemi bazi ukuba inkokeli yokomfuziselo ayinakutshintsha ngawo onke umjikelo wonyulo. Amazwe anjengeSweden, iNorway, neDenmark aye anandipha ukungaphazamisi melo yedemokhrasi ekwiminyaka engaphaya kwenkulungwane, kunye ne-mamonal esebenza njenge-ankile egcina i-ankile eqinileyo.

Ulawulo Olusembindini Nemida Yalo

Imikhosi yobukumkani obupheleleyo njenge Saudi Arabia igcina ukuzinza ngegunya eliphakamileyo, ngokufuthi ixhaswa zizixhobo zokhuseleko ezininzi kunye nobutyebi be-oyile. Izwe laseSaudi liye laphumelela ekupheliseni ukungavumelani, izikhulu zonqulo ezidibeneyo, kwaye lazinzisa uqoqosho lwalo lobuxhakaxhaka ngexesha lokulondoloza ulawulo lwezobupolitika. Noko ke, olo manyano luza ngexabiso lenkululeko yezobupolitika kwaye lusengozini yokulandelana amanqam. ESaudi Arabia, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kaHulumeni uMbhongi waseMohamman kwabangela ungquzulwano lwangaphakathi phakathi kwentsapho yasebukhosini kunye nokugxekwa kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngokunjalo, ulawulo olupheleleyo lweOman lwajongeneengxaki emva kokufa kukaSultans ngo2020, nangona utshintsho olunentsingiselo kuMzala wakhe olunqandayo olunqanda ukungazinzileyo.

Imikhosi yobukumkani obupheleleyo ikwachanabekelwe kwingcinezelo yangaphandle yotshintsho. Imvukelo yeArabia Spring ka-2010-2011 yavavanya ulawulo lwe-monarch kuMbindi Mpuma; ngeli xesha ii-Riphabliki ezifana neYiputa ne Tunisia zabona utshintsho lolawulo, ubukumkani baseYordan, eMorocco, kunye neGulf zasinda ngokuba zinika imvume elinganiselweyo kwaye zisebenzisa isithethe esisemthethweni. Noko ke, oku kulula ukumelana nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lungaphumelela okanye ukukhula kwemipu yoluntu ngaphandle konikezelo lwemali. Ii-Riphabliki ezisilela ukubeka engozini ukurhoxakeka kwazo, ezikhokelela ekuvuselelweni okanye ekunyanzelweni kwemigro, njengoko kubonwa eNepal (2008) naseIran (19999).

Ukumanyana Kwezobupolitika KwiziRiphabliki

IiRiphabliki Zedemokhrasi: Ukubuyiselwa kweZiko

Ii-Riphabliki zedemokhrasi ._apho unyulo olukhululekileyo, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya luhlonelwa khona ngokuphezulu ngexesha elide. "apho kusoloko kukho uzinzo oluphezulu ngokwexesha elide. Amazwe anjengeJamani, iKhanada, neSouth Korea aye amelana neemeko ezinzima zezoqoqosho, iinguqu, kunye nezidubedube zentlalo ezingahlaliyo. Unyuso kunye nokulungelelana okupheleleyo kwe-Riphabliki kunika iinkqubo zoxolo lwezigqibo zoxolo: ukhuphiko lweziko lonyulo kukhuphiko olungekho gazi, imigaqo-mthetho yemithetho-siseko, kunye neemithetho yemithetho ezimeleyo ixhasa imiqathango ye-okhemi, onke amazwe athelekele kwi-demokhrasi ye-Riphabliki , ngokunjalo “zinziswayo i-Riphablikikhstan” yiRiphabliki-Riphablikikhstan, kunye nozinzo olusekelwe ekungeneni kolawulo-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Noko ke, irepublic yedemokhrasi ayigonyelwanga kukungazinzi. Ukuthamba kwemimandla yezobupolitika, njengokuba kubonwa eUnited States emva konyulo lwama-2020, kunokuphelisa ukuthembana kwinkqubo yonyulo kunye nokhupho lomgaqo-siseko. Ukuqhambuka kweCapitol ngoJanuwari 2021 kwabonisa indlela izahlulo ezinzulu ze-operation ezingayisongela ngayo imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi. Noko ke, amaziko azimeleyo azimeleyo, afana necandelo lonyulo lwejaji kunye nolo-okhethi-demone, ebonisa ukuba amandla onyulo lungaphazamisa ukuma kwamaqumrhu. AmaRiphabliki anezikhundla ezinamandla anamandla, uqhagamshelwano olukhululekileyo, kunye nolawulo olucacileyo lungachaphaka ngokukhawuleza kunalawo asweleyo ezo ziphumo.

