Isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko neSikhundla sikaRaje Sabha

IRajiya Sabra, njengeBhunga laseMerika, imela impatho-mgaqo yePalamente yaseIndiya. Indima yayo ekumiselweni kwezahlulelo zomthetho nakutshintsho olusemthethweni isekelwe kulungelelwaniso lwamagunya abonwa nguMgaqo-siseko. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabba, ebonakalisa ngokungqalileyo ukuthanda okuthandwayo, iRajiya Sabba inika i-fraum ngenxa yamazwi ephondo, iingcali, iingcaphephe, kunye neenkqenkqele zepala zolawulo zokuphembelela ijili yejaji nesiseko somthetho. Olu hlolisiso lwe-chambar-karber luqinisekisa ukuba umthetho nee-ogxamplate ezingundoqo zezobupolitika ezihambayo kodwa luhloliswe kwisigaba esithe krati, esingaphezulu.

Abalathisi bomGaqo-siseko ngabom banika iRajiya Sabba imilinganiselo elinganayo neLok Sabha kwimicimbi emininzi yemithetho, ngaphandle kwemiqathango yemali. Olu mlinganiselo lwandiswa kwimithetho echaphazela ijaji – ukusuka ekuqulunqeni nasekulawuleni kweenkundla eziphezulu ukuya kwikhowudi zomthetho kunye notshintsho olusemthethweni. Ngokufuna imvume yazo zombini izindlu, umGaqo-siseko wakha uvavanyo ngokuchasene nengxamiseko okanye neenguquko kwinkqubo yomthetho.

Indima Kumadinga Ejaji

Imeko - ngqangi Yembali: Inkqubo yeCollegium kunye noLawulo lwePalamente

Ukumiswa kwemigwebo yetyala e-Indiya kuye kwavela ngezigwebo eziphawulekayo kunye nokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko. De kwasekuqaleni koo1990, umphathi wafeza indima ephambili ekumiseleni iNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye nabagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo. ICabiso, eyesithathu, neyesine yaBagwebi (19981, 1993, 1998) yaseka inkqubo yekollegium, apho uJaji oMkhulu waseIndiya kunye neqela labagwebi abaphezulu bancomelayo. Le nkqubo yasusa indima engqalileyo yepalamente – kodwa iRajiya Sabra yahlala iphembelela impembelelo engathi ngqo kwiingxoxo, iiyure, iimibuzo, kunye nokuhlola kweekomiti.

Ngexesha le-collegium, uRaje Sabha amalungu amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo ayesoloko ephakamisa inkxalabo ngokuvela kokuvela kwembonakalo, ukumelelwa kwengingqi, kunye nokulibaziseka kokuzalisa izindululo. Umzekelo, iKomiti yePalamente eSigxina kwiSebe, iGrievances kaWonke-Umthetho neJajiment – umzimba oquka uRajiya Sabhaha MPs – ukhuphe iingxelo eziliqela ezihlola inkqubo ye collegium. Ezi ngxelo zidla ngokuncomela utshintsho ekwenzeni imimiselo ebhenqikelelekileyo nesekelwe kwi-aseko.

IKhomishini yeSizwe yokuQonda iMimiselo yeSizwe (NJAC)

Owona mgaqo-nkqubo uthe ngqo wepalamente weza ngo-2014 ngoMgaqo-siseko wama-99, owadala iKhomishini yeSivumelwano seSizwe soMgaqo-siseko ( PRS Legistificative [). Phantsi kweNJAC, iJac Justice ePhathiswa ePhakamileyo yeNkundla, iijaji ezimbini eziPhakamileyo zeNkuhla, iijaji zeNkundla, uMphathi-mthetho weSizwe, uMphathi-Masipala weSizwe, kunye nabantu ababini abaphambili babezakheda ugxutyumlo oluphezulu. Indima ka-Rajiya-Sabba yayizingceleleka ngekota ezizomthetho ezizizo zonke. UR. Ngokulandelayo uR. uRy Sya Shaghaha wadlulisa umG. (121 uMgweqeqesi-mthetho) uBill, 2014, kunye noMphicoshelwano-Nyamgamsko emva kwengxoxo enkulu.

Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi iNJAC ngo-2015 ( isalatha-equmrhu leNkundla yamaTheko e-Shulumente-on-Record Association vs. Umanyano lwaseIndiya), isithi ayiyimiselanga ngokwasemthethweni ukulwaphula isakhiwo esisisiseko sokuzimela ngokwasemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yepalamente ibonisa ubuchule bukaRajiya Sabba kwimicimbi entsonzeleleyo. Ingxoxo yatyhila iimbono ezahlukeneyo kumgangatho wobuveleli bolawulo oluphezulu nesahlulele solawulo – uxinzelelo oluhlala lungalungiswangalungiswanga.

Inqaku langoku: Ushicilelo lwePalamente ngaphandle kwe Veto Ethe ngqo

Namhlanje, iRaje Sabha ayiyingqinisi ngokuthe ngqo ijaji - ngokungafaniyo neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zaseUnited States.

  • Ikomiti enxulumene nePalamente emisayo kuMthetho neJaji: Le komiti, equka iiMP ukusuka kuzo zombini izindlu, ihlola ukusebenza koBulungiseleli boMthetho kunye nejaji. Ingabiza iziseko zoMthetho, ihlole iinkqubo zokumisa, kwaye icebise inkqubela. Umzekelo, ingxelo yayo yowama-2017 malunga no-“Izindululo ze-Judician” ezibizwa ukuba zicace ngakumbi kwimimiselo yokukhetha i-collegium kunye nokupapasha ii-spoints ezimfutshane.
  • [[NTLA] ichaza iNtshukumo yokuBulela kwiDilesi kaMongameli: Ngexesha lokuvulwa kwePalamente, idilesi kaMongameli isoloko ibalaselisa utshintsho lwezomthetho. Amalungu e-Raje Sabra ayaphendula, aphakamisa amaxhala malunga nezithuba, ukulibaziseka kwezomthetho, nomgangatho wokubekwa. Le ngxoxo ibonakalisa impatho-siseko ngendlela engangqalanga, njengoko urhulumente kufuneka aphendule ekugxekweni okuchaphazekileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Amalungu anezigqibo: Mntu ngamnye Rajiya Sabha uzise amatyala ukwenza iKomishini yezeJaji okanye ukulungisa inkqubo yekollegium. Ngexa eninzi iphelelwa, bagcina umba uphilile kwaye bavelisa intetho yesidlangalala.
  • [[NTL:0] Iyure yokuqulunqa kunye neyure yeZero: iiMP zisoloko zibuza imibuzo malunga nenani lezithuba ezilindelweyo, inkqubo yonyuso, kunye nokumelwe kwamabhinqa kunye noluntu oluceliweyo kwijiko eliphezulu. Iimpendulo zoMphathiswa woMthetho ziba yinxalenye yengxelo yepalamente kwaye zifaka uxinzelelo kwikholmereji.

Ingxoxo kaRaje Sabra engokumiselwa kwekomiti egwebayo ikwaluncedo kwimfundo. Ngenxa yokuba iNdlu iquka abagwebi, abo babesakuba ziinkokeli zezobupolitika, neenkokeli ezihlala ixesha elide, iingxubusho zayo zidla ngokuqwalaselwa kakhulu kunalezo zikwiLok Sabha. Obu buchule bunceda ekuphuculeni ukuqonda okunzulu ngenkululeko yokugweba.

Indima Esemthethweni Kutshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni

Imithetho Engumthetho Onempembelelo Kule Nkosi

Amandla owiso-mthetho kaRajiya Sabra angundoqo kutshintsho olusemthethweni. Nawuphi na umthetho otshintshayo olawula iingxabano zezentengiselwano, ukudityaniswa okanye ukunyibilikiswa kwendlu kufuneka udlule zombini. Oku kuquka imimiselo emikhulu efana nemithetho ye-Procediture (CrPC), i-Indian Penal Code (IPC), i-Excement Act, kunye nemithetho elawula iingxoxo zorhwebo, ulwahlulo, kunye nokunyibilikisa. Indima ye House House ayingomthetho nje esesikweni – idla ngokufaka ityala iityala ezithenjiweyo ngokuvavanywayo nangeminwe.

Umzekelo: UMthetho weSigebenga (Ukuqinisekisa)

Lo mthetho, owathatha indawo yoMthetho wamabanjwa akudala, wabhekiswa kwiKomiti yokuMamela yePalamente kwiMicimbi yeQumrhu. URaje Sabha waqhubela phambili ikomiti ukwenzela amalungiselelo okhuseleko olomeleleyo logcino-lwazi nokumisela ukusetyenziswa kolwazi lwebhayoloji kubantu abavalelweyo kuphela, kungekhona phantsi kwenkundla. UmThetho wokugqibela waquka amanye la macebiso, ebonisa amandla eNdlu yokuphembelela utshintsho.

Umzekelo: Inkundla yezentengiselwano i-Act (Isivumelwano) 2018

Kwisigqibo sokucombulula impikiswano yezorhwebo, iPalamente yalungisa isenzo sokuthoba ulawulo lweziko leenkundla zezorhwebo. IRaje Sabba yaphikisana ngempembelelo yokulungisa ekufikeleleni kobulungisa kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Ekugqibeleni, ukulalanisa kwagcina umqobo olungeleleneyo wokusebenza kakuhle. Ungenelelo lweRajiya Sabba lwathintela ukusetyenziswa kwento encinane enokuthi i-athom i-pacity encinci.

IiKomiti zokuKhetha neeNgxelo zoMgaqo-nkqubo

Uninzi lweenguqu ezingundoqo ezingokwasemthethweni ziqala ngengxelo yeKhomishini yoMthetho. IRaje Sabra idla ngokuxubusha ezi ngxelo kwizicwangciso zeekomiti. Umzekelo, iKomishini yoMthetho yama-267 yengxelo engo “Umanyano kwiMitshato nakuqhawulo-mtshato” neNgxelo yama-285 nge-“IiNguqulo kuMthetho wempumelelo wamaHindu” yahlolwa nguRapya Sabba MPs. Isigqibo sawo saguqula iindleko zamva.

IRajiya Sabra ikwasebenzisa iKomiti equlunqwe ngokusemthethweni ekwakuqulunqwa ngayo ikomiti e-Octive ukuba ibonise uphando lwengcali. Ezi komiti zimema abagwebi, amagqwetha, izifundiswa, nabameli bentlalo-ntle. Iingxelo ezilandelayo zineenkcukacha, zinde, kwaye zisoloko zinamacebiso angqalileyo okulungisa. Umzekelo, iKomiti engoMthetho kunye neJaji yo 2021 ngengxelo ye- “Inkquluntenteyo nemithetho yeBhankirumpt (Amement) Bill ucebisa utshintsho kwixesha lokusebenza kwesigqibo se-compyuntac, eyamkelwa ngurhulumente.

Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko Okuchaphazela iJaji

Izicombululo kuMgaqo-siseko kufuneka uninzi olukhethekileyo kwindlu nganye – umqobo okhuthaza ukuvumelana. IRaje Sabha ibiyindawo yedabi kwiinguqu ezininzi ezinjalo:

  • IsiHlaziyo se 97 (2011) esinxulumene namaqumrhu asebenzisanayo yaxutyushwa kakhulu kwiNdlu Ephezulu phambi kokuba idluliswe.
  • [[NTL:0] IsiHlalisi seSichibiyelo se 101 (2016] ukuchaza iMasipala neeNkonzo (GST) – ukuchaphazela ngokungangqalanga inkundla zerhafu kunye ne-appellate forums – sabona Rajiya Sabha amalungu anyanzelela ukukhusela iinkundla.
  • IsiHlanzi se- 103 seSichimi se-(209) sinikezela nge 10% yendawo ebuthathaka ngokwezoqoqosho ejongene nohlolo lwamacandelo eRajiya Sabra kwi-rabya ngokubhekiselele kwimithetho yayo kunye nempembelelo kuhambo lovuma olukhoyo. Indlu yaluvumela emva kolwahlulo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuthintela Ukulawula Okunempumelelo Kwepalamente

