Inkqubo yomthetho isekelwe kwinkqubo yokulwa nokubekwa phambili kwetyala, apho amacala amabini aphikisanayo, ukutshutshiswa kunye nokuzikhusela kungquzulwano olulungelelanisiweyo ukuze kufike kwinyaniso nokusesikweni. Esi sakhiwo, sifakwe ngokunzulu kwizithethe zomthetho oqhelekileyo, siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mbono inye ilawulayo kwaye wonke umntu omangalelwayo ngolwaphulo-mthetho ufumana ukuva okusesikweni. Enkundleni yale nkqubo zizinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: abatshutshisi namagqwetha. Ngamnye udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphatheni imicimbi yezomthetho, ngokufuthi emela amacala aphikisanayo. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yabo, iimbopheleleko, kunye nokudibana kwabo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo esemthethweni esebenza ngayo, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi nee-telbaltare nee-medio.

Ezi ndima zimbini azizozintshaba nje kuphela kumdlalo we-zero-sum; zingumgcini-misebenzi eyahlukileyo kodwa ehambelanayo. Njengommeli wengingqi, kufuneka afune okusesikweni, hayi nje isiqinisekiso. Igqwetha, njengommeli wabamangalelwa, kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba urhulumente uhlangabezana noxanduva lwakhe lobungqina kwaye amalungelo ommangalelwa agcinwe kakuhle. Ngabunye, benza i-injini yenkqubo elungiselelwe ukulinganisa amandla, ikhusela inkululeko yabantu, kwaye igcine ukuthembeka koluntu kumthetho. Eli nqaku lihlola indima nganye ngobunzulu, iimfuno zabo zemithetho yokuziphatha, indlela abasebenza ngayo, nesizathu sokuba ukusebenza kwabo okufanelekileyo kubaluleke kwindlela elungileyo nesebenzayo esemthethweni. Ukuhlola okubanzi inkqubo yenkqubo yolawulo, abafundi babuzana [FLL:] Umthetho weSikolo [FLC]

Indima Yabatshutshisi: Iijaji Zomdla Kawonke - wonke

Abatshutshisi bangabameli abasemthethweni bakarhulumente, abajongene nokumangalelwa kwabantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo namagqwetha akhuselayo, anyaniseke ngokuyintloko kumxhasi wawo, abatshutshisi bafanele babophelele uluntu, amaxhoba, nakwingcamango engaqondakaliyo yokusesikweni. Oku kuthembeka okubini oku----------kurhulumente nokusesikweni, kwaye kuxhomekeke ekubekeni ityala labo. Umsebenzi wabo ophambili kukufuna okusesikweni, hayi ukukhusela iinkolelo. Lo mgaqo uqulunqeniswe yi-American Bar Association kunye nenkundla, uthetha ukuba abatshutshisi-mthetho kufuneka basebenzise ubulumko babo, bavavane ubungqina obungachananga, yaye maxa wambi bangafuni nokuchophela ukuchophela xa ubungqina bubuthathaka okanye ityala liphumele nje ekungekho sikweni.

Indima ibandakanya iimbopheleleko eziliqela eziphambili, nganye yazo efuna ubuchule, umgwebo nengqibelelo:

