Unyulo lwaseMelika lusebenza ngaphakathi kwinkqubo egqunywe ngolawulo, apho ibhokisi yebhola ekhatywayo isebenza njengesixhobo esiphambili sokubumba zombini inkqubo yesizwe kunye nemigangatho yoluntu. Umvoti osungulwe kakuhle uyaqonda ukuba iinkqubo ezilawula unyulo lwamagunya karhulumente zihluke kakhulu kwezo zikwilizwe nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, ukusuka kukwabiwa kwamandla ukuya kwiindlela zokuvota ezikhoyo. Le ngxoxo inqumla ukubonakala okuntsonkothileyo ukunikeza, ukuqondwa okusebenzayo kwawo onke amabala okhetho, ukugxininisa amanyathelo asebenzayo amele athathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo.

Unyulo Lwesizwe: Ukukhetha Ubukhokeli besizwe

Unyulo lomanyano lumisela ukwenziwa kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente wesizwe, eyona masebe aphetheyo nawasemthethweni. Olu nyulo luyenzeka kucwangciso oluzinzileyo kwaye lulawulwa lumanyano lomthetho wesizwe nolawulo lukarhulumente. Izibonda zisoloko ziphezulu, njengoko iziphumo ziphembelela inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, umgaqo wezoqoqosho, kunye namalungelo abantu kulo lonke ilizwe.

IKhomishini neElectoral College

Ugqatso lwendlu emhlophe yesona siganeko sibonakalayo sonyulo eUnited States. Abavoti abamnyuli ngqo uMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli. Endaweni yoko, bavotela isileti sabanyuli abathembise ukuxhasa itikiti elithile. Aba bavoti xa bedibene benza iElectoral College, iqumrhu lamalungu angama 538 asasazwe phakathi kwamalungu asekelwe kwinani labo elipheleleyo lee-Senator kunye nabameli. Umbathisi kufuneka ukhusele uninzi lwabavotisi abangama-270 ukuze baphumelele.

Le nkqubo ilungisa iphulo elinzulu. Inyusa ulawulo kumacandelo amancinci akhuphisanayo "atsala," apho umda woloyiso umxinwa ngokwembali. Iincwadi ezishicilelweyo "zikhuselekile" zisoloko zibona izibhengezo zephulo kunye nonyulo oluninzi ngexesha lonyulo. Ulwabelo lwabanyuli abasetyenziswa ngama-48, luphakamisa ifuthe lololo lwamazwe angundoqo, ithetha ukuba umbhaptizi angaphumelela umongameli ngaphandle kokuphumelela kwivoti yohlanga oluthandwayo, njengoko kwenzeka ngo 2000 no2016.

Unyulo Lwengqungquthela: Indlu neNdlu yeeNdlu

IBhunga leMibutho leUnited States lisisiko le-baobal elinemisebenzi eyahlukileyo yokukhetha kwigumbi ngalinye. Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-435, ngalinye elisebenza ixesha elithatha iminyaka emibini. Eli thuba lifutshane lenzelwe ukugcina abameli benoxanduva olusondeleyo kwi-ofice yabo. Kwiminyaka emibini yonke, yonke iNdlu imela unyulo, iyenza ibe yeyona gumbi livumayo ukutshintsha uluvo lukawonke wonke. Iphondo ngalinye lizoba ne-oreversi omnye.

Ngokwahlukileyo, iNdlu yeeNgwevu, inika igama elide, elineminyaka emithandathu yamalungu ayo ali-100, elimalunga nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo ezibekwe kunyulo qho emva kweminyaka emibini. Izihlalo zimela onke amazwe, ziwanika uxanduva olubanzi. Umjikelo wonyulo oshukumayo ukhusela iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsilelo ukusuka kwimizwano ekhawulezayo kawonke-wonke kwaye zivumela abaquququzeleli ukuba bajolise kwiinjongo zenkqubo yexesha elide. Unyulo olwahlukileyo nobude benza uxinzelo olwakhelo lwemiqathango phakathi kwesebe leRhulumente, lufuna ukulalanisa phakathi kwezinto ezingxamisekileyo zendlu kunye nenkxalabo yendlu kunye nohlobo lwendlu.