Ukuguquka Kwezobupolitika Neziphithiphithi

IRaje Sabra, njengee-ethena zayo ezisezantsi, ibone ukuphazamiseka okukhulayo. Phakathi ko-2014 no-2024, iNdlu yalahlekelwa ngumndilili wexesha lokuhlala kwayo eliyi 25% ekuvuleni nasekuvuselweni kwemiqathango. Oku kuthintela uphando oluneenkcukacha lwetyala kunye neengxoxo ezinxulumene nokumiswa. Umzekelo, uBill wokutshintsha iikhowudi ezintathu ze-rosiya zolwaphulo-mthetho (Bharaya Nyaya Sanhita, njalo njalo-njalo) wagqithiswa kwi-Rajiya Sabha ngokushwa ngokushwanka kwengxoxo elinganiselweyo ngenxa yokuchasana nokuhamba ngaphandle kweminxeba. Abagxeki abacuphisi abacukuthelisa ukucingelana okunjalo kolungiso lwezo inguqulelo ezisemthethweni.

Indima eqingqiweyo kwi Isiqinisekiso sedinga

Ngokungafaniyo nezinye idemokhrasi apho indlu ephezulu iqinisekisa ukumiswa kwekomiti elawulayo (umz., iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ye-US), iRaje Sabha eIndiya ayinalo igunya le-veto. Nangona inkoliso yamalungu eRajiya Sabba enganelisekanga lumiselo oluthile, abanakuluthintela. Oku kuxhomekeka kwisigqibo se-collegium kubangela ukuba kubekho ityala ledemokhrasi. Imigudu yokubuyisela i-paramente ngeKhomishini entsha ye-Recompument Commissionations iyaqhubeka nokumelana nemiqobo yemithetho.

Ukungawasebenzisi Kakuhle Amalungu

Ngeli xesha iRajiya Sabba inenani eliphezulu lamagqwetha kunye neengcali zomthetho kunelok Sabha, amalungu amaninzi angamalungu aqhelekileyo. Utshintsho oluntsonkothileyo olungokwasemthethweni – olufana notshintsho kwiNxusa-mthetho okanye kuMthetho we-Arbitration Act – lufuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo. Iikomiti zisoloko zixhomekeke kumangqina obuchule, kodwa iingxoxo zomgangatho zingahlahlela kwintelekelelo yezopolitiko kunezibhengezo zezomthetho eziphantsi. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho lwe-MPs kukwenziwa komthetho we-console nomthetho-grafe zicetleze zicetyiswe kodwa azimiselwanga.

Imilinganiselo ehambelana nexesha kunye nomthetho

IRajiya Sabra idibana malunga neentsuku ezili-100-120 ngonyaka. Ngemimiselo enzima yemithetho yetyala lemali, izivumelwano zamanye amazwe, kunye nemicimbi yolawulo, utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni lusoloko luthatha indawo yazo. Amatyala amaninzi anxulumene notshintsho lwezomthetho aphelelwa ngamandla eNdlu. Umzekelo, “Ukumiselwa kwaBagwebi kuMphathi oPhakamileyo we-Judicary” kwaziswa kodwa akuzange kuthatyathwe ngxoxo. Oku kuxeleze abalungisi beenguqu nokulibazisa iinguqu ezifunekayo.

Ikamva: Ukomeleza Indima YeRaje Sabha

Utshintsho Olucetyiweyo Ukuze Kubekho Ulawulo Olukhulu Lwepalamente

Amacebiso aliqela aye avela kwiimfundo nakwezobupolitika ukuze aphucule ukuganana kweRaje Sabha namadinga okugweba:

  • Ifaka iKomiti yokuqinisekisa yangaphambili: emva kweKhomishini ye-UK yeMimiselo yezeeJaji, ikomiti yepalamente ingabuza abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye ipapashe iimbono ezingagunyaziyo. Oku kuya kuzisa ukukhanya xa kugcinwa igunya lejaji.
  • Iingxelo zoNyaka zoNyaka ezingoVaca: IRajiya Sabha ifuna ukuba iSebe loMthetho linikezele ingxelo yonyaka echaza yonke izithuba, izizathu zokuba libazise, kunye nobume boncomo. Iingxelo ezinjalo zingaxutyushwa zisetyenziswe ukunyanzela ikholgejium.
  • Ikhupha iKomiti yePalamente engoMthetho nobulungisa: Le komiti inganikwa umyalelo ongqalileyo wokuhlola zonke izindululo zokugweba (INkundla Ephakamileyo neNkundla ePhakamileyo)) ngokuzikukhumbula nokupapasha uhlalutyo lwendlela esebenza ngayo nempembelelo yayo.

Utshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni Olufuna URaje Sabha Abe Bukhokeli

Xa ikhangela phambili, iRaje Sabha yayinokukhokela kutshintsho:

  • [[NT.1] Isakhiwo seJudicial Insfract: Ukuncedisa iinkundla zenkundla ezaneleyo, iinkqubo zamanani, kunye nabasebenzi abaxhasayo. Ukunika kukaRajiya Sabra uqingqo-mali lolwakhiwo lungabotshelelwa kwimiboniso yebhenji ebonakalayo.
  • Isigqibo se-AlternIvidute (ADR): imithetho edlulisayo eyomeleza ukuququzelelwa nokukhutshwa, icutha umthwalo kwiinkundla.
  • Iprojekthi yeCurts kunye noGunyaziso: Indlu esentla ingaqhuba umthetho ukuqukuqela ukudibanisa i-IA kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha iimeko kuwo onke amanqanaba ejaji.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukungamangalelwa kwe-Judicial: Ukwenza indlela yokuphanda izityholo zokunganyaniseki kwabagwebi ngaphandle kokulalanisa kwinkululeko. IRajiya Sabha yakwazi ukuxoxa nokugqithisa iMigangatho yezeJaji neBhili yokuQinisekisa elungelelanisa inkululeko nokuziphendulela.

Indima engenakuthelekiswa nanto yomGaqo-siseko

Nangona ikhona imiqathango, iRaje Sabha ihlala iyintsika ebalulekileyo kwimekobume yezomthetho yaseIndiya. Ihlola ukuphamba kwemeko yezolawulo, inika iqonga lesizwe lokuphikisana ngemigaqo engokwasemthethweni, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho aluqhutywa nje kuphela ngempumelelo yexeshana elifutshane yezopolitiko. Abaquluneli bomGaqo-siseko babecinga ukuba iNdlu yaseMntla njengeNdlu yokucamngca nokubonakalisa – iimpawu ezibalulekileyo xa beqhubana nophawu olusisigxilo lwentloko.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iRaje Sabha ibonise amandla ayo okuzingisa emva kwiinguqu ezikhawulezayo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lengxoxo kwiBhili yeTribunal, 2021, amalungu afake ngempumelelo izigaba eziqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla ziza kulawulwa ngamalungu ejaji kwaye izihlalo azinakuxutywa lucwangciso lwezicwangciso zebureaucratic.

Ngokufanayo, ukuma kukaRajiya Sabra kwiBhili yoMdizo, 2023 kwazisa amalungiselelo abalulekileyo onxibelelwano nokhuseleko loluntu, aphuculwa ngokuphawulekayo kwidrafti yokuqala. Umsebenzi wekomiti yeNdlu ePhezulu wacombulula uxwebhu lwaba sisixhobo esilungelelene ngakumbi.

Indlela engaphambili ifuna ukuqola kwezobupolitika kunye nokuphuhliswa kwemibutho. Ukuba iRaje Sabha uyakwazi ukuphinda afumane indima yakhe njengegumbi elingenawo amandla – ukuxhathisa izilingo zokuma komkhulu kwaye endaweni yoko ibhekise kwimiqathango esekelwe kubungqina - inokuba ligosa elinempumelelo ngakumbi kumalungiselelo okulawula kunye neziNguqulo ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwidemokhrasi, amandla ejaji axhomekeke kungekuphela kubulumko babagwebi kodwa nakumgangatho wemithetho elawulayo. URajiya Sabha, njengendlu yabadala, unikwe isikhundla esikhethekileyo sokunikezela ngolo phawu.

Ekugqibeleni, ulwalamano phakathi kweRaje Sabra kunye nejajiya luyi-symbiatic. Indlu inikela ingxelo esemthethweni ne-demokhrasi; ijaji inikela imiyalelo ezimeleyo. Ukuqinisa loo midlalo kuya kunceda wonke ummi ofuna okusesikweni phantsi komthetho.

[[UMTL] izibonelelo ze-Extel ukuze zifundwe ngokubhekele phaya:[[UMTL:1]