Indima karhulumente woManyano ekukhuseleni amalungelo abemi: Ujongo olunenkcukacha

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu eUnited States libali lenkqubela enzulu, ukulwa okuqhubekayo, kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kweenjongo zesizwe. Ngoxa amaxwebhu okusungula achaza imigaqo yenkululeko nokulingana, inyaniso kwisizukulwana samaMelika .Kuquka amaMelika, amabhinqa, amancinane, kunye noluntu lwe-LGBTQ + uluntu oluneenkqubo, yayiyenye yemithetho elwahlulo, i-paration, kunye nokungalingani ngokwasemthethweni. Urhulumente wesizwe, ngemithetho yakhe yegunya, isebe eliphethe, kunye namasebe eenkundla, uye waba yi-injini ephambili yokususa ezi nkqubo ziqengqekekileyo eziqeshiweyo nokuseka imigaqo esemthethweni ebanzi. Olu hlaluko lwandiswayo, ukuguqula izigqibo-ograli, izigqibo zezolawulo, nezinyathelo ezilawulayomgalelo zalethu, namaxesha okuchaza iindima zikarhulumente, maxande, namaxesha okukhuphiswa kwemali, kunye nokukhuphiselwa kwemali.

Isiseko Sembali: Ukusuka Kukwakhiwa Kwakhona Ukuya KwiNtlanganiso Yamalungelo Abantu

Ulawulo lukarhulumente lungalandelelwa emva kwexesha lokuphinda kuhlaziywe kwamalungelo abantu. th, 14th, kunye ne15th Completements kuMgaqo-siseko, wagunyaziswa phakathi ko1865 no1870, ukuphelisa ubukhoboka, obuqinisekiswe ukuba lukhuselwe ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kwaye awalelwe ucalucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Ezi ziphendulo zimele ukunyanzelelwa kwegunya elikhulu kwamazwe ngamalungelo okuchaza ubumi nenkululeko yabemi. Kodwa ke, ukuphela kwe-Constanton ngo18777, kwakhokelela kwixesha lobukhoboka. Amatyala asemthethweni asemthethweni asemthethweni asemthethweni. [[FLT:]

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wale mihla, owafumana uvuselelo oluthe ngqo ngoo-1950 nangoo1960, waba lucelomngeni olungqalileyo kolu bume. Lo mbutho wawungesosiganeko esinye kodwa iphulo elixhaphakileyo, ingca ekhuthaza ukuqhankqalaza okungenazo izenzo zogonyamelo, imingeni esemthethweni, kunye nezopolitiko. Impendulo yorhulumente yantlalo yokuqala yayisoloko ithandabuza kwaye ingaguquguquki. UMongameli Dwight D. Eisenhower, umzekelo, yayiyintlanganisela, imikhosi yolawulo yelizwe edumileyo exhotyikiselwe eMbini, Arhamskas ngo-1950] ukunyanzelisa i-dekhithi yeSikolo esiPhakathi, umboniso onamandla wegunyazwe ngurhulumente, ukuditya, ukuditya koothelelwa kwe-othenti yoxolo lwe-Atho (njengobuG.) (injini ekwakulwa kwemigropt) njengephulo kumkani urhulumente elingu-G. uG.

Umthetho ophawulwe ngelizwe njengelitye lokukhusela

Umthetho woManyano usesona sixhobo sibonakalayo nesihlala sihleli sokukhusela amalungelo abantu.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Ithe yagqalwa ngokubanzi njengomthetho wamalungelo abantu ukususela ekuvuselweni kwesakhiwo, iCivil Rights Act ka1944 ngokusisiseko ibutho lamaMelika eliguquliweyo. Lisuntswana elibanzi lomthetho onezihloko ezininzi ezingundoqo. [ iTit II[[[FLT]] i-ichasiwe ikhethe lesibini [[[iiiiiiindawo] engafanelekanga kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, njengeehoteless, neendawo zokutyela, ezisekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. [[FOLT] [5] isiseko sonqulo esimiselwe ngokulingana nesothulelo lomsebenzi, ukna, uknalo olunamandla olusetyenziswa ngurhulumente ekuqinisekiseni kwe-RGOS, uqoqo lwalonke, uqoqo lwesizwe, uqoqo lwesizwe, uqoqo lwesizwe, uqoqo lokhuseleko lombuso lwezentlalonke i-E.[5] [educe lwase-A

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Ngoxa i-Civil Rights Act yathetha iindidi ezininzi zocalulo, ilungelo lokuvota lahlala phantsi kongqingo kwimimandla emininzi yelizwe. UMthetho wamaLungelo ka195] wawuyimpendulo engqalileyo ekucinezelweni kweBlackvotay ngokuvavanywa kokufunda, irhafu, kunye nomoyikiso olucacileyo. Ilungiselelo elinamandla, [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]], imfuneko yokuba neendawo ezikwimbali yembali yokuchola ikhethelo olubhaliweyo kuMfihlolo oluphezulu kuMfihlolo oluphezulu kuMfihlolo olukhoyo lwembali, zinokufumana njani "incopho ukuvuleka" kwiU.[FFFF" iSebe lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko loburhulumente, lihamba phambili kwiinkqubo zemithetho yemiqatha yelizwe, i-Atlanti, iziphumo zelizwe eliphantsi ezithe .[10]

Imithetho Yobulungisa Yezindlu yowe - 1968

UMartin Luther King Jr., UMthetho wokwandisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu kwintengiso yezindlu. Lo mThetho walela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini okanye imvelaphi yesizwe ekuthengisweni, ukuqeshwa kwezindlu. Yakwalathisa nezenzo zokuqeshwa kwemibutho efana no "rentiling" kunye "nortering" apho imiphakathi ethile okanye amaqela athile aye ajoliswe khona (okanye) ngokusekelwe kwimibutho yohlanga okanye ubuhlanga. Isebe loluntu lokusebenza kunye nophuhliso lwelizwe (HUD) likhokelwa umbutho ophambili wezomthetho, ukuphaka kwezenzo zokuzinzo, ukuphaka kwemithetho esemthethweni echasene nokuchasana nokusetyenziswa kwalenee, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni ekwakuqhubeke nokusetyenziswa kwetyala nokunganyanzelwa kwetyala kwetyala, ukusetyenziswa kwengxelo yetyala lobuhlanga kunye nokungamele ukusetyenziswa kwetyala, ukuqukwa kwengxelo yetyala lokungamele i-196464, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe

  • AmaMelika anoMthetho wesigulo (ADA) ka 1990: Umthetho omkhulu wamalungelo abantu owalela ukucalucalulwa kwabantu abaneziphene kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke, kuquka imisebenzi, izikolo, ezothutho, kunye nazo zonke iindawo zikawonke-wonke kunye nangasese ezivulekele uwonke-wonke.
  • Inyani iLead Benefish Reader Pay Act ka-2009: Esi senzo sabuyisela ukhuseleko olucacileyo ekuhlawuleni ucalulo olusekelwe kwisondo, kwisizwe, kwimvelaphi yobuzwe, ubudala, okanye kunqulo. Yacacisa ukuba ijelo ngalinye lolwaphulo-mthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho libuyisela kwakhona ummiselo wemini ye-180 wokuvala ityala, ukubhukuqa umthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Isenzo segunya njengesiseko sotshintsho

Ngaphandle komthetho, isebe eliphetheyo liye lasebenzisa imiyalelo yomongameli kunye nenyathelo lolawulo ukuhambisela phambili amalungelo abantu xa iBhunga licotha ukuthatha amanyathelo okanye xa kufuneka kwenziwe into ekhawulezileyo kurhulumente.

