Impembelelo yonyulo lwexesha eliphakathi kuRhulumente wengingqi noweSizwe

Unyulo lwemidter lwenzeka phakathi komongameli ’ ibinzana elimele enye yeencopho eziphambili zonyulo kwimijikelo yezopolitiko yaseMelika. Ngelixesha unyulo lomongameli lulawula ingqalelo yoluntu kunye nengxelo yamajelo eendaba, phakathi kweminqamlezo inentsingiselo enzulu yokulungelelanisa igunya kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. Olu nyulo lumisela ukuqalwa kwayo yonke iU. Indlu yabameli, indlu yeCantenethi, amawaka eentloko-3 karhulumente, izihlalo ze-mthetho, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwee-ofisi zolawulo zasekuhlaleni. Iziphumo zinokuyitshintsha inkqubo yezopolitiki, ziguqula ii-tratories, kwaye zisebenza njengebar enamandla yolwamvo olukhoyo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lwesizwe, kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko. Ukuqonda ubukhulu bemeko olupheleleyo lwe-ofisi yesizwe

Isakhelo somGaqo-siseko sokwandiswa kokhetho oluphakathi

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sonyulo lweminyaka emithandathu, kunye nesinye sezihlalo ezili-100 eziqhutyelwe umjikelo othe nkqo wemithetho yengingqi. Amalungu eNdlu yabameli asebenzisa amagama amabini, athetha ukuba zonke izihlalo ezingama- 435 zibekwe kunyulo nyaka ngamnye. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa la magama akwiminyaka emithandathu, amalunga nesithathu kwizihlalo ezili-100 ezikhuphiswaneni ezithe zaqhutyekwayo kumjikelo ngamnye wexesha elithile. Le nkqubo ishukumaliselwa ukubonelela ukuqhubekeka kwiNdlu ngeli ngelixa livumela iNdlzinzi ukuba ihlale ikulungele ukutshintsha uluvo lukawonke. Abaquququzeleli babefuna ukwenza esi sigqibo samandla okulawulayo, banika uvosahlulo rhoqo, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuphinda-phinda kulandele ulawulo lukarhulumente. Unyaka wama-2, imidabalelo eqhubekayo, imidaba yemibini yemibini yemibini ye-&17; kunye ne-eac.

Umjikelo wasembindini uquka unyulo lwabalawuli bephondo kumaphondo angama-66, kunye neejaji zomphathi-mikhosi, amagqwetha jikelele, oonobhala besizwe, kunye namakhulukhulu amagumbi owiso-mthetho karhulumente. Ezi ofisi, ngexa zigqunywa zimiliselwe ziindidi zesizwe, zisebenzisa igunya elithe kratya kwiindawo ezimandundu, imithetho yokuvota, inkqubo yemfundo, kunye nolawulo lwezonyango. Ukwenziwa konyulo kuthetha ukuba phakathi kwexesha elithile iziphumo zinqumle imiqulu emininzi yolawulo ngexesha elinye.

Impembelelo karhulumente weSizwe

Ulawulo lweNgqungquthela NezoMthetho Eziza Kuqala

Eyona mpembelelo ibonakalayo yonyulo phakathi kwesigaba sonyulo kukutshintsha okunokwenzeka kolawulo lwezigqeba. ngokwembali, umongameli i’ umbutho uthanda ukuphulukana nezihlalo kunyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo, umlinganiselo othe izazinzulu zezobupolitika zawubeka kwizinto ezincinci eziquka ukurhoxa komongameli i-’ abaxhasi, ukuguquka kwendalo kwehlombe lempambano yezopolitiko, nokusetyenziswa kwemida yexesha njenge-arententeum kulawulo olukwimiba. Xa ulawulo lwayo nayiphi nayiphi na i-flip, i-wignogracments isenokutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Amaqela amaninzi amisela ucwangciso lwemiqathangowo yolawulo, alawula ulawulo lwekomiti yezomthetho, alawula iintambo zemali, kunye noophakaliso lwemiqathangongongo zikamongameli kunye nolawulo lwe-patrone.

