Ukwazisa: Ukulwela Ukuzingisa Ngenxa Yokutolika UmGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko we-United States ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, uxwebhu oluye lwayila urhulumente waseMelika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Kodwa, ukuhlala kwalo ngokuma kuphakamisa umbuzo obalulekileyo: sifanele siwuchaze njani umbhalo obhalwe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 ukulawula uhlanga olukwinkulungwane yama-21? Lo mbuzo ukwindawo ephambili yengxoxo ekudala ikhona phakathi kweentanda-bulumko ezimbini eziphikisanayo: ubukho bemvelaphi kunye nombambo wobuqhetseba [onke] [ofulkt ] [ofutlmGacimbini ubizwa "umGaqo-siseko ophilayo".

Ezi ndlela zokucacisa aziyomfundo nje. Zibumba izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, ziphembelela ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente, kwaye zichaphazela amalungelo ommi ngamnye. Ukuqonda iingxoxo ezicacileyo kumacala omabini kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwimfuza, kumthetho, okanye kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi, izicelo, kunye neenkqubano zobukho bendalo kunye nolungelelwano lomgaqo-siseko, linika uluvo oluphandleyo kwindlela abagwebi, abaphengululi, kunye nocelomngeni lukawonke-wonke lokusebenzisa umbhalo wamandulo kwiingxaki zanamhlanje.

Yintoni Ukwenziwa Kwangaphambili? Ukuqwalasela Abaseki

UbuGawulayo, obungundoqo, yingcamango yokutolika komgaqo-siseko efuna ukulungisa intsingiselo yombhalo womGaqo-siseko ngexesha owamkelwa ngalo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi intsingiselo yomthetho itshixiwe ekudibaniseni, ithintele abagwebi ekufakeni iimfuno zabo zemithetho yobuqu kwimithetho yabo. Le ndlela ivela kwiingcaciso eziliqela, nganye inee-emphasess ezahlukileyo.

Intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yantlandlolo

Uhlobo lwakudala lobuGqaba, olubizwa ngokuba intsingiselo yokuqala , ijonge kwiinjongo ezisisiseko zamaFramers — oko uJames Madison, Alexander Hamilton, okanye abanye abahlolwa ngokukhethekileyo kwibinzana elithile. Abahlalutyi baphawula ukuba ukuqonda injongo edibeneyo yenjongo yamashumi amaninzi okanye amakhulu eenguqulelo kuphantse kungabi nakwenzeka. Kwimpendulo, inguqulelo yangoku, intsingiselo kawonke-wonke [, ivela. Le ndlela ibuza ukuba yintoni umntu onengqondo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo esiqhelekileyo angayiqondi ukuba kuthetha ntoni. Ixhomekeke kwisichazi magama, iingxoxo, intetho kawonke, nokusetyenziswa komsebenzi wexesha. Umthetho, u-Scintalcense, u-Science, u-Genestrist: "umthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho osemthethweni, uxwebhu, kwaye uchaza into ecacileyo, kunye nento ethetha ngayo."

Abaxhasi Abaphambili Nempembelelo Yejaji

Isithethe saqala ukuvelela kwiminyaka yee- 1980 ngokunyuka kolawulo lweReagan kunye nomsebenzi wabaphengululi abanjengoRobert Bork noJaji Scalia. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iye yaba ngumandla olawulayo kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo, ngokukodwa phakathi kweerula ezithe kratya. UJaji Clarence Thomas ungumxhasi oqinileyo, ngoxa iJaji Neil Gormont neJaji Amy Convert ibonise izibophelelo ezinamandla kwi-mbhalo kunye nentsingiselo yantlalo. Umiselo lwakuqala luye lwayila iimbono zembali kwiNkundla ephakamileyo [[FLT:] [FLT: 0] amalungelo [[FLT:]][FLT:[2]] [FLT:] [2]] [FFFF],[10],[3][3],[FFFFF],[3],[3]

Iimpikiswano Ezinconywa Yingcamango Yantlandlolo

  • Ukukwazi ukucaciswa nokuxelwa kwangaphambili: Ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko imisiwe, abemi kunye nabenzi bomthetho bangathembela kumthetho omisiweyo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuba ijaji ingayichaza kwakhona ukuze ihambisane neengcinga zale mihla.
  • Idemocratic Legastimacy: UbuGama bobuGama bawachasa ngedemokhrasi inkqubo ogunyazisiweyo ngayo umGaqo-siseko. Ukuguqulwa kumthetho osisiseko kufuneka kufike kwinkqubo yokulungisa (Article V), hayi ngommiselo wezomthetho.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ikhonkshi yeNkqutyana kwi-Observer: ngokudibanisa utoliko kwintsingiselo yembali, ubuStatus busikelwe umda ugwebo lokubeka iimbono zomntu siqu zokuziphatha. Njengoko uScalia watshoyo, uqobo lunciphisa ubungozi be "Mgaqo-siseko ophilayo" oba yi-"uhlolo olungenasiphelo" kwijudiary.

Ukugxekwa KobuGcisa

  • I-Ambiterity engokomdla: Ukubeka intsingiselo "yoluntu lwantlandlolo iintsingiselo" kusoloko kunzima njengenjongo yokuqonda. Imithombo yembali isenokungaphelelanga, iyaphikisana, okanye ithule kwimiba engabonwanga efana nemfihlo yamanani, ukujongwa, okanye ubugorha bendalo.
  • Ukungaguquguquki: Abagxeki baphikisa ubuGaqo-siseko ukuba butshixa umGaqo-siseko kwizithethe zakudala, kuquka ezo zivumela ubukhoboka, amabhinqa ahluliweyo, namalungelo athintelweyo. Bakhomba kuMvumelwano wesi-19 kunye neMimiselo yamaLungelo kaNoval Amalungelo njengomzekelo weenguqu eziyimfuneko ukuba abalandeli bokuqala bangachasa ukuba bathene neentsingiselo zonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asibhozo.
  • Isicelo Esikhethiweyo: Abachasi baphawula ukuba abagwebi abaxhasa indalo maxa wambi bayayishiya indlela xa ikhokelela kwiziphumo abangazithandiyo, baphakamisa imibuzo ngokungaguquguquki. Umzekelo, abanye abakholelwa kukudala baye bazama ukudibanisa indlela yabo yokufikelela kurhulumente kunye namandla amakhulu phantsi korhwebo Claus.

Yintoni Ukuthamba komGaqo-siseko?

Kwelinye icala lengxoxo kukho ingcamango yokuba umGaqo-siseko uyinkqubo esebenzayo enokuguqulelwa ngokutshintsha imilinganiselo yentlalo, inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa, nezithethe ezivelayo. Le "indlela yokuphila yomgaqo-siseko" ayiwachasi umbhalo, kodwa iphikisa ngelithi imigaqo yawo eqhelekileyo — njengenkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo — kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokuqwalasela iimeko zangoku.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nendaleko Yezeejaji

Ingcamango yomGaqo-siseko obhetyebhetye inemvelaphi enzulu. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall ibhale Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawuzimisele ukunyamezela ixesha elizayo, kwaye, ngokunjalo, ukuvumelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zemicimbi yabantu. [FLT:] [FLT:] [5]

Iingcamango Ezingundoqo Ezinokuvumelana Nemeko

Ukulungelelaniswa komgaqo-siseko kubandakanya iindlela eziliqela ezinxulumene kodwa ezahlukileyo:

  • UmGaqo-siseko ophilayo / Isifundo seMoral: UmGaqo-siseko uquka imigaqo ebanzi yokuziphatha ekufuneka ichazwe ngokwemilinganiselo egqwethekileyo yesidima. Le mbono inxulumene ngokuqinileyo noJaji Stephen Breyer kunye nesithandi sobulumko uRonald Dworkin.
  • Intsingiselo yePragmatic okanye yeNkqutyana: Abagwebi baqwalasela iziphumo zehlabathi zokwenene zemithetho yabo, benenjongo yokuvelisa iziphumo zobulungisa nokuba oko kuchaza imbali.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ujikelezo okanye uTyhuzulo olunamandla: intsingiselo yombhalo ayilungiswanga; amagama afana "nogwebo kunye nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" (Uguqulo lokwenyani) kufuneka luqondwe kumongo webutho labantu belo xesha, njengoko iNkundla ibekwe kwi TP v. Dulles

Iimpikiswano Ngenxa Yokuthamba

  • Ukuchanabeka ekutshintsheni: UmGaqo-siseko wenziwe ngolwimi olubanzi ukuvumela iimeko ezingabonwanga. Ukwenziwa koqobo okungqongqo kunganyanzela abagwebi ukuba bathenge ukuba amanani enkulungwane ye-18 angayilawula njani kwi-intanethi, kutshintsho lwemozulu, okanye kuvavanyo lwemfuza.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinci: i-Orders zisoloko zibambezela kwiinkqubo zobunkunkqele, kodwa utoliko olubhetyebhetye lungakhusela amaqela abuthathaka xa iindlu zowiso-mthetho zingaphumeleli ukwenza okuthile. Umzekelo, uvumo lweNkundla lokuvuma umtshato omnye wobunyani bergefell v. Hodges (20) (20) ixhomekeke ekususeni ukuqonda inkululeko nolinganiselo.
  • Ukungaguquguquki ne Predent: Iimeko ezininzi zephawu lembali ezithathwa lula ngoku — njenge imanda v. Arizona (1966) okanye [[FLT]] Gideon v. Wainwr [1963]) — ibandakanya utoliko oluphangaleleyo oluthi qho lusoloko luneeaa amashumi eminyaka emithetho egqityiweyo, edala isiphithiphithi-phithi.

Ukugxekwa KomGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

  • Abalawuli bamatyala baphikisa ngokuthi ubhetyebhetye bunika abagwebi amandla angathintelwayo okuphinda babhale umGaqo-siseko osekelwe kumaxabiso abo obuqu, ucutha ulawulo-lwazi kunye nomthetho.
  • IPack yeMigangatho Yenjongo: engenantsingiselo esisigxina, umthetho uyajika ungabinakuxelwa. Abemi abanakwazi amalungelo abo de ijaji iwagqibe, etshintsha ngokumiselwa okutsha.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa komgaqo-siseko: Ukuba umGaqo-siseko uthetha nantoni na iNkundla eyithethayo, akukho mda kumandla alawulayo. Abagxeki babonisa uhlaziyo lweNkcazelo ka Claus kwi Wickard v. Filburn [1942]) kunye Gonzales v. [[FLT:]

Izikhundla zedabi ezingundoqo: Apho Amatheko Angqubana

Le ngxoxo ithe qwa xa isetyenziswa kwimimandla ethile yomthetho. Ngasezantsi kukho iindawo eziliqela apho ubufundamentali nokuguquka komgaqo-siseko kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nohlaziyo Lokuqala

Imbono yomntu othe ngqo: IsiHlanzi sokuQala sikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha njengoko kuqondwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. Ngelo xesha, "uxinzelelo" luthetha amajelo ashicilelweyo, kwaye intetho ayiquki imodeli, amagama okulwa, okanye izibhengezo zobuxoki. Oontanga badla ngokuphikisa ukuba ukupheliswa kumiselwe kuphela kwento efunekayo — hayi isohlwayo esilandelayo — kwaye ayikhuseli ntetho efuziselayo njengokutshisa iflegi (nabanye abalandeli bokuqala, njengoJastial Scalia, baphakamisa ukuvutha kweflegi ].[FLT]] v. Johnson [[FLT]]9]) (9) intetho esekelwe kwintsingiselo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke

Imbono ecacileyo: Ulwandiso lokuqala lungumgaqo obanzi wokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwentetho kulawulo lukarhulumente. Iinkcazelo zale mihla zidlulela kwi-intanethi yolwimi, igalelo, igalelo, kunye nezoqhankqalazo. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Citizens United[ [20]) isebenzisa indlela ethambileyo yokuphelisa imida yokusetyenziswa kwe-Phondo yezopolitiki, kodwa abaxhasi abasoloko bechasa isiphumo, betyhila ukuba le ngcamango iyakwazi ukunqumla zombini iindlela.