IiRepublic zoMququzeleli: Ukungagungqi

Asizizo zonke iiriphabliki zedemokhrasi. Kumazwe amaninzi, ulawulo lonyulo olugquma igqubuthelo lolawulo-mthetho. IVenezuela, eyakhe yazinzisa idemokhrasi, iye yawa ngokwezoqoqosho kwaye yacinezelwa ngokwezopolitiko phantsi kolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo-mthetho. Amalungiselelo erepublic akhutshwa ngumongameli uHugo Chávez kunye nelandela lakhe, eshiya indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawulwa liqela elilawulayo kunye nenkundla yezolawulo lwesizwe. Isiphumo sikukungazenziswa koluntu nokuzinziswa koburhulumente kuphela ngokunyanzelwa nokunyaniseka komkhosi. Ngokufanayo, phantsi koo-Aleksandrea Lykashen baye babona ukuvukelwa kwemithetho enzima kunye nogonyamelo, nolawulo olusindayo ngokuxhomeke kwimikhosi yokhuseleko nenkxaso yaseRashiya kuphela.

Iiriphabliki zolawulo-mthetho ezigunyazisiweyo zisoloko zijongene nomngcipheko ophezulu wokungazinzi ngenxa yokungabi namaziko afanelekileyo okuvakalisa kwezobupolitika. Xa ukunganeliseki kukawonke-wonke kusanda, ulawulo kufuneka lukhethe phakathi koxinezeleko, oluthi luzinzise izikhalazo ezinde zexesha elide, okanye imvume enokuthi ibangele ezinye iimfuno. IArabian Spring ibonisa ukuba ii-riphabliki ze-dentiliki ezibonakala ziqinileyo . Ezifana nolawulo lwe-Mubarak lwaseYiputa, zinokuwa iiveki xa zijamelene nokuchasa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ulawulo lwe-monarchy kummandla omnye luhlala ixesha elide ngenxa yokuba abalawuli babo babenezizathu eziqhelekileyo kwaye benokwenza utshintsho olulinganiselweyo ngaphandle kokuvela kobubuthathaka.

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa: Oonobangela abangundoqo bokuzinzisa

Umthetho nenkxaso ethandwayo

Ubuchule buxhomekeke ekubeni urhulumente ugqalwa njengosemthethweni ngabantu bakhe. Iikumkani zifumana ilungelo elisemthethweni kwisithethe, imfuza, kunye nomanyano lwesizwe olunokuhlala lunamandla naxa oorhulumente bengathandwa. Kwimimandla ye-monarch ngokweziko lomgaqo-siseko, umlawuli usoloko esebenza njengenkqubela yokuxhasa ulawulo lwezwe ngokwahlukileyo kwezobupolitika, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba ukungaphumeleli kukarhulumente ngokwawo. IiRiphabliki, ngokwahlukileyo, ukuzuza ukumiselwa ngokweenkqubo zedemokhrasi; ukuba unyulo lubonwa njengolungafanelekanga okanye amaziko awonakeleyo, inkxaso ethandwayo iphela, ukunyuka kwethuba lokuvukela, ukubhukuqa, okanye ukungquzula. [[FGLD.[FLD: 0]] Imithetho ye-Riphabliki, ngokweedemokhrasi (g.) ibonisa ukuba ii-Rhovisismenti ezibuthathaka (e Hungary, okanye ulawulo lwe-Rhangeykhstan)

Ukuphumelela Neenguqu Zokhokelo

Licacile, ukulandelelana okuthe kratya kunyusa uzinzo. Iikumkani ezininzi zinemithetho ecacileyo yokulandelelana okanye iindlalifa ezimiselweyo . "iiirepublic" zisoloko zijongene nokutshintsha ngamandla. EUnited States, utshintsho lomongameli lubandakanya iinyanga ezingama-4740le ezinokukhuphisana, njengangowama 2000 nowama-202020. Ii-Riphabliki ezininzi, imida yexesha okanye ucwangciso-nkqubo yokulandelelana idityaniswa idibene, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxaki zezobupolitika. Ngomzekelo, unyulo lwama 202020 eBolivia lwangcoliswa lunganiswa lugonyamelo emva kokuqhatha, kwaye imibhiyo engamashumi amabini aneshumi elinambaneyo (i-202020202020) i-indek'ejoge eGeorgia (imoney) i-dentilieng contment contromagement, nangona ingenjalo: iingxaki ezilandeleneyo kwi-mkhosi womkhosi womkhosi womkhosi wama-202020