Naxa ulawulo lungatshintshi, ubungakanani bemida emininzi. Ubuninzi obumxinwa bobunkokeli obulawula i-’ ubuchule bokulawula ukungavumelani kwangaphakathi kunye nokwandisa impembelelo yamalungu ngamanye okanye amaqela. Oku kusebenza ngokucacileyo kwakubonakala kwiBhunga lakutshanje, apho imida yezongozenze ukuba ulawulo lwemithetho-mthetho lube lunzima ngokungaqhelekanga. Ukulahleka kwezihlalo ngumongameli i’ iqela, kwanangaphandle kotshintsho olulawulayo, linganyanzela ulawulo ukuba lwamkele iindawo ezithe kratya ezithe zaququzelelwayo okanye lilahle iinjongo ze-witrovis.

Izindululo zoMongameli kunye neeNgqinisekiso zoMgaqo-nkqubo

Iziphumo zexesha eliphakathi zichaphazela ngqo umongameli i̱ ubuchule bokubumba isebe lejaji elilawulayo lesizwe. IBhunga liqinisekisa zonke ii-odonga zenkundla ePhakamileyo, kuquka iijaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, iijaji zenkundla yesiphaluka, kunye neenkundla zesithili. IBhunga elilawulwa liqela lenkcaso linokulibazisa, lilungise okanye livale ukutshintsha okupheleleyo. Oku kusenzeka ngokukodwa xa kuvela izithuba kwiNkundla ephakamileyo. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaba yenkxwabangxwaba, kwaye phakathi kwemiba yenkundla yephondo i-Oversavel inokuthi igqibe ngokuphumelelayo umongameli i-’ ukukwazi ukuyeka i-bambrince. Ngaphandle kwe-judiary, ukuqinisekiswa kwe-State, iintloko, iintloko-arhentelliant. I-ntene ye-ontarharha yesebe elinone, i-ontam, i-egosa, i-emele i-Ampli yesebe, i-&17; ukuphatha

Igunya loqingqo-mali kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo

IBhunga libamba amandla emali, lenza unyulo lube lubalulekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wemali ephakathi. Indlu iqalisa ukuchitha amatyala, kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala kufuneka ivume. Ukutshintsha kolawulo kungakhokelela kwizinto eziphambili eziphawulekayo eziza kuqala kuqingqo-mali, okuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwemali, iinkqubo zoluntu, ukuveliswa kwezibonelelo, ulawulo lwezibonelelo, kunye nolawulo lwemali. Iziphumo ze-miba yemali zikwanelisa ingxoxo yophahla, inkxalabo yorhulumente, inkxalabo yocango yocalo olunxulumene nomthetho ovumela ukudlula noninzi olulula. Iindawo eziphambili zonyulo zinyusa iingxaki zezoqoqosho ezifana nokunyuka, ukudodobala, okanye ukungalingani kwemali. Umgangatho wolawulo lwemali uVoters ngokuqhelekileyo uphawula indlela ezikhethwayo kukhetho lwe-mibangonyaka, kwaye ipropatisternals; iipropati ezimele zilungelene nezo ezikhoyo kulowo zimele zihambelwane.

Impembelelo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni

ULawulo loMgaqo-siseko weRhulumente kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo

Unyulo lwemidtert lunempembelelo ephangaleleyo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, apho kusenzeka uninzi olukhulu lokwenziwa komthetho waseMelika. Iinkqubo zokulawula ukuxhaswa kwemali yemfundo, ulwandiso lwezezimali, ulwandiso lomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, umgaqo wokusingqongileyo, kunye nomthetho wokusebenza. Ukuqulunqwa kweendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kumisela enoba le nkqubo ithambeka okanye iyavuleka. Imijikelo yexeshana yexesha isoloko ibona ukuguquka okubalulekileyo kwizihlalo zemithetho-mthetho, ingakumbi kumazwe apho unyulo lwemithetho-mthetho kunye nonyulo lwabaphathi-gratialtator lubanjwe ngonyaka omnye. Ulawulo olumanyeneyo lukarhulumente luvumela iqela lemibutho ukuba limise imimiselo yalo ngaphandle kovavanyo olulungiselelwe ngurhulumente. Ngokuchaseneyo, ulawulo oludla ngokuchasene-mthetho okanye ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lukhokelela ekuquququququluko lomthetho okanye inkqubo yezo lwesizwe.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zikwasebenzisa amandla okuguqula ubalo emva kobalo lweminyaka edlulileyo. Unyulo lwaphakathi olwenzeka kamsinya emva kokuthatyathwa kohlahlo-mthetho lungatshixa kwinzuzo yodidi lweqela kwisithuba seshumi leminyaka, lusenza olu nyulo lube nesiphumo esikhethekileyo kumelo lwexesha elide lwezopolitiko. Iqela elilawula urhulumente ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvuselelwa kokuphindwa kommandla lungazoba nemaphu ekhetha abazalufumana, liphembelela umlinganiselo wamandla eWashington kunye ne-capitols.

IGarhente yoLawulo kunye neGunya eliLawulayo kumgangatho weSizwe

Abalawuli abanyuliweyo phakathi kwemijikelo-mali balawula uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, bamisele abagwebi besizwe, abameli borhulumente, kwaye banegunya lomthetho. Kumaphondo amaninzi, iirhuluneli zikwanegunya elibalulekileyo kulawulo longxamiseko, inkqubo yezonyango, kunye nemigangatho yemfundo. Unyulo lwemijelo yephondo lungavelisa utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, ingakumbi xa ulawulo kumaqela elinye lusiya kwelinye.

Unyulo lukaMasipala noLawulo loLuntu

Ngoxa zisoloko zingahoywa kuhlalutyo lwesizwe, unyulo oluphakathi, luquka inani elikhulu lemihlathi kamasipala wesixeko, iiofisi zephondo, iioofisi zengingqi, iibhodi zesikolo, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo. Ezi ofisi zengingqi zenza izigqibo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo abahlali i’ ubomi bemihla ngemihla, kuquka imigaqo yokubeka izithuba zokhuseleko, iiprojekthi, kunye nezifundo zesikolo. Unyulo lwengingqi lwengingqi lwengingqi lwengingqi lunokuphenjelelwa phantsi kwaphela nayiphi na imijikelezo yengingqi, intsingiselo yokuba ii-computertistuenc zinokuba nempembelelo engenakutshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha. Unyulo lwe-mibanki yemidabi yezopoliti ye-ofisi yezopolitistiki enokuba lingulo lingumhlaba oqeqeqele kwimingqhinga lesizwe okanye isebe lomthetho lomthetho.

Ukuqalisa Kweziqhushumbisi Nolawulo - melo Oluthe Tye

Amaphondo amaninzi aquka amanyathelo okuvota, amaphetshana, kunye nokulungisa umGaqo-siseko kwii-collets zombindi wexesha. La manyathelo avumela abavoti ukuba bamisele iinkqubo zokutshintsha kwiimeko ezisuka ekuhlaziyweni komchamo osemthethweni kunye nonyuselo oluncinane lwemivuzo kumalungelo ovotelwayo kunye nemigaqo yerhafu. Iiyure ezingama-20222 eziphakathi kwemida ezibala zibala amanyathelo aphezulu aphezulu kumalungelo okuqhomfa, iMedicaid, kunye nokuvota okunekwa kwemali, phakathi kwezinye. Inyathelo eli-ballot linokuqhuba i-vota e-slectiveraf i-mout i-mout kwaye lizisa ingqalelo kwimibangeno emba ekhethekileyo emjikelo efanayo.