  • Uvavanyo lovavanyo: Abatshutshisi baqwalasela ubungqina obunikezelwa ngumthetho wokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho unobangela onokwenzeka nobungqina obaneleyo bokufaka ityala. Olu vavanyo ngumsebenzi wokuqala wokugcina amasango, ukukhusela amatyala abuthathaka okanye angenasiseko ekuqhubekekeni. Kufuneka baqwalasele kungekuphela nje amandla obungqina kodwa kwanokunyaniseka kwamangqina, ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okusemthethweni, kunye nokubonakala ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • Izigqibo zokulungisa: Ngamandla okumangalela kuvela imbopheleleko yokumangalela ngokufanelekileyo. Abatshutshisi bagqiba ukuba zeziphi izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithile abanokuzichophela, okanye ziphosa kwiimeko ezinzulu zokulwa//ukusukela ukunyuswa. Esi sigqibo siphenjelelwa bubukhali betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nezilangazelelo zobulungisa. Uxandedwa kakhulu lungakhokelela kwingcinezelo engafanelekanga kubamangalelwa ukumangalelwa ukuba bamangalelwe; ukunyanzelela ngokulula.
  • [[NTL:0] Isicwangciso sokhuseleko: Xa ityala liqhubekeka ukuvavanywa, abatshutshisi kufuneka balungiselele ngokucokisekileyo. Oku kuquka ukuqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo, udliwano-ndlebe namangqina, ukusebenza nabaqeshi bomthetho, kunye nocwangciso lokuzikhusela. Kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba bonke ubungqina bokuzikhusela bungakhulula ummangalelwa okanye bunganciphisa ukukhuselwa kwabo, njengoko kufunwa ngummiselo wetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT:] Brady v. Mary.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Le nkqubo ifuna ugwebo lobulumko: Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States lungasombululwa ngezivumelwano zesicelo, hayi amatyala. Abatshutshisi bathethana namagqwetha akhuselayo ukuze badlulisele isicelo setyala lokuncitshiswa kwetyala okanye isigwebo esinconywayo. Le nkqubo ifuna umgwebo wobulumko: ngelixa isibongozo silondoloza ubuncwane kwaye sinikezela ukuba kuvalwe amaxhoba, bangacinezelela abamangalelwa abamsulwa ukugweba ukuba baphephe izigwebo eziqatha eziqatha ezinzima xa bevavanywa. Abatshutshisi-Ethelisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba nasiphi na isicelo esisinyuliweyo silungile kwaye ummangalelwa angene ngokuzibodwa.
  • Umelo olupheleleyo: Ngexesha lokuvavanywa, abatshutshisi banikela ubungqina kunye neempikiswano ukungqina ityala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Bahlola amangqina, bazise imiboniso, banike iingxelo zokuvula nokuqukumbela. Indima yabo kukuxhasa, kodwa kuphakathi komda wokusesikweni.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Victim Advocacy: Umqheliso wangoku wabatshutshisi ugxininisa ngokungakumbi amalungelo neemfuno zamaxhoba. Abatshutshisi bagcina amaxhoba exelelwe ngeziphumo zetyala, bajongene nabo phambi kokwenziwa kwezibongozo, kwaye bathethele izilangazelelo zabo ngexesha logwebo. Imithetho emininzi inemithetho yamalungelo amaxhoba efuna abatshutshisi ukuba baqwalasele impembelelo kwixhoba xa besenza izigqibo.

IMithetho yoNyaka yabatshutshisi

Abatshutshisi bagcinwa kwimilinganiselo ephakamileyo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngenxa yokuba amandla abo makhulu yaye iimpazamo zabo zinokuthumela abantu abamsulwa entolongweni. Imisebenzi yabo yokuziphatha inxulumene nemithetho yehambo yobugcisa, enjenge-ABA Modeal Registration of Professional Ave Ave Age

  • [[NTL:0] Isiqinisekiso sobungqinibo: Ngaphaya komgaqo-siseko imfuneko yeBrady, abatshutshisi kufuneka bachaze nabuphi na ubungqina obunokuthi bunciphise isohlwayo okanye bunganikezeli ukuthembeka kwamangqina karhulumente. Ukusilela ukutyhila kuye kwakhokelela ekurhoxisweni kwetyala, isigwebo, nokugwetywa nguwonke wonke.
  • Ukuchasa: Abatshutshisi kufuneka baphephe ukuwisa izigqibo ezisekelwe kuhlanga, kunqulo, ubufana, okanye kwi-amitus. Bafanele baxhathise ingcinezelo evela kuluntu, kumaziko eendaba, okanye kwezobupolitika ukuze balandele amatyala ngezizathu ezingafanelekanga. Umtshutshisi ongakhethi cawa usisiseko somthetho.
  • Isivumelwano seCommunity: Ii-ofisi ezininzi ezihambela phambili zabatshutshisi ngoku zigxininisa ukubophelelana kwebutho labantu, ukwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwenkqubo yomthetho kunye noluntu abalukhonzayo. Oku kuquka ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuzinzisa, ukuphuhlisa amanyathelo okusesikweni, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke malunga neenkqubo zomthetho. Ukubophelela okunjalo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuchule nokuphumelela.

Kulwazi olunenkcukacha ezingezizo ezithi zilungele ukugxelwa, i- U.S. Isebe leModel’s Model Ethics ukwenzela abatshutshisi linika isalathisi esiluncedo.