Unyulo LweRhulumente: IiNkqubela-mali Zedemokhrasi

Unyulo lwezorhulumente luyindlela abemi ababumba ngayo iinkqubo ezichaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla ngqo. Inkxaso-mali yemfundo, izibonelelo zezothutho, imimiselo yokhuseleko loluntu, kunye nezakhiwo zerhafu zonke zijongwe ngokuyintloko kumgangatho wesizwe. IJaji uLouis Brandeis ichazwa ngokudumileyo njengeenkcazelo "zibonelelo zedemokhrasi," kunye nezigqibo zokhetho ezenziweyo phakathi kwabo zigqiba ukuba ngoluphi uvavanyo oluzanywayo.

Imithetho yephondo neyoRhulumente

Ibamba lisebenza njengentloko yegunya labo, lisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo kuquka ukukwazi ukutyikitya okanye ukukhupha umthetho, kuyalela urhulumente woKhuselo lweSizwe, linikezele, limisele nemigaqo. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, ezisenokuba zinguogxamshe abakwiziqu zexesha elipheleleyo okanye iindibano zenxalenye yommi, zidlulisa imithetho kwaye zilawule uqingqo-mali lwezolawulo. Ulawulo lwala masebe `alwazi "i-trifecta" xa elinye iqela libamba i-ofisi yerhuluneli kunye namagumbi owiso-mthetho omabini anempembelelo ngqo kwiziphumo zenkqubo.

Unyulo lwezihlalo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente lusoloko lwenzeka kwiminyaka efanayo nonyulo lwamagunya asekuhlaleni, kodwa amazwe amaninzi athintela unyulo oluthatha iminyaka emininzi ngenxa yezi ndawo. Unyulo lwe-voter lusezantsi kakhulu kwiminyaka yobungameli, ithetha ukuba ii-constituences ezincinane nezinikezelwe kakhulu zisoloko zinempembelelo enkulu kakhulu kubanezi nkonzo zinamandla. Ukuqonda ikhalenda yonyulo karhulumente wakho linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo ekuhlaleni.

Idemokhrasi Ethe ngqo: Iintambo zokulwa kunye neeReferendem

Malunga nesiqingatha samazwe anika abemi amandla olawulo-bulunga ngqo ngenyathelo lokuthatha i-odokisi kunye nee-computer. Le nkqubo ivumela abavoti ukuba bagqithe umthetho karhulumente baze bamisele imithetho okanye balungise imigaqo-siseko ngqo. Imixholo yezi zicwangciso isuka kwimigaqo yerhafu kunye nokubekwa ngokomthetho komjuxuma kukunciphisa ukunyuka kwemivuzo kunye namalungelo okuvota. Ngoxa oku kunika abavoti isixhobo esinamandla sokuqhuba imithambo-luvo, kwakhona kufuna abavoti ukuba babandakanye ngokunzulu ngolwimi oluntsonkothile, ngokufuthi lunyuswe ngemitheliso yemijelo yezixhobo zezixhobo zekhompyutha ezibiza imali evela kubaxhasi nabachasi kunye nabachasi.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo: Ubhaliso, Iimfuno, Neendlela Zokudlulisela Imali

Ukumisela ubuchule bokuvota yindima ebalulekileyo yokuqhelisela ukubhalisa. Imithetho elawula ukubhalisa, uchazo, kunye neendlela zokuvota zahluka kakhulu ngokwemeko nganye, kudala umsebenzi wesiphaluka semfuno abavoti abamele bahambe ngayo. Ukuhlala bezazi kakuhle ezi zinto phambi kosuku lonyulo kuthintela ukudideka nokurhoxa komjelo.

Ubhaliso lwezinyithi eziqhutywayo

Ubhaliso lweVoter lungumqobo wokuqala kubemi abaninzi. Umthetho weNational Voter Bribation wango 1993, owaziwayo ngokuba "Umvoti Voter," ufuna iimeko zokunikezela ubhaliso lwabavoti kwisebe lezithuthi zemoto kunye namaqumrhu oncedo lukawonke-wonke. Namhlanje, uninzi lwamazwe lunika ukubhaliswa nge-intanethi, okufanelekileyo nokukhuselekileyo. Noko ke, imiqathango yokubhalisa ingqongqo. Ukunqunyulwa kudla ngokuba iintsuku ezili-15 ukuya kwezingama-30 ngaphambi konyulo, kwaye ukubhalisa emva kwalo mhla kudla ngokuthetha ukuba awunakuvota. Ukuhlola ubume bakho bobhaliso rhoqo ngumkhwa olungileyo, njengoko uvoti ohlahliswa ngoko maxa wambi kuhlahliswa kusenziwa ngenxa yotshintsho lwedilesi okanye ukusebenza.

Ukuqonda Imithetho yeVoter

Mhlawumbi eyona ndawo ithanda ukuphikisana yolawulo lonyulo yimfuneko yokubonisa ukusetyenziswa kombhexeshi okanye imvume yokuvota. Imithetho ye-Opater ye-ID ikhona ngokwamaqela. "Imithetho ye-Non-lity" ingasamkela isiko elityikityiweyo okanye isibonelelo soncedo, lo gama "iphondo" lifuna i-ID ethile yefoto ekhethekileyo karhulumente, efana nelayisensi yomqhubi okanye ipasi sokundwendwela. Injongo echaziweyo yale mithetho kukuthintela ukukhomba ukukhohlakala, okunqabile kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ngokuyiphendla ngokuphandle bayichitha i-infranchieeting, iincutshe, abakhulileyo, nabafundi, abambalwa, abambalwa, abanokufumana imvume efunekayo. Ukwazi iimfuno zelizwe lakho akunazo ziyimfuneko.

Iposi, ukurhoxiswa, nokukhutshwa kwasekuqaleni

Iindlela eziye zathi ngazo amaMerika akhuphela amavota awo anwenwe ngokuphawulekayo. Uvota kwangethuba, ukuvumela uvotelo olungaphakathi kwixesha leentsuku okanye iiveki phambi kosuku lonyulo, lukhona kumazwe amaninzi. Ukuvota kweposi, okwaziwayo ngokuba ngurhoxiso, kukwathandwa. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Oregon, iWashington, kunye noColorado, aqhuba unyulo ngokupheleleyo ngeposi, athumela ngokuzenzekelayo iibhola zovota kuzo zonke ii-projects. Amanye amazwe afuna ukuba uvoti anikezele isizathu sokuba bangakwazi ukuvota, lo gama abaninzi besamkela "no-excus" uvote" ukhetho olungekhoyo. UVoters ucelot ucebisi lwawo yindlela yabo yokubuya ngocose, enikela ingqalelo kwimithetho yokubhalisa nokusayina.

Umfuziselo: Indlela Ezitsalwa Ngayo Izithili Nesizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile

Ingcamango yokumela ingundoqo kwidemokhrasi, kodwa iindlela eziguqulela amavoti kwizihlalo ziphenjelelwa ngokunzulu yinkqubo yokuzivota. Kwiminyaka elishumi, emva kobalo-sizwe, kwemiba yemithetho kwiphondo, kwiphondo, kwimimandla, kunye nemigangatho yasekuhlaleni kufuneka zitsalwe kwakhona ukuze ziphendule iinguqu zabemi. Indlela ezi migca ezizotywa ngayo zingagqiba ukuba ngowuphi na umbutho ofumana izihlalo ezininzi, kwanaxa zifumana iqaqobana leevoti.

Inkcitho kunye nobalo

Ubalo lwama-U.S., olugunyaziswe ngumGaqo-siseko, lubala wonke ummi welo lizwe. Olu lwazi lusetyenziselwa ukwabelana ngezihlalo zendlu ezingama-435 phakathi kwamazwe. Amazwe akhula ngokukhawuleza afumana izihlalo, ngeli xesha ezo zikhulayo zicothayo okanye ziphulukana nezihlalo zabemi. Oku kwabelana kuchaphazela ngqo amandla karhulumente kwi-Electoral College kunye nomelo lwawo kwiBhunga-Mbutho. I-ASCIIT, edla ngokuchaphazela nzima ukuya kwimimandla ephakathi equka abaphambukeli kunye nabemi basemaphandleni, inokuthi ikhokelele ekulahlekelweni kwesihlalo salo phondo ngenye indlela, ingaba nelungelo lokuphelisa amandla ezobupolitika kuloo ntlalo mazwe ngeminyaka elishumi.

Ukuphinda-phinda uhlaziyo

Xa urhulumente efumana ukwahlulwa kwakhe, indlu yowiso-mthetho (okanye uthumelo oluzimeleyo) izoba imida yesithili ngasinye. Ukusetyenziswa kwale mida kukunceda ukhlutho okanye uncedo lobuqu. Iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zingu "lokujija," ezisasaza abaxhasi botshaba ngaphaya kwesithili ezininzi ukuze bangakwazi ukwenza uninzi lwazo nakwesiphi na, kwaye "uphangelo," oluzigxininisa kwisithili esinye ukulinganisela impembelelo yabo kwenye indawo.

Lo mkhwa unembali ende kodwa uye waba ngontsonkothileyo ngogcino-lwazi lwangoku. Ngelixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yalawula . Uxanduva oluqhelekileyo (209) ukuba i-gerrymanidering ngumbuzo wezopolitiko ongaphaya kokufikelela kwenkundla yengingqi, kuhlala kungekho mthethweni ukutsala isithili esisekelwe kuhlanga. Amazwe amaninzi azenzele ii-odatensiti ezizimeleyo ukususa inkqubo kulawulo lwe-RGBC, ukunikezela ngemodeliti ye-fastia elungileyo.

Impembelelo Kumelo

Indlela ezitsalwa ngayo izithili zinempembelelo engqalileyo kwindlela yokuziphatha yovoti kunye neziphumo zenkqubo. Xa isithili sikhuselekile kwiqela elinye, unyulo ngokubanzi luyaba lukhuphiswano olungundoqo lwamandla. Oku kusoloko kuqhubela phambili amagosa ajonge kwizikhundla eziphezulu, njengoko kufuneka agcine isiseko seqela lawo ukuze aphephe ucelomngeni lokuqala. Isithili esingakhuphiswani novoti sikwanokukhokelela ekuthobeni kwemvoti, njengokuba abemi bevakalelwa ukuba ivoti yabo ayinantsingiselo ingabalulekanga kangako. Ngokwahlukileyo, ngokukhuphiswano, kukhuthazwa ukhuphiswano, ukulungelelanisa, umlinganiselo, nokuhlangana kwebutho labantu.

Ukudlulisela Amalungelo: Ukukhuselwa Ngomthetho Nocelomngeni Lwanamhlanje

Ilungelo lokuvota lisiseko sobumi, kodwa ibingumbandela wemfazwe ende neqhubekayo. Isiseko somthetho esilawula amalungelo okuvota kukusetyenziswa okuntsonkothileyo kokulungisa, imimiselo yorhulumente, kunye nemithetho karhulumente. Ukuqonda esi siseko kubalulekile ekukhuseleni ukufikelela komntu kwi-colort nokuxhasa amalungelo abanye.

UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Nelifa Lawo

UMthetho weVoting Rights ka-1965 (VRA) ngumthetho onamandla okhusela ilungelo lokuvota. Wawuvala ulwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni njengovavanyo lokuhlola ukufunda nokuvota. Ilungiselelo lawo elisebenzayo, iCandelo 5, lifuna amagunya anembali yocalulo "preclear" naluphi na utshintsho kwimithetho yokuvota norhulumente karhulumente kazwelonke. Kwisigqibo sonyaka ka-2013, Shelby County v. Raker, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha phantsi kwendlela esetyenziswayo ukugqiba oko kugqunywe kwemithetho, ukuqulungela icandelo elinempumelelo kwiCandelo 5. IBhunga lomthetho alikhange liyihlazinzise iprojective, ishiya inkqubo ye-VRAStivential isebenza kwi-operation.

Iziphumo ze Isigqibo seShelby County besibalulekile. Kwiminyaka elandela umthetho, imikhosi egqunywe ngaphambili yavala amakhulu eendawo zokuvota, abavoti abakhutshwe kwiiroli ngokwemigangatho ephezulu, kwaye basebenzisa imithetho ye-ID engqongqo. Ezi nguqu zinempembelelo engaqhelekanga kwivoti, ingakumbi phakathi kwabemi abambalwa.

IiNkcukacha zokufumana iMidlalo yeNkcubeko

Ngapha kwemiba yemithetho ye-ID kunye nokulungisa, eminye imiqobo kwibhokisi yebhola encinci iyaqhubeka. Imithetho edityanisiweyo yokungavumelani kwemithetho, ethintela abantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ekuvoteni, yahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokwesizwe. Amanye amazwe abuyisela amalungelo okuvota ngokuzenzekelayo xa kugqitywa isigwebo, ngoxa amanye efuna inkqubo yokusebenza ende okanye ukulahla abantu ngokusisigxina. Uncedo lolwimi yenye indawo enzima; iVRA ifuna imimandla ebanzi neendawo ezithe ngqo ezingeyo isiNgesi ukunikezela ngabemi abathetha iibhola kunye nezixhobo zokuvota kwezinye iilwimi.

Ukufumaneka kwabavoti abaneziphene kukwayinkxalabo ephambili. UMthetho Woncedo waseMelika Vote ka-2002 ufuna iindawo zokuvota ukuze zifikeleleke, kodwa ukuthobela kuhlala kudidane. Abavoti kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba indawo yabo yokuvota ifikeleleka ngokoqobo kwaye oomatshini bokuvota abafikelelekayo bayafumaneka.

Imithombo yokhuselo lwevota

Ibone ukuntsonkotha kwemithetho karhulumente kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo olusemthethweni kwiinkqubo zokuvota, kuxhomekeke kwimithombo ethembekileyo yolwazi lubalulekile. Imibutho ye-Nonpartistan inika izixhobo zokuhlola ukubhalisa, icela iibhola, kunye nokufunda ngamalungelo neembopheleleko. IKhomishini yoPhuhliso isebenza njengendawo yokucoca ulwazi kulawulo lonyulo. Abachongi abadibana neengxaki, njengemigca emide okanye abajiki, kufuneka baqhagamshelane nomntu ongeyo umvoti wokhuselo lwelo jaji, baze babhale amava abo.

Isiphelo: Isiseko Solwazi Olunenxaxheba

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo lolona hlobo lungqalileyo nolunamandla lokubhalisa ibutho labantu. Inkqubo yovolo lwaseMelika, kunye nesakhiwo sayo sorhulumente nokhuphiswano oluhlalisanayo nolulo lwesizwe, icela uninzi lwabavoti bayo. Ukuqonda iindima ezahlukileyo zoorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente, ubuchule bokubhalisa nokuvota, amandla okuhlaziya nokumela, kunye nokulawula amalungelo okuvota ngokusemthethweni kuxhobisa abemi ukuba bahambele inkqubo ngentembelo. Ukuba benza ibhola yomvoti kumongameli okanye ilungu lebhodi yesikolo, ukwazisa ukuba urhulumente aqhubeke esabela kubantu abaya kuncedayo.