[[FLT: 0] Isiseko soqobo siyakwazi ukuhlalisa iintlobo zale mihla zolwimi olufana netweet, blog, kunye noluqulethwe yi-Al? Abameli abagqibekileyo bathi hayi; oononjineli baphikisa ngelithi umgaqo wombhalo we "khululekileyo ntetho" ungasetyenziswa kwisixhobo sokugcina ulwazi ngaphandle kokutshintsha intsingiselo yayo engundoqo.

Amalungelo Obuqu NoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wezihlandlo Ezilixa

[[NTL: 0] Imbono yomntu onegunya: UmGaqo-siseko awukhankanyi ngokucacileyo ilungelo jikelele lokufumana ubuqu. UJames Madison wacebisa uLamkelo lwe-Ninth Ukuphelisa amalungelo angenayo, kodwa amanani oqobo ngokuqhelekileyo awawafuni amalungelo abanzi njengalawo afunyanwa ku [FLT:] [FLT]] i-Connecticut[ [iindawo yokulungisa] kunye ne-Roev. [[FLT:]] [oright] [ixoxoxo]]. uThombolo) uThobe uThobe ukuba amalungelo angaphelwanga kumntu ongaphakathi kwimbali yembali nesithethe, okanye kumtshato.

[[NTL:0] Imbono ecacileyo: Unyuso lwe-Ninth kunye ne-Act Procession Claus ye-14th Amendment idala isiseko samalungelo obuqu azenzekelayo. IJaji Brennan yachaza umGaqo-siseko njenge "imithetho ephilayo" ekhusela "ilungelo lokuyekwa. Obergefell v. Hodges[, iNkufumana ilungelo lokumiselana emtshatweni osekelwe kwinkululeko nokulingana, nangona kungekho mBhubiso wayenokucinga oko.

Imodeli: Abagwebi bafanele bakwazi ukuwabona amalungelo amatsha angekhoyo kumbhalo? I-Dartrist ithi eli gunya lixhomekeke ebantwini ngenxa yokutshintsha; abaxhasi bobubhetyebhetye bemayela nolwimi olubanzi loMgaqo-siseko lungaphicothi ```````''''''.

Amalungelo Emipu Nohlaziyo Lwesibini

[[FLT: 0] Imbono yoluhlu lwenqanawa] i- IsiHlanzi sesibini sikhusela ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo. Isigaba se-Priform of Columbia v. Heller [2008], iJaji Scalia yasebenzisa iintsingiselo zantlalo ukubetha umlomo wesandla, igxininisa ukuba "ilungelo labantu" libhekisela kubantu ngabanye, hayi kwimikhosi. Esi sigqibo sigxekwe ngabaxhasi abaphilayo bale mihla, kodwa kwanabaqali bokuqala abaphikisanayo malunga nomgangatho wasekunene (umz., nokuba igubugquthe uhlaselo okanye izixhobo ezifihliweyo).

[[NTL:0] Imbono ecacileyo: ISichibiyelo sesibini kufuneka silungelelaniswe kwiimfuno zokhuseleko lwale mihla lukawonke-wonke. IJaji Stevens ephikisayo yaphikisa ngelithi ukulungiswa komgaqo kukhusela kuphela izixhobo ezisetyenziswa yimikhosi yamajoni — inguqulelo yenjongo yasekuqaleni. Abatoliki abaninzi abathambileyo bangayivumela imimiselo yemipu ebonisa umgangatho wangoku wogonyamelo lwemipu kunye notshintsho lwezobugcisa.

[[FLT: 0] I-Debate: ngumzekelo woqobo wobuGqaba obukhokelela kutshintsho kwimizekelo emide. Nguwuphi unikezelo oluthe vetshe? Abaqulunqi bathi babuyisela intsingiselo yokwenyaniso yomGaqo-siseko; abaxhasi bokoyika ukupheliswa komthetho ozinzileyo.

Ukuqhelisela Unqulo: Izigqibo ZeNkundla Ephakamileyo Zakutshanje

Abaninzi beNkundla basebenzisa imiqathango yeNkundla ngokuqhubekayo yokuqiqa kwasekuqaleni kumatyala aphezulu. kwiNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [202], iNkundla yagalela phantsi imiqathango efihliweyo yeNew York ngokufuna ukuba imithetho yemipu ihlale ihambelane nesithethe somthetho wemipu. [[FLT:]

Kanti kwanakwisiseko sokuqala, ulwahlulo lukhona. Abanye abaqulunqi bagxeka Bruen ukwenza uvavanyo lwembali olungasebenziyo oluzama ukusetyenziswa ziinkundla ezisezantsi. Abanye baphawula ukuba uqobo alusoloko lukhokelela kwiziphumo eziqhelekileyo; umzekelo, iJaji Gorth esetyenziswa ekuqaleni yintsingiselo kawonke-wonke ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwezizwe zamaMelika kwi McGirt v. Oklany[[FLT:]] 2020]. [FLT:]

Ukutshintshatshintshatshintsha kohlobo lombhalo.

Imithetho-siseko elawulayo iye yadala amalungelo amaninzi angoku. Isigqibo seNkundla sitshintshe ku Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) ilawula [[[FLT:]] Planety v.[[[FLT:][5]] [18696] [iinjongo yokuqala]) ayizange itshintshe, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iNkundla yavuma ukuba i-lonke yayingalingani ngokugqibele kwimo yebutho labantu. [[FLT:]] Livence.[FLT] v[FLT:] [2003] [2003], imbeka ide idebe phantsi kwemithetho ngokubhekiselele ngokwesiko nolwamvo lwayo olukhulayo. [2] [2]

Ezi zigqibo zibhiyozelwa ngabaninzi njengoloyiso lobulungisa, kodwa ziphakamisa umbuzo ozingisileyo: ukuba iNkundla ingawutshintsha umGaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokulungisa okusesikweni, yintoni eyithintelayo ekubeni ibe yindlu yowiso-mthetho engekho kwidemokhrasi? [Explore communistisms.

Ikhonkco Langaphandle Lokuphinda Ufunde

Isiphelo: UmGaqo-siseko njengeNxulumano ephilayo

Udokolwana wemfazwe phakathi kobuGaqo-siseko kunye nobubhetyebhetye bemeko-siseko lubonakalisa uxinezeleko olunzulu kulawulo-lwazi lwaseMelika: indlela yokuhlonela ubulumko bexesha elidlulileyo ngexa uhlala usabela kwiimfuno zangoku. Ingcamango yoqobo ayinasiphako. Inkcazo yenkcazo inika uzinzo kunye novavanyo lwamandla okulawula, kodwa ibeka umngcipheko wokungalinganiseki xa isetyenziswa kwiingxaki zabaseki benkqubo abangenakukwazi ukuxela kwangaphambili. Ukungaguquguquki kuqinisekisa umGaqo-siseko ukuba uhlala ungumandla "ophila" ukwenzela okusesikweni, kodwa uhamba ngentambo eqinileyo phakathi kotoliko kunye nokwenziwa.

Ngokwesiko, inkoliso yabagwebi isebenzisa zombini izithethe. Kwaneemfundiso zobukho bendalo ziqwalasela imizekelo nemiphumo; kwaneemfundiso zomGaqo-siseko ezikhutheleyo ziyawuhlonela umbhalo. Umphumo yinkqubo yabantu enamandla, egqwethekileyo, nenzulu yokulawula umGaqo-siseko. Kubafundi, ootitshala, nabemi, abayiqonda le ngxoxo ayiyo nje kuphela imbali okanye umthetho — kungoko kungoko kuthengwa ngendlela uhlanga olungaphezu kwezigidi ezingama - 330 olunokuhlala lubophelelekelwe kuxwebhu olubhalwe ngoyi-inki, ngoxa luzabalazela ukumanyanisa okugqibeleleyo.