Indima yeziAthomo zokhuselo: AbaKhuseli bamalungelo oMgaqo-siseko

Amagqwetha okhuselo amela abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, aqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abo akhuselwe kuyo yonke inkqubo esemthethweni. Indima yabo asikokukhulula abaxhasi kuphela, kodwa kukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ungqina imeko yakhe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo, nokuba ummangalelwa ngamnye uphathwa ngesidima nangentlonelo. Kwinkqubo apho urhulumente ayalela oovimba abaninzi ($apolice, ii-labhu, abaphandi, namangqina obuchule) igqwetha lokukhusela lisebenza njengelingalulekanga elibalulekileyo. Ngaphandle kwesiluleko esifanelekileyo, inkqubo yokhuselo iphathwa ngesidima, ibonakalisa ukufaneleka kokungabi natyala.

Uxanduva oluphambili lwamagqwetha akhuselayo luquka:

  • Umelo oluthe tye: Ukususela kwixesha umntu ebanjwa ngalo, igqwetha elikhuselayo libacebisa ngamalungelo abo, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala bethulile kunye nelungelo lokuya kwigqwetha. Bapheleka abaxhasi kudliwano-ndlebe lwamapolisa, baqhwabe uphando olungekho mthethweni kunye nokuxhuzula okungekho mthethweni, kwaye bafune ukukhululwa kwangaphambili ngebheyile okanye ngokukhululwa ngokuqwalaselwa kwakhona.
  • [[NTL: 0] Icebiso lomthetho: Inkqubo yomthetho yoyikisa kwaye intsonkothile. Amagqwetha okhuselo acacisa izityholo, izigwebo, kunye nokhetho olusemgangathweni olucacileyo ngolwimi olucacileyo. Anceda abaxhasi benze izigqibo ezicacileyo zokuba bamkele isibongozo, bangqine ekucinyweni, okanye basebenzise amanye amalungelo.
  • Ukhuphiswano olusebenzayo luxhomekeke kwizibakala. Amagqwetha okhuselo asoloko esebenza neengcali zabucala, iingcaphephe, kunye nezinye iingcali zokuvumbulula ubungqina bokuba amapolisa asenokuba aphuthile okanye akahoywa. Oku kuquka ukuphendula amangqina, ukuqwalasela ukujongwa kweliso, kunye nokuhlalutya ubungqina obuphathekayo. Kwimeko zesigwebo, inkxaso yokuphengululwa kwetyala, inkxaso yokuzikhusela inzima kwaye isoloko inikezelwa ngurhulumente.
  • [[NTL:0] Iziphetho zonyango lweziyobisi: amagqwetha okhuselo avavanya amandla etyala lomtshutshisi kwaye afune iziphumo ezingcono kumxhasi wawo. Oku kungabandakanya ukucebisana ngetyala elilahliweyo, izigwebo ezicuthiweyo, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezifana neenkqubo zonyango lweziyobisi. Ngoxa usukelo lukufumana iziphumo ezintle, igqwetha alimele linyanzelise umxhasi ukwamkela isibongozo ngokuchasene nokuthanda kwazo.
  • Ukhuselo lobunyani: Ukuba ityala liya kuvavanywa, igqwetha lokhuselo liyila ingcamango yetyala eliyilelwe ukudala amathandabuzo afanelekileyo. Banqumla amangqina e-examine ukuthoba ukuthembeka, banikele amangqina kunye nobungqina babo, kwaye baphikisane nomthetho kwimiyalelo yabachopheli-mthetho. Ukhuseleko lungaphinda lucel ’ umngeni ubugqeba bomthetho apho umxhasi etyholwa khona.

Iintlobo zeAttorney zokhuselo

Amagqwetha okhuselo afika ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineengenelo nocelomngeni lwayo:

  • [[FLT: 0] AbaKhuseli be-Public: Aba ngamagqwetha aqeshwe ngurhulumente amele abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukunikela icebiso labucala. Basoloko benamava kakhulu kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa banokuthwala imithwalo emikhulu, ekhokelela kwinkxalabo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha enxulumene nomgangatho womelo. Ilungelo lokufumana uncedo lwecebo, olumiselwe ku Gideon v. Wainwright[, imyalelo yokuba abakhuseli belizwe baxhaswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye baxhaswe.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Private Attorney: Ijikwa ngabantu abanokuhlawula, amagqwetha azimeleyo aphatha amatyala ambalwa kwaye anokunikela ixesha elininzi kumxhasi ngamnye. Banokwabelana ngentlobo ezithile zokhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho, njengolwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe, i-DUIS, okanye amacala orhulumente.
  • Isiluleko esibekwe kwiCandelo: Kwezinye iindawo, xa umkhuseli kawonke-wonke enengxaki yenzala okanye engekho, inkundla imisela igqwetha labucala ukusingatha ityala ngendleko karhulumente. La magqwetha ahlawulwa kucwangciso olungenako ukuwahlawula ngokupheleleyo ngexesha elifunekayo.