UMthetho oLawulwe ngeGawulayo 9981 (1948) – uNxawulwano loMkhosi oxhotyisiweyo

Umongameli uHarry S. Truman's Ulungelelwano oluthe ngqo lwe-9981 lumi njengendawo enzima yokuguqula. Lo mthetho ukhutshwe ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yemfazwe yomlomo ekhoyo kwaye imfuneko yokumisela imfazwe yedemokhrasi emanyanisiweyo, umyalelo ovakaliswe "ukuba kuya kubakho ukulingana konyango kunye namathuba kubo bonke abantu abakwimisebenzi yemfazwe ngaphandle kokubhekiselele kwisizwe, ibala, unqulo okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Lo mthetho uvavanye ngqo nenkqubo efakelweyo yesizwe kwiU.S., eyayiqheliselwa ngokwesiqhelo ukususela kwiMfazwe yehlabathi I. Umkhosi yayiyinkqubo yomkhosi eyayisoloko ithanda ukulwa, kodwa ekugqibeleni yaphumelela. Ngexesha lemfazwe yemfazwe, idibe ingqine mpumelelo, kodwa yayingenalukhuthamo lwesizwe kuphela kodwa yayingena nzuzo kulawulo lwesizwe.

ULungelelwano loMlawuli 11246 (1965) – Isenzo sokuqinisekisa kwiNkqutyana yeQela

Ityikitywe nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson, I-Exective Order 11246 yaseka isiseko sokwenza oku. Yalela ukuba izakhiwo zesizwe zingarhoxiswa ngenxa yobuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwaye yafuna ukuba zithabathe "inyathelo eliqinisekisiweyo" ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa aqeshiwe kwaye abasebenzi baphathwa ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ezi meko. Olu myalelo wadala i-ofisi yezorhwebo yeFL [FL:2] yeFoctive Contract Compliance Programs (OFCP)s [FLCP] kwiSebe lemisebenzi yemisebenzi yemisebenzi yemisebenzi, ejonge imisebenzi yezoshishino nootho lorhulumente. Le mithetho yezorhwebo ye-U. Ngexesha elizimbini yabasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzi abangooyisileyo bemi, i-E.[FLT.46]

Ulungelelwano olunolawulo 13672 (2014 – Ukukhusela iLGBTQ+ Abasebenzi kunye nabaququzeleli abaPhathi-mkhosi

Kulwandiso olubalulekileyo lwezokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu lukazwelonke phambi Bostock isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo, uMongameli Barack Obama ekhutshwe I-Exectutive Orgram [136]. Olu myalelo lokutshintsha i-EO 11246] ukuthintela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo kunye nobufana nolawulo lwesizwe. Yandisa ukhuseleko kumsebenzi wenginyanzelo lwamashishini amaninzi asebenza ngokuhambela phambili, ngoxa ingagqumatheli bonke abasebenzi, eli nyathelo lolawulo lalilinyathelo elikhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ulwahlulo lwamandla lukarhulumente lwangasetyenziswanga ukuxhasa ukucalula ngokuchasene neLBQT+ abantu ngabanye. [FF]

Izigqibo Zokugweba Njengomchasi Wentsingiselo YomGaqo-siseko

Ijaji yesizwe, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States, iye yanendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni umGaqo-siseko nemithetho yamalungelo abantu, ngokufuthi ibhukuqa imithetho karhulumente yokwahlula ityala nokumisela imigaqo emitsha engokwasemthethweni.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Isigqibo sesivumelwano kwi [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ingunobangela omkhulu weNkundla ePhakamileyo yenkulungwane yama-20. Yachitha imfundiso esemthethweni "edityanisiweyo kodwa elinganayo" emiselwe iminyaka engama- 58 ngaphambili [[FLT: 2]].[FLT] V. Ferguson[[FLT]]] [[FLT]]]. Ukubhalelwa kweNkuNku, iNkubekomfama iWarn; iNkupho ebalaseleyo yathetha ngokudumileyo ukuba "izakhiwo zemfundo azinanto injalo zigqibekanga." [2] Isigqibo sasisisikhalimiso esingqalileyo se-porfred corbed comscreast , kwaye savakalisa ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zaphulwa kwe-14 zokhuseleko lomthetho-mest Clauss'. Ngexesha langaphambili, ingulonke ingumthetho wolawulo lwasemthethweni woluntu, kunye nolulawulo loluntu lonke.[F.] [F.5]

Virginia (1967) enothando

. Virginia, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa imithetho karhulumente ekwalekwa umtshato wobuhlanga. Ityala lalibandakanya uRichard Lowester, umlungu, noMildred Jeter, ibhinqa eliMnyama, elatshata eWashington, D.C., ngo1958, kuphela, ukuba libanjwe emva kokubuyela kwimo yasekhaya yaseVirginia. Inkundla yagqiba ukuba umthetho kaVirginia waphula umthetho woMsebenzi kaClauscece noweSikhuseli soMgaqo-mali we-mali we-14. IJajini enguMphathi engu-Gaqo-mza-mza-mzal u-mgaqo-mlo u-mgaqo-mgamga-mgamgamga-mgamgamgamgamgamgamgamgamga-ngo we-ngo we-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yonkethi.[3]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Kumthetho wesiBhodisidi ka-5-4, owehlayo v. Hodges wasemthethweni emtshatweni ofanayo wobufanasini kulo lonke ilizwe. INkundla yathi ukuLandliswa koMqathango kwe-Gqizelo we-14 kukhusela ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata, kwaye i-Fractive Development Claus ifuna ukuba u-Claus aqaphele imitshato efanayo namazwe. IJajiniste i-Om-yo i-Ogracle imisela uluvo oluninzi lwelungelo lokutshata njengesiqu somntu ngamnye ne-Imagellam, ichaza ukuba "ilungelo lokutshata linelungelo elingundoqo kwinkululeko yomntu." esi sigqibo sigqiba amashumi eminyaka emfazweni esemthethweni kunye ne-orhulumente, simisela umgangatho omnye wesizwe esiphelisa imo yemithetho ekwayalelwe ukwahlulelwa okanye i-mthetho omnye. Isivumelwano somthetho sichaza ukukhuselwa komthetho olinganayo wonke oluntu ukuba abaphathi-mthetho.

Ukhuthuzo Lwanamhlanje Nemida Emitsha

Ukukhusela amalungelo abantu asiyonto embali; ngummandla osebenzayo nojikelezayo womsebenzi worhulumente. ISebe lale mihla leMigaqo-siseko (DOJ) lihlala liyingalo yokuqala yonyanzelo, kunye nophando lwayo oluphambili lwamalungelo e-Civil lokuchonga ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo, ukungalawuleki kokuziphatha kwabantu, ukurhweba kwabantu, ucalucalucalulo kwizindlu, umsebenzi, kunye nemfundo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iDOJ iye yaqhuba "umzekelo okanye iqhelisela" uphando lwayo lwayo lonke amaziko amapolisa, ukufumana ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nemimiselo egcina imvume yokugunyazisa ulawulo.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ITitle IX yeZigqibo zemfundo zonyaka ka1971 kuyaqhubeka kungummandla ophambili wokubandakanyeka kwezemfundo. Ekuqaleni kucetyelwe ukucombulula ucalucalulo lwezini zemfundo, kuquka imidlalo, umlinganiselo walo ukhuliswe ngemigaqo yezolawulo nangeenkundla ukugqumathela ukukhathazwa ngokwesini kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokwesini ezikolejini. Urhulumente wesizwe, nge-Ofisi yamaLungelo kaNondyebo kwiSebe lemfundo, uyakwazi ukuphengulula izikhalazo zemali zeze zithintele imicimbi engomgangathweni engahambisani. Oku kwenza isiHlo IX sibe sisixhobo esinamandla, singezopolitiko, isidangasi sezobupolitiki, isixhobo sokulungisa iproputensitiventi kunye nokuqinisekisa imekobume yokufundisa ngokukhuselekileyo.

Imida emitsha yokukhusela amalungelo abantu esizwe iquka ukujongena nobungcathu bobukrelekrele obungeyonkqubo ye-algorithm, ugcino-lwazi, namalungelo abantu abaneziphene ngexesha lamanani. IDOJ ipapashe ukhokelo oluphathelele ukufaneleka kwe-ADA kwii-website kunye neenkqubo ezihamba-hambayo, kwaye i-EOC iphengulula ngokukhutheleyo indlela izixhobo zokuqesha amaqela zingawakhetha ngayo ngokungaziqondiyo amaqela akhuselweyo. Ukucazulula ngokunzulu oko kujoliswe kuko okuphambili kokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu, ungatyelela [FAT: 0] amaLungelo asemthethweni [AGOMFLD]

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Nomsebenzi Ongazange Uphunyezwe

Ngaphandle kolawulo olubanzi olusemthethweni, imingeni iyaqhubekeka. Unyaka ka-2013 wesigqibo seShelby County, esatshayela inkqubo yokucacisa iSivumelwano samalungelo abantu, ukhokelele kwisambuku semithetho yokuvota entsha exhaphakileyo ephikisana ngokungenakuthelekiswa nabavoti abambalwa. Urhulumente wesizwe uphendule ngokuseka umthetho omtsha, njengoJohn Lewis Voiting Rights Adment Act, kodwa isivakalisi sayo asiqinisekanga. Oku kubonisa indlela ukhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota okululo oluqhubekayo olungumlo oqhubekayo phakathi korhulumente kunye norhulumente.

Ezinye iindawo ezibalulekileyo zoxakeko oluqhubekayo lukarhulumente ziquka:

  • Ityala lobuPolice: Urhulumente wesizwe uyaqhubeka etyhalela imigaqo yesizwe ekusebenziseni amandla, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kumava amapolisa, nokupheliswa kokhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwamagosa aphula amalungelo abantu. Ukudlula kwe-George Floyd Justice in Policist Act kuhlala kuselusukelo olungundoqo lomthetho.
  • Umgaqo-nkqubo womanyano omalunga nokufuduka unyusa imibandela entsonkothileyo yamalungelo abantu, kuquka ukuphathwa kwabafuni bokhuseleko, iimeko kumaziko okuvalelwa, kunye nomgaqo wenkqubo efunekayo ukwenzela abangengobantu abakhoyo. Urhulumente wesizwe kufuneka alinganisele ukhuseleko lomda neemfanelo zawo phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kunye nasekhaya ukukhusela amalungelo abo bonke abantu abakwindawo yolawulo lwe-U.S.
  • Ubulungisa bezoqoqosho: Amalungelo abemi aqondwa ngokukhulayo ukuba abandakanya amathuba ezoqoqosho. Urhulumente wengingqi uthetha oku ngokugcinwa ngokusesikweni komthetho wokubolekisa nge-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, ukulwa nokuphinda kubekwe phantsi kweebhanki, nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela okulinganayo kwityala nezindlu.
  • Ukukhusela Amalungelo okuvelisa inzala: Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo , indima karhulumente ekukhuseleni ukuqhomfa iye yakhuphisana kakhulu. I-Dotson Amen's Health Organization [, eyabhukuqa [[FLT]]] Roe v. I-Wadev , indima karhulumente ekukhuseleni ukuphuma isisu ikhuseli semityambo iye yakhuphiswane kakhulu. I-DoJ iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho womthetho womthetho olawula ukufikelela kwikliniki-mscliniki (Inkululeko yokungena e-Enclinictrass Acts, okanye i-FACE'sct) ihlala igcinwa, ngelixawe, ngelixa elifanelekileyo lolawulo lokukhusela ukuphuma ukuphuma. Oku ngoku kungenelela kungenelo lwesizwe. Ngoku kungenelo lwesizwe.

Isiphelo

Indima karhulumente wezwelonke ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu iye yangangqinelani. Ukusuka kwizithembiso zokuqala zoHlaziyo loMphetho-mda wama-1960, nakulawulo olubalaseleyo lomkhosi ngokuyalela okulawulwayo ukuya kukwanda kokhuseleko olulinganayo ngokucaciswa kwezomthetho, urhulumente wesizwe uye wasebenza njengekhaka lokulwa nolwaluvo-calucalulo nekrele lenkqubela. Ubuchule bokutshintsha/ukulawula, ukuthatha inyathelo lolawulo, kunye nokuhlola imicimbi yezomthetho, kwaye ngokufuthi kubonakalisa ulwahlulo olubanzi kwaye maxa wambi lwahlulwa abantu baseMelika. Impumelelo enkulu engoko isenzeka xa uxilongo lukawonke, ulawulo lokuziphatha, kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko luye lwaquququzelela ukunyaza phambili. Njengoko iindlela ezintsha zokucalula nolwano lorhulumente olawulayo, ukunyanzelwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, intelelo olubalulekileyo, intelelo olubalulekileyo, isithembiso esingulonke esiyimfuneko solawulo lomthetho.