Iminqweno Nendlela Yokusebenzisa Izakhono Zehlabathi

Imizekelo Yembali Kwimiboniso Yexesha Eliphakathi

Ingxelo yembali ibonisa ukuba unyulo oluphakathi kwexesha lonyulo lusoloko luvelisa ukulahlekelwa okuphawulekayo komongameli i’ umbutho. Ukususela kwiMfazwe yamakhaya, umongameli i̱ umbutho ulahlekelwe zizihlalo zezindlu kuma-36 kunyulo oluphakathi kwama-40, ukulahlekelwa ngokwe-avareji yeesihlalo ezimalunga nama-30. Oku kusenzeka okuqhelekileyo phantsi kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga, njengokuphuma kwe-post-9/11 kuMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ngo-2002. Lo mlinganiselo uqhutywa ziimeko eziliqela zesakhiwo. Umongameli wonyulo uququlu olunogaqela lwama ababandakanye kwezobupolitika, yaye abavotiweyo badla ngokungephi bebuyela kwizithuba eziphakathi. Ngaphezu koko, abagcuphindiselwayo ngumongameli uPresipala u-&817; ukurhoxiswa kweminxele kwiminyango.

Igalelo

Unyulo lwe-Voter lwenze unyulo luthotho oluthe rhoqo kunokhetho lomongameli, nangona imijikelo yakutshanje ibonise iimpawu zonyuko oluphezulu. Ukujika-jika phakathi konyaka ka-2018 kwafikelela kuma-50% wabavoti abafanelekileyo, umgangatho ophezulu wexesha phakathi konyaka ka-1914. Iinkqubo zonyulo zibona ukuba ziphantsi kancinci kodwa zisenyukile xa zithelekiswa ne-avareji yembali. Iimeko zokuqhuba ziquka ubunzulu be-Rhovercantial, ubukho bemilinganiselo ephezulu ye-promplat, kunye nezingabonwayo zonyulo lonyulo. Iindlela eziphakathi kwimini zonyulo ziyahluka kancinci ngokweminyaka yobumongameli, kunye nezingaphezulu nezifundileyo zisenza isabelo esikhulu somvoti. Le ndawo i-sckieview inokuba luncedo olungcono kunye nenkqubo yokubhenela kwezi zilungele ezi zilandele ezi nkqubo, iindlela ezinokubonakalisa ngokupheleleyo ukuba zibonakale kubemi.

Ujongo lweqhosha kunye noTshaba lwe-Gographic

Unyulo lwakutshanje luye lwabalaselisa unyulo olubalulekileyo lwenani labemi kunye nolwamazwe. Abavoti baseSubran, ingakumbi abafazi, baye batshintshela ngokungqongqo kwimijikelezo yedemokhrasi kwimijikelezo emininzi, ngoxa iindawo zasemaphandleni ne-edurban ziye zathembeka ngakumbi. Umsantsa wesini ekuvoteleni uye wanda, nabafazi benobu ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuxhasa ama-Democratic commentality kunye namadoda asenokuba axhasa amaRiphabliki. Iindlela zokuvota ezisekelwe kwiminyaka yobudala zikwayaziswa, kunye neeRepublic esekelwe kwiDemocracracrac nootan. Ezi meko zinxulumene nokunyulwa kweLifa lemve yehlabathi, zibangela ukuba kubekho ukhuphi lwamazwe athelekelelo lwezopolitiko olusondeleyo, zivene apho ukhuphilwa kakhulu kwinani elisezantsi kwemijinga lokujikeleza kwemimandla namazwe. Ukuqonda ezikhoyo ziyimfuneko ngenxa yokutolika phakathi kweziphumo zexesha elizayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwakutshanje Lwetyala: Izifundo Ezivela Kwixesha Eliphakathi Le - 2022

Unyulo lwama-2022 phakathi kwexesha lomhla wama-2022 lwanikela umzekeliso ocacileyo wemigaqo elawula imijikelo ephakathi. Kwimbali, iziphumo eziliqela ezifak' isandla kule miphumo. Inkcazo ephakamileyo yokunyuka nokuthotywa kwemali yempuku yalatha kwiliza elinamandla laseRiphabliki. Kodwa amaza abomvu alindelweyo awaphumelelanga; amaRiphabliki afumana kuphela inani elimxinwa kwiNdlu ngelixa uDemocratic Revotal. Umgangatho weDemocratic Recute uphumele indima yendima ephambili kwilizwe. Imeko ezininzi zanegalelo kule njongo. Iimeko ezininzi zanegalelo kule ngxaki. Iziphumo ezithiyo zibonise okokuba iNkukhosi ̱ isigqibo sokubhukula i-Rodevv. Wadecce ngoJuni 202222, iziphumo zonyusombululo oluqinileyo, iziphumo zonyusombululo, iziphumo ze-Rocternetic, iziphumo eziphambili, iziphumo eziphambili.

Umjikelo wama-2022 wakwagxininisa ukubaluleka kwesizwe neentlanga zasekuhlaleni. Ulawulo lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente lwatshintshwa kumazwe amaninzi, luchaphazela ukukhuthazwa komgaqo-nkqubo wamalungelo okuvota, imfundo, kunye nolawulo lwempilo. Amanyathelo angokwamalungelo okuqhomfa agqithiselwe kumaphondo amaninzi, kuquka lawo anemida ekhuphisanayo, abonisa amandla olawulo-demokhrasi oluthe ngqo ukujijela inkqubo yokuyila ngaphandle kweziphumo zomvoteko. Izifundo zonyaka wama-20222 ziza kukwazisa iphulo kunye neendlela zokulawula kwimijikelezo yexesha elizayo.

Ubandakanyeko Lombini Nendlela Engaphambili

Unyulo lwemipu lumela ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuzibophelela kwezentlalo, kodwa umvoti uhlala engalingani. Ukuthetha ngalo mahluko kufuna umgudu othe rhoqo kwimibutho yezentlalo, amaqela ezobupolitika, neenkokeli zoluntu. Imigudu yokwandisa ukuvota, ukwandisa ukuvota kwangethuba, nokuphucula ukufikelela kombutho ibonise iziphumo eziziziphumo ezizinzileyo kwimijikelo yakutshanje. Iintlangano ze-Nonpartistan ezifana noManyano Women Voters kunye neBrennan Center yomsebenzi wobulungisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi abafanelekileyo banokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokhetho oluneenjongo yokuvota. Ukuqonda izithintelo lwemibatoti kunye neeofisi ezithile kwimibutho ethile kuyimfuneko kuba abavoti-yo abafuna ukwenza ukhetho olunolwazi. Unyulo lwendawo, ngokukodwa, ukubandezeleka ekusweleni kwemvume yokuvota, kwaye ukufundisa abantu ngokubanziswa kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lwemiphakathi lungaphezulu kakhulu kohlolo lwenqanaba olulula lombindi womsebenzi womongameli. Zinkqubo entsonkothileyo, enomgangatho omninzi ebangela ulungelelwano lwamandla kwiBhunga, kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, kwiinqanawa zolawulo, nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Iziphumo zolo nyulo zimisela izinto eziphambili zemithetho yemithetho, ukumiselwa koomatshini, uqingqo-lwabiwo, kunye nomgaqo wenkqubo wemiqathango echaphazela abemi kumgangatho wonke karhulumente. Ukuqonda iindlela, imilinganiselo, iziphumo zonyulo, kunye neziphumo zonyulo lwaphakathi kwemiphakathi kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukungenelana ngokunentsingiselo nedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Njengoko ulawulo lwezobupolitika luqhubeka luguquka, unyulo lwezicwangciso-macangcingo lwemiba, uqingqo-mali oluphakathi oluza kuhlala lungumsebenzi ophakathi apho urhulumente wakhe abeka urhulumente kwimicinezelelo lwesizwe sesizwe se-&817; traddioth.