Iimbopheleleko zokhuselo

Amagqwetha okhuselo asebenza phantsi kwemithetho engqongqo yokuziphatha elungelelanisa inzondelelo yobuchule nenyaniso nengqibelelo. Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo iquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuzithethelela: Ilungelo lobuAttorney-cleensity lelinye lokhuseleko oludala noluxabisekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho. Abaxhasi kufuneka bakwazi ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo negqwetha ngaphandle koloyiko lokuba iintembelo zabo ziza kutyhilwa. Nasemva kokuba ityala liphelile, igqwetha lidla ngokungakwazi ukuchaza iimfihlo zabaxhasi ngaphandle phantsi kweemeko ezisikelwe umda, njengokukhusela ukufa okukufuphi okanye umonakalo omkhulu womzimba.
  • Umelo olunenzondelelo: Igqwetha elikhuselayo kufuneka lilwele ngamandla izilangazelelo zomxhasi, kwanaxa umxhasi engathandwayo okanye izibakala zingathandeki. Oku kuquka ukuphakamisa zonke iindlela ezikhoyo zokuzikhusela ezisemthethweni, ukuvavanya iinkqubo ezingafanelekanga, nokugcina ukutshutshiswa komthwalo walo wokungqina. Noko ke, inzondelelo ayivumeli ukunganyaniseki okanye ihambo engekho mthethweni.
  • [[NTLT: 0] I-gcisa lokhuselo lisenokunganikeli ubungqina bobuxoki ngokwazi okanye livumele umxhasi ukuba anikele ubungqina obububuxoki. Ukuba umxhasi unyanzelisa ukuba azilungise, igqwetha kufuneka lithathe amanyathelo okulungisa, kuquka ukufuna ukurhoxa kumelo okanye ukukhuphela intetho enkundleni. Ukubuyela emva kwimida yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kungakhokelela kwingqeqesho yoogxaki okanye kwingxwabangxwaba.

Kumthombo onegunya kwimisebenzi yendlela yokuziphatha yesiluleko sokuzikhusela, bona iMelika Bar Association's Criminal Justice Gagaba[[FLT: 1]

Intsebenziswano phakathi kwabatshutshisi kunye neeAttorney zokhuselo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwabatshutshisi namagqwetha akhuselayo luneentlobo ezininzi, ludibanisa ukhuphiswano kunye nentsebenziswano. Kumdlalo olungileyo, omabini amacala azisa izibakala zawo ngamandla, kwaye inyaniso ivela kwiingxabano zawo. Ngokuqhelisa, amatyala amaninzi alungiswa ngokunxibelelana, kufuna ulwalamano olusebenzayo olwakhelwe kwintlonelo kunye nokuthobelana kwezithethe.

Iinkalo ezingundoqo zonxibelelwano lwabo ziquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Uhlomelo: Ingxoxo yetyala iqulathe intsalela yamatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho. Abatshutshisi namagqwetha akhuselayo baxubusha izibongozo ezinikelwayo, iingcebiso zesigwebo, kunye nokunyenyiswa kwetyala okunokwenzeka. Uxolelwano olunempumelelo lufuna icala ngalinye ukuvavanya amandla nobuthathaka betyala lalo ngokwenene. Ukuqhatha okanye ukungavumelani nokuququzelela ukuxoxa kungayonakalisa inkqubo kunye namaqela abandakanyekileyo.
  • Ukuphicotha: Ukutshintshisana ngobungqina phambi kokuvavanywa kulawulwa yimithetho yokufumana. Abatshutshisi kufuneka batyhile izinto ezikhutshwayo kunye noluhlu lwamangqina, ngelixesha amagqwetha asenokufuneka ukutyhila ubungqina obuthile, obufana namangqina okanye ukhuseleko lwengqondo. Ukudityaniswa kokufunyanwa kwezinto kusoloko kuvela, kufuna ungenelelo lwenkundla. Omabini amacala amele akhuselwe ekuphepheni ukuphangwa kwetyala okunokucalula.
  • Igumbi lolwakhiwo olunamandla: Ekulingweni, ulwalamano luba luluvo oluqhelekileyo nolululuvo loluntu. Icala ngalinye linikela iintetho zokuvula, amangqina ahlolayo, kwaye lenza iimpikiswano. Imvume yobuchule ilindelekile, kodwa amadabi anzima abonakala ngokucacileyo, imiyalelo yabachopheli-mgamsheli, kunye nentshukumo zokuqhuba iimvavanyo ziqhelekile. Abagwebi basebenza njengongathathi-nxaxheba, beqinisekisa ukuba ukuvavanywa kuqhubeke kakuhle.

Ukuphumelela Kwendlela Yokulawula Isifo Somzimba

Ngenxa yokuba amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho angaphezu kwama-90% aconjululwe ngezibongozo ezibophelelekileyo, eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokudibana kwabatshutshisi namagqwetha akhuselayo isoloko isenzeka kude nenkundla. Le nkqubo inyusa inkxalabo malunga nokungalingani kwamandla: igqwetha elikhuselayo elithwele ityala elinzima lingaziva licinezelekile ukucebisa umxhasi ukuba amkele uthengi kunokulungiselela ukuvavanywa. Abatshutshisi-mthetho kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba izicelo azidibanisi macala kwaye abamangalelwa baqonde ngokupheleleyo iziphumo zokuwaphula amalungelo abo. [[FLT:]] Iziko zelizwe loburhulumente zipapashe izikhokelo zoqheliselo ezifanelekileyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokulungelelana Kwinkqubo Esemthethweni

Iindima zabatshutshisi namagqwetha akhuselayo zibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe inkqubo elungeleleneyo yomthetho. Icala ngalinye linendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba okusesikweni kuyaphunyezwa, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu ngoxa kuxhaswa umthetho. Inkqubo esesikweni esemthethweni ifuna oku:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-'act's'. omabini amacala kufuneka asebenze ngaphandle komkhethe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kusetyenziswa ubulungisa. Abatshutshisi kufuneka bakuxhathise ukubona itonela baze bavuleke kubungqina bokungabi natyala. Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka aphephe ukuxela kwangaphambili abaxhasi kwaye amele athethele kwanakwabo bafumaniswe ngokwabo ngokwabo bengenaluvelwano.
  • Incopho kumelo lwasemthethweni: Uhlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika isiluleko. Ngaphandle komelo olufanelekileyo, inkqubo elawulayo iyangaphumeleli. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bafumana uncedo olusebenzayo lulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo, ingakumbi kwiiofisi zabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke. ACLU] umsebenzi wasekunene kwicebiso[ ubalaselisa iimpazamo zenkqubo kunye nemigudu yokuguqula.
  • Imvume yamalungelo: Amalungelo ommangalelwa kufuneka ahlonelwe kuyo yonke inkqubo esemthethweni] ukusuka ekulumkeni phambi kokuncinwa ukuya kukwaliwa kwengozi ephindwe kabini kunelungelo lokudibana namangqina. Omabini abatshutshisi namagqwetha akhusela la malungelo, nangona edlala iindima ezahlukeneyo. Xa elinye icala ligatya amalungelo ommangalelwa, inkqubo iyangalungelelananga kwaye ingabi nabulungisa.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Unxulumano phakathi kwabatshutshisi namagqwetha akhuselayo alukuphela kwendlela yokuhlola kwinkqubo. Abagwebi, iinkundla zetyala, kunye namajaji onke anika ulawulo. Abatshutshisi nabo banokuphendula kubavoti kwiimimandla ezininzi, bedala ukuphendula. Amagqwetha okhuselo asenokujongana neesuti ezingafanelekanga okanye ingqeqesho yokungafezeki. Ezi ntlawulo zininzi zovavanyo zigcina imo elungeleleneyo, kodwa zixhomekeke kwingqibelelo nakubuchule bazo zonke iinxaxheba kwinkqubo yokulawula.

Isiphelo

Ekuqukumbeleni, iindima zabatshutshisi namagqwetha akhuselayo zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Ukusebenza kwabo, iimbopheleleko zabo, neembopheleleko zabo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kulandelwe ngokufanelekileyo nangokungaguquguqukiyo. Umtshutshisi kufuneka afune inyaniso, hayi iinkolelo nje; igqwetha elimele licel ’ umngeni ityala likarhulumente lize likhusele amalungelo abo bamangalelwayo. Oku kulungelelaniswayo akufuneki ngokuzenzekelayo, kufuneka kuhlale kuqwalaