Ukwazisa

Umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho wakutshanje kulo lonke elaseUnited States uyiguqule ngokuphawulekayo imfundiso esemthethweni yokuzikhusela ekuzilawuleni, ekhusela urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekumangalelweni ngaphandle kokuba bavume ukumangalelwa. Ngoxa ukukhusela ulawulo lwezikhundla kuneziziqalelo ezinzulu kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo iye yabona amaza emigaqo yomgangatho karhulumente enciphile okanye andise umlinganiselo wayo, edala umsebenzi onamandla nongqubanayo wemithetho. Ezi nguqu zichaphazela yonke into kwizenzo ezingalunganga zamapolisa kwizinto ezithetha ukuba iisheshi zesikolo ziphulwe ngokwemali, ngeziphumo ezingundoqo zemali nezokusebenza kubameli bakarhulumente kunye nababuthisi boburhulumente ngokufanayo.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa olona tshintsho lulandelayo kurhulumente lwemithetho, lihlolisisa oko lukuthethayo kubemi nakumaqumrhu karhulumente, lize lihlolisise imilinganiselo ebanzi engomthetho eya kubumba ukukhuselwa kwenkqubo yokuzilawula kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.

Ukuqonda Ukungalawuleki Kwenkosi: Intloko Ephambili

Umgaqo-siseko wamaxesha aphakathi wamaNgesi omgaqo othi “ukumkani akanakwenza nto iphosakeleyo,” kwaye wafakelwa emhlabeni waseMerika ngomthetho oqhelekileyo. Phantsi koMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., isiHlaliso seshumi elinesithoba siqinisa ukukhuselwa kolawulo oluphezulu lwamazwe, kodwa umgaqo-siseko nemithetho yasekuhlaleni ikwanikezela ngokhuseleko lwawo kubameli bakarhulumente, izixeko, izixa-mali, namanye amaqela aphantsi kwezobupolitika.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ziye zaqonda ukuba ukunqanda okupheleleyo akunakuthintelwa kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi yale mihla. Amazwana amaninzi aye agqithisa athe athe agqithisa izenzo [ zokhuseleko lokhuseleko lwentlobo ezithile zongakhathali (umz., iingozi ezibandakanya iinqwelo-mafutha zikarhulumente) ngexa isohlwayo ezibandakanya ukwenziwa kweenkqubo zeqhinga. Ngokufanayo, [FLT]] Amalungelo e-Ciil Act of 1871[12:3] (42.S.C.643) ivumela ukuba kugwetyelwe kwii-oomadolo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona ingayiyo yonke inkqubo elawulayo.

Ukuqonda umhlaba wangoku kufuna ukuqaphela ukuba ukukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu akungomthetho omnye kodwa luludwe lwemiqathango, imiqathango, kunye nezithintelo ezahluka-hlukene kakhulu ngokwemeko-bume. Umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho wakutshanje ujolise kwimimandla emithathu engundoqo: iindidi zeentengiso ezivumelekileyo, ubungakanani bomonakalo onokubuyiselwa, nemiqobo yemiqobo ye-octrafitiff kufuneka yoyiswe.

Iinguqu Zomthetho Welizwe Zamvanje: Ukujonga Okunenkcukacha

Phakathi kowama-2021 nowama-2025, ubuncinane amaphondo angama-20 aye amisela imithetho ekwandiswa okanye egunyazisiweyo yokhuseleko lokhuseleko oluphezulu. La macandelwana alandelayo ahlolisisa imizekelo ephawulekayo, ebalaselisa umahluko wendlela yokungena kunye nenkqubo ewenza aqhutywe.

EFlorida: Iindleko Zokonakaliswa Neentlobo Ezitsha Zomonakalo

Ngo-2023, iFlorida yagqithisa i-SB 236, eyandisa ukonakalisa kokhuseleko lwesizwe ukusuka kuma-R240 000 ukuya kuma-R340 000 kumntu ngamnye kwaye ukusuka kuma-R340 000 ukuya kuma-R340 000 ngesiganeko ngasinye sokuzibanga okuchasene nelizwe kunye nolwahlulo lwalo. Umthetho wandisa umxhasi ukuba aquke [iii-gliggent yoxinezelo lwezemvakalelo] [[ ukuphazamisa inkxwaleko yemali eninzi [iiimali ezi-R30,000] kunye ne-R6 000 000] kwimibhobhosholo yemali edi ediweyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa le ngxaki babesehlisa kakhulu ukuhlawula amaxhoba empaza embi, ngoxa abachaphaza i-inshorensi ephezulu. Umanyano lwaseFlorida luthelekele ukuba utshintsho lwezikoloni ezi-mali ngonyaka ngonyaka

Okubalulekileyo, umthetho ugcine imfuneko ye- ye-, egunyazisa ukuba ifayile ikhaba liphawulwe ngokwendlela esemthethweni kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu yesiganeko, i-a yeprocedic eyathintela iintelekelelo ezininzi. Abagxeki bathi oku kuyimfuneko kunciphisa ityala elongeziweyo. ( Jonga isishwankathelo sesalathisi se-Florida )

EKhalifoniya: Ukunweba Izandi Zokhuseleko Loluntu Nempilo

Ngokwesiko iKhalifoniya ithathe indlela ebanzi yokuphelisa ukhuseleko lwezikhundla, kodwa umthetho wakutshanje utyhale ngokubhekele phaya. AB 1988, isayiniwe ngo-2022, ivumela i-tort ukuba ichaze ukuchasana noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokungakhathali kwimpendulo ye-ambulensi [[FLT: 0]]] egqithisileyo kwiminxeba yonyango [ xa urhulumente ebethathe umsebenzi wokunikela iinkonzo zoncedo lwezentengiso. Ityala lashukunyiselwa ngumzekelo apho umthumeli wama-911 wahluleka ukuthumela i-ambutho kangangemizuzu engama-40, okuphumela ekubulaweni komguli. Umthetho omtsha ususa “inkonzo kawonke” imfundiso eyayikhusele isixeko kwityala.

Ukongezelela, iSB 419 (2024) abaxhasi abaphezulu bokhuseleko oluphezulu bemiqathango yokuzibanga bevela kuluntu lwase California [[FLT: 0] ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okusela kawonke-wonke ngamasebe karhulumente kunye namaziko asekuhlaleni, kuquka lawo abangelwa kukungaphumeleli ukuthobela i-Defic Water Act. Lo mthetho waqhutywa lingxaki yamanzi kunye neziganeko ezifanayo zokungcoliswa koluntu. Amaqela ebume bemekobume yendalo ancoma lo mthetho njengenyathelo lokufuna ukuphendula urhulumente, ngelixa ityala, ngelixa imimandla yamanzi ilumkisa ngeendleko zokunga-mali "zinyibilikiyo".[ Bona AB 1988 kuMthetho wolwazi weKhalifoni[FLG:3]

ITexas: Ulwando Olunzulu ‘ Ngomthetho Oqingqiweyo ’

Umthetho waseTexas udla ngokufuna ummiselo othile wokuphelisa ukhuseleko lwezikhuseli zolawulo phambi kokuba ityala liqhubeke. Kwintlanganiso zakutshanje, indlu yowiso-mthetho ibangele ii-partirs ezimxinwa ukwenzela iimeko ezithile ezithile. Umzekelo, HB 2065 (2023) ivumele iisuti ezichasene namaziko karhulumente uphazamiso ukugcina iindlela zikarhulumente ezizimeleyo [[] kwimeko ebangela ukungqubana kwezithuthi, unobangela wesenzo esivaliweyo ngaphambili esivalwe yiyo yokukhuselwa. Lo mthetho waxhaswa ziintsapho ze-injini ze-injini ze-injini zazakhligityi zisenzakala kwiindlela ezingekho semthethweni.

Kwangaxeshanye, iinkundla zeTexas zitolike iTexas Tort Actips Act ngokuphandle, zivumela ukuthelekisa “ityala lokungagqibeli” elakhe lathathwa njengelisuswe kwimida. Isiphumo senethi kukukhukuliseka okuthe chu kwemeko yempahla, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho ixhathise inkqubo eyahlukeneyo ebizwa ngabameli abaqhelekileyo ngokuthi “ukungacacingi "ukunga neenkcukacha ezintsokothile” kwaye amagqwetha akhusela iyimfuneko ukukhusela uluntu kwi-fisc.

INew York: I-Immuncus ePhakamileyo neNkcitho

Amava aseNew York okuthintelwa kweso sithintelo solawulo lwezikhundla ngexesha le-COVID-19 abonisa i-CHOPURT yale mfundiso. Ngo-2024, indlu yowiso-mthetho yawisa umthetho ngokusebenza ekwawuchaphazelweni kwezokhuselo lwezokhuselo COVID-19 umjongo wezonyango ugunyazisa ukumangalelwa [[ ngabasebenzi besizwe abagxothe okanye abaqeqeshwa ngokula ukugonya. Umthetho wenzelwe ukuphelisa ukulwa kwetyala lodidi eliye larhoxiswayo, kodwa wabangela ukuba kuthethwe ngengxoxo engomthetho womgaqo-mGalisa i-ericroiterrave. Inkundla yaseNew York yezibheno (inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe) yaxhasa umthetho ekupheleni kowama-2024, ukufumana ukuba igunya elibanzi lokuchaza i-mogosangeneyo.

Le meko ibalulekile ngenxa yokuba ibonisa ukuba abakhuphi bokhuseleko oluphezulu bangasetyenziswa ngokuphandle-kancinci, ngokuhamba okuye kwabonwa njengokunqabileyo. Isigqibo sikhuthaze amanye amazwe ukuba acinge ukuba arhoxise iziphumo zexesha elishushu zemiba efana nenkohlakalo yamapolisa kunye nokubuyiselwa okuphosakeleyo. ( Funda iNkundla yezibheno )

IMichigan: Ukulungelelanisa “Uvavanyo Olusisiseko Lwemithetho”

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yaseMichigan ithathe indlela engqongqo, ijolise ekunciphiseni ukwanda kwetyala ngezigqibo zenkundla. Ngo-2023, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMichigan yalawula kwi- Ridlel v. Michigan i-[FLT] inokuthi isebe likarhulumente lingamangalelwa ngenxa yokungakhathali okugqithisileyo ekusebenzeni komsebenzi we-“proritio" (umz., ukuqhuba isibhedlele) kodwa hayi“ imisebenzi yeSebe” (umz. ikhuseli). Indlu yowiso-mthetho yaphendula nge-HB 4254 (20), ebangela ukuba umsebenzi karhulumente uhlolwe ngokunjalo, i-Delshid , i-ok) i-ongeza umlinganiselo omtsha wokuzikhusela wokhuseleko lwe-[FLD [FFFT] [3] xa ithelela i-Riphabliki yemali engekho mthethwe ngomthetho, i-mthetho-mthetho womthetho womthetho-odvolutho, ithe yayafuneka kuvini, kunye no

Ukufuduka kukaMichigan kuyinxalenye yenkqubo ebanzi: kumazwe aliqela, kuquka iTennessee neIndiana, kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwamiswa imithetho ecacisa okanye eyomeleza ukuthintelwa kwezifo ngenxa yezenzo zobulumko, ebonisa ukuchasana nezenzo zomgwebo ezicingwayo.

Uxanduva lwemisebenzi karhulumente kunye nolawulo lomngcipheko

Ukutshintsha komzimba ozilawulayo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela abasebenzi abasebenzisa imali ngayo, abaqeshwayo nabasemngciphekweni wokuzilawula.

Iindleko ezinyukayo zokukhupha imilomo kunye nee-inshorensi

Xa ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo luncitshisiwe, ixabiso lokukhusela ukumangalelwa liyanda ngokulinganayo. Oorhulumente bathenga [[FLT: 0] i-inshorensi ye-inshorensi yokuzikhusela kwizithuthi zabucala okanye ukuzixhasa ngokwabo ngemali edityanisiweyo. Ngokwengxelo yama-2024 ye-Accounting Aventing Servement Board (GASB), urhulumente noorhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumana imali engamawaka ezigidi ze-R379.2 zezigidi zemali etyala le-inshorensidensivers kunyaka wama-2023/12% kunyuko lwemali e-2020. EUnited States njengeFlorida ne-California eziye zabona ukukhuselwa kwemiqatha ye-10-18. Iingozi ngoku abaxhasi bemiqatha yemiqatha elungele ukuqeqeshwa kwe-omatila ne-omatila ephu ephu ephu ephulweyo ephuculiweyo, ukuchatsha ukukhutshwa kwe-ondleka ukukhutshwa kwe-ondleka.

Iinguqu ezicwangcisiweyo kwiNkonzo kaRhulumente

Ukoyika ukudityaniswa kungenza oorhulumente batshintshe iinkonzo okanye bazisuse. Ngokomzekelo, emva kokhuseleko lwe-AB 1988 lwaseKhalifoniya olususiweyo kwimpendulo ye-EMS ekhawulezileyo, ubalo lwasemaphandleni luye lwabhengeza ukuba lungalinganisa inkonzo ye-ambulensi “kuphela ukuba iposi ithunyelwe xa isitishi sigcwele,” ichaza amatyala. Ngokufanayo, imimandla yesikolo saseTexas icinge ukuphelisa emva kweyure zokusetyenziswa kwemidlalo emva kwenkundla yokulawula ukuba umsebenzi wempatho udlulela emva kweeyure zesikolo. Ezi ziphumo ezingalindelekilenga zibonisa ukuba imigaqo yowiso kufuneka ibonise umlinganiselo wokulungele ukulinganisela xa imigaqo yokukhusela isebenza kwakhona.

Impembelelo kwabasebenzi bakarhulumente

Oorhulumente basenokujamelana nobunzima bokufumana izifundiswa ezifanelekileyo `oooonesigqeba abaqeqeshiweyo'. Ingakumbi oonozakusebenza, amapolisa, neenjineli zikawonke-wonke (ukuba baqonda ukuba bubungozi obukhulu bobugxwayiba bobuqu. Nangona amaphondo amaninzi enika amagosa ezempilo anika abasebenzi intsebenzi ukunyuswa [ abamangalelwayo kumandla abo asemthethweni, izithuba zisekho. Ezinye iimeko zakutshanje zemithetho yowiso-mthetho eGeorgia kunye neLouisitiana itheze yandisa ityala lobuqu amagosa ezempilo e-octivessss akwimidrea e-octivesss.

Iingcebiso zabemi: Ukufikelela kokusesikweni nokuHlanganiselwa

Kubantu abehlelwe kakubi kukungakhathali kukarhulumente, utshintsho olusemthethweni lunokuguqula amandla abo okufumana imbuyekezo. Kodwa kwanaxa ukhuseleko lungakhuselwa, imiqobo ebalulekileyo isenokusala.

Iingxaki Zendalo Zisenamandla

Uninzi lwamaphondo lufuna uluvo lwento ethethwayo ngaphakathi kwefestile emfutshane (ngokufuthi 90 ukuya ku-180 iintsuku), ukuthobela ngokungqongqo kwizenzo zetort, kunye nokudinwa kwamayeza olawulo phambi kokuba kubekwe ityala. Uphando lubonise ukuba ii-pactific eziphantsi nezingenako kumelo olusemthethweni zisoloko ziphoswa zezi ziganeko zikhawulezileyo. Umthetho wakutshanje ofana noMzantsi Carolina noMississippian owandisa iimfuno ze-procetura azizange zizenze zilula ngaxesha linye, zikhokelele abaxhasi ukuba “ukujika kungabikho cebiso. Iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa ukuthobela okungqongqo, kwanakwiimeko ezinovelwanovelwano.

Umonakalo Uyakwazi njengekrele elinomphetho Ombini

Umonakalo wemingxuma e-$200,000-person ye-Florida (i-$10,000) ngomlinganiselo omtsha we-[FLT] nge-oyile-yoMmandla wokonzakalisa, kungakhathaliseki ubuqatha bokonzakalisa okanye iqondo lobungozi. Ngoxa iikepethi ziqinisa uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, zingawahlawula ngokuphandle amaxhoba engozi. Ama-2023 afundwa yi- i-Melikan Law kunye ne-Economs Association ifumene amaziko anezikhonkwane ezizi ezimeleyo phantsi kwe-R50 000 000 [iiiiiiiiiiintshi] kuphela ebone iimali zezoqoqosho zikhokhwa-yo, kunye neziseleyo kwimiqatha zokuhlawula, kunye neentsapho. Oku kuxhomise unxulumano lwenkcukuthulelo olubotsheleyo, kodwa ii-edipoti ezimbalwa zifumene amanyathelo anjalo.

Amaxhoba Okwaphulwa Kwamalungelo Abemi: Udidi Olukhethekileyo

Icandelo 1983 lithetha ngokuchasene noorhulumente basekuhlaleni (kodwa hayi kumatyala) abalawulwa ngoonogada bolawulo oluphezulu, ngenxa yeSupremacy Claus. Noko ke, imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithe yazicutha iimeko apho oomasipala banokubekwa khona njengefaneleyo kwiinkqubo ezingekho mthethweni (bona uMqulu- - melo----lulonke. Isebe leeNkonzo zeNtlalo-ntle iintslves] iints [iiiiintellige]. Isebe lezentengiso zezentlalo-ntle]. Umthetho wezombuso awunako ukunweba ngaphaya koko kuvunyelwe nguMgaqo-siseko, kodwa ungenza imiqobo eyongezelelekileyo, efuna i-ethe-exeko-mssort ku-oktook.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Neembambano ZomGaqo-siseko

Utshintsho lwemithetho yesizwe oluchazwe ngasentla alukhange lungachatshazelwa enkundleni. Abaxhasi baye baphakamisa iimpikiswano ezintathu eziphambili zomgaqo-siseko: (1) ezo ziphembeleli-mthetho zichasa ukwahlukana kwamandla ngokulawula imigwebo yokugqibela; (2) ezo ngxaki zomonakalo ziphazamisa ilungelo kwityala labachopheli-tyala; (3) kwaye (3) ukuba abaqhathi abathile bachasa ngokuchasene nomthetho-mthetho wobuhlanga kunye no-Immunistes Clause.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Neenkonkxa Ezidla Ngokuphangalala

ENew York, icandelo le-appellate laxhasa i-"FLT" esebenzayo-imposiso- yokugoma, icaphula amandla afanayo endlu yowiso-mthetho okuvuma ukumelana “nasemva kwesizathu sesenzo.” Noko ke, i-Tannelsssssssssssssss ijonge iNkundla ePhakamileyo [ yabulala i-ethe yanento efanayo yokunganikezeli kwi-2023, ibambe ukuba ayiyifuni ukugqibela isigwebo setyala. Oku kucebisa ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ekunga kusenokufuneka ekugqibeleni isombulule ityala.

Ucelomngeni Lokuvavanywa Kwamatyala

Umonakalo wemigqomo, ingakumbi kumaphondo anjengeNtshona Virginia neKentucky aye alondoloza ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala anzima, uye wacelw'elwa njengokwaphula amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKentucky ngo-20222 yabetha phantsi intebeko yokukhusela urhulumente engokwasemthethweni emalunga nee-R250 000 ze- “imfanelo esemthethweni enelungelo lokuvavanywa ngabagwebi,” ikhokelela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba imisele ike ikethe entsha, ephezulu yemali engama-750 000 enesalathiso esidadayo. Amanye amazwe aye athathe isaziso, kwaye ubuncinane amathandathu acinga ukuba i-ampempempe-mfa ye-mfa ye-mfa enziwe ngomGwaljini enziswayo enziwayo ekwaye ivumela iintambo zolwaphulo-ogqwele zikarhulumente ukuba zolwaphulo-Rhulumente.

Utyekelo Lwexesha Elizayo: Ngaba Luya Kufana Okanye Luya Kuphinda Luhlukane?

Isivumelwano somthetho wolawulo lwezokongamela urhulumente asiqinisekanga. Kwesinye isandla, iKhomishini yoMthetho eguqulayo ngo-2024 ikhupha iMvume Yolawulo lweTort iiMvumes ezizama ukumisela imiqathango esetyenziswayo, iintambo zokophula umthetho, kunye neemfuno ze-procedtura. Ukuzakuba, kuphela amaphondo amathathu azise umthetho osekelwe kwimodeli, kwaye akukho namnye oye wawudlulisayo. Kwelinye icala, ukwenziwa kwezobupolitika kwimiba efana netyala yamapolisa, izindululo zempilo kawonke, kunye neempahla ze-fashoni ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yemithetho elawulayo iya kuqhubeka imigaqo ekhusela iingcinezelo zasekuhlaleni.

Kumele kuqwalaselwe izinto ezimbini ezisandul ’ ukuvela:

  • yongezelelwa ku-“kukhetha u-'FLT'' imithetho: Amazwe adlula amatyala okuthi ukhuselo lwezokhuselo lugqithe kuphela kwimiba ethile, ephezulu-profile `efana nokuhlasela ngokwesini ezikolweni ([]] ICalifornia, Colorado), ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ([] Michigan, Wisconsin, okanye iingozi zesithuthi ([]] arnoribada, Neva[FLT]]).
  • Ukunyuka kwemiqathango yolawulo: Amanye amazwe, njengeVirginia neMinnesota, awahloli nkqubo zolawulo ezimiyo ukwenzela iingozi ezithile ezinxulumene norhulumente (umz., iingozi ze-gamstime, ukuvalelwa ngengozi) ezidlula kwiinkundla ngokupheleleyo. Ezi nkqubo zinika imbuyekezo encinci kodwa kwakhona imposiso encinci ingxenge-ngxenge kakhulu kunento edityanisiweyo.

Abaphengululi bomthetho baqikelela ukuba kwishumi leminyaka elizayo, uxanduva phakathi lokuphendula koburhulumente kunye nokuzinziswa [ kuza kuqhubela phambili utshintsho olubanzi, mhlawumbi kuquka imigaqo yomthetho ebanzi ebanzi. Ngoku, abemi kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka bahambe behamba kwindawo entsonkothileyo esemthethweni ngocoselelo kwimithetho ethile karhulumente ngamnye.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wakutshanje wesizwe uguqule ngokusisiseko imimandla yezokhuselo oluzimeleyo, ukwandisa iimfanelo zokhuseleko kwamanye amazwe ngoxa uqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwezinye. Ukusuka kumonakalo owenziweyo kwi-Florida kuya kukhula ukuya kutsho ekukhululweni kweenkonzo zonyango zexesha likaxakeka, ukutshintshwa kotshintsho ngalunye lubonisa ukhetho lwezopolitiko oluzenzekelayo malunga nokuba lingakanani icandelo likarhulumente elifanele lithwale. Kubemi, le mithetho ithetha umahluko phakathi kokufumana imbuyekezo yomonakalo onzulu nokungahoywa. Kuba oorhulumente, bafaka iimfuno ezintsha ekulawuleni umngcipheko, ukuqingqwa, kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Njengoko imekobume engokwasemthethweni iyaqhubeka iqalisa, bonke abagcini betyala kufuneka baqhubeke iprojective projective, ibandakanya inkqubo yokulawula ukulawulwa kolawulo oluzinziswa kolawulo oluzinzileyo.