Amandla equmrhu Achasene Nolawulo Lobuqu

Ubunjani bemibutho yomthetho wezwe lonke .([FLT: 0] bubonisa rhoqo ukuba amazwe anezicwangciso zolawulo oluqinileyo, ``````````````''' alawula ulawulo lwehlabathi lonke'''[[FLT''1]] abonisa ukuba amazwe anemiqathango enamandla'.. ./angenawo amandla olawulo oluphezulu lolawulo oluphezulu oluphezulu, okanye ulawulo lwe-republic/exhibit olwezinzileyo. Ngokuphikisana noko, zombini i-Saudi Arabia (i-absolice) kunye ne-Venezuela (ibhusayiligi) asezantsi kumthetho nakumgangatho ophezulu wezopolitiki. Umahluko ayiyo imbonakalo ye-o projectalmentationssiona, i-decimalism, kunye ne-enerlandslandsland, kunye ne-edentsburgs.

Ukuhambelana kwezeNtlalo noLuntu

Uzinzo lwezoqoqosho nokulingana kubaluleke kakhulu kuzinzo lwezobupolitika. Ii-oyile (oilgradowealty Gulf) zingathenga uxolo lwentlalo-ntle ngemimiselo yoluntu ephangaleleyo, ziphephe uxinzelelo lotshintsho lwezopolitiki de kube kutshanje. Noko ke, njengoko amaxabiso e-oli etshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha-tshintshayo kwaye amanani abantu enyuka, ezi mibuso yolawulo ijongene nocelomngeni olukhulayo. Ngokuchasene noqoqosho lwemali ezoqoqosho lwezoqoqosho olungekho zoqoqosho. Ngokunjalo, ii-republicracmentals ezixhaphaze zoqoqosho kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Amaphondo afana neBelgium (ezona zahlulelenezuela iilwimi) ngokunjalo zihleli ngokuzinzileyo ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lwentlalo-manyeneyo. [[FLD][0]

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Ngobunzulu

EThailand: Inkosi Eneengxaki

IThailand ngumlawuli womGaqo-siseko ohlonelwa kakhulu nokumkani, kodwa eli lizwe liye lafumana ubhukuqo-qhinga olungaphezulu kunalo naluphi na olunye kwixesha langoku, qhakuva ukulwa okungacwangciswanga kwezobupolitika ukususela ngo 1932. Impembelelo ye-money yezopolitiko idla ngokungqubana noorhulumente abanyuliweyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimijikelo yomkhosi. Ulawulo lonyaka ka-2017 lwabhukuqa urhulumente onyulweyo othe wathath'etha amaqhina okumkani. IThailand ibonisa ukuba kwanomlawuli wezoburhulumente belizwe unokuba nobunzima obungapheliyo ukuba umlawuli usebenzise amandla okungenelela iimfazwe, ukucudisela amagunya olawulo lwedemokhrasi. Umgaqo-demokhrasi uyaqhubeka ulwa nolawulo lomkhosi, kodwa uzinzo luhlala lungenabungozi ngenxa yolwahlulo olunzulu lwezo lwezopolitiko nolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lokumkani.

ISpeyin: Ukufuduka Noloyiko

Ukuguquka kweSpeyin ukusuka kulawulo lobuzwilakhe lukaFranco (ulawulo lwenkosi ephantsi kolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo) ukuya kulawulo olupheleleyo lomgaqo-siseko yaba yimpumelelo ephawulekayo. UKumkani uJuan Carlos I wenza indima ebalulekileyo ekususeni ulawulo oludala nokukhusela idemokhrasi ngexesha lolawulo-mpukamo-moya ngexesha lonikezelo lonyaka we1982. Noko ke, iimpazamo ezilandelayo zorhwaphilizo kunye nengxaki yokuzimela ngokwasemthethweni kolawulo lolawulo lookumkani lwamatyala ngo-Catala ka-2017 yavavanyanisa ubuzwi bokumkani. Ngo-2014, uJuan Carlos wayeka ukuxhasa uFelipe VI, owazama ukuzihlukanisa nehlazo. ISpeyin ibonisa ukuba nangona i-demokhrasi ikwazi ukuma ngedemokhrasi ngexesha lotshintsho, kuhlala kusekuchatsha abantu ukuba intsapho yasebukhosini ibonwa njenge-prigrivigiedo okanye i-c.

IUnited States: Ukubuyela ERiphabliki Ngaphantsi Kolawulo

I-United States, eyona republic yehlabathi idala kakhulu esebenzayo, iye yaxinezeleka ngenxa yokufuduka kwabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezifihlakeleyo, yaphikiswa ngonyulo, kwanobundlobongela obunogonyamelo ngowama-2021. Kodwa amaqumrhu ayo eElectoral College claise, uhlolo lomthetho, uburhulumente, ukonakala ngokupheleleyo. Isibakala sokuba unyulo lwama-2020 lwavelisa ukudluliselwa koxolo kwamandla (semva kokuba izisongelo ziphazamisanezo) sibonisa ukuba iingcambulo ezinzulu zoburhulumente zinokuchachachacha. Noko ke, ukuthembeka komfezeko konyulo loluntu kwingqibelelo kunye neNkundla ePhaka mandla eMerika kugxininisa ukuba irekho imfuneko eqhubekayo yokugcinwa kwemithetho yedemokhrasi kunye nokuzibandakanya kwentlawulo-ontlalo-mthetho-othobange) ibonise ukuba ihlale iqinile.

Utyekelo Lokwandiswa Kwenkulungwane Ye - 21

Inkulungwane yama-21 ayikhange ibone ukudibana okucacileyo kwe-monal okanye irepublic ijonge kwimodeli enye. Endaweni yoko, zombini iinkqubo zijongene nocelomngeni oluthathu oluqhelekileyo. Eyokuqala, ukwenziwa kwehlabathi kunye nokumanyana kwezoqoqosho [ kunyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba baphendule kwiimeko ezimaxongo zezizwe ngezizwe, iindyikitya, iindyikitya zokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukutshintsha komfano ye-mo ye-mo-mouse. [[FLT]] okwesibini, utshintsho kunye nolwanolwazi luphelise ukuthemba kunye nokukhula kweendawo, ukurhoxakeka kwemithetho-mthetho-siseko solawulo oluvelayonke.

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, ezinye iirepublic ziye zaquka izinto ezidibanisa ulawulo lobukumkani ukuze ziqinise uzinzo. Umzekelo, uMongameli oligarchs eRashiya naseBelarus uxelisa ukulandelelana kwe-dinalism ngokulawula ngobuchule i-dynastic ngokulandelelana, nangona ingenayo imithetho yefa. Ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye ii-monarchas zihambela phambili kwiintlobo ezingakumbi ze-riphabliki: utshintsho lwama-2021 kumgaqo-siseko kaJordan lwawalelanisa amandla kakumkani, kunye nomgaqo-Morocco wawa waqinisa indima yomphathi omkhulu. Imigca idizacinezela, kodwa imvelaphi eyahlukileyo yenkqubo nganye isatshintsha izithethe zezobupolitika.

Isiphelo

Ukuthelekisa uzinzo lwezobupolitika kwimikhosi yoosomashishini kunye neerepublic zityhila ukuba uhlobo lorhulumente lunye kuphela olunguthunywa phakathi kwabantu abaninzi. Izixhobo zomGaqo-siseko, ngokumanyene kwazo ngokwesithethe nokulandelelana kwazo, zidla ngokukhuthaza ukuzinza kwexesha elide, ingakumbi kwintlalo-ntle yezizwe okanye ngokweelwimi. Ii-ronarchy ezizimeleyo zingagcina ucwangco olusembindini kodwa zijongene nobunzima obukhulu ngexesha lolawulo lwezimiselo lwemali. Ii-demokhrasi zinika igunya elisemthethweni ngokuthabatha inxaxheba, kodwa zixhomekeke kwiinkqubo eziqinileyo zonyuko, unyulo olufanelekileyo, kunye nokuthembanakwasentlalo-ntle. Ii-Riphabliki ezilawulayo ziyakwazi ukuphelelwa ngamandla, ziyakwazi ukuthomalala phantsi kolawulo lwazo lwezikhundla lwazomthetho-siseko, ukulawulwa kwemithetho-mthetho-siseko, ukulawulwa kwemithetho-mthetho-siseko, kunye nokulawulwa kwemithetho yezolawulo yezomthetho, kunye nolawulo lwezolawulo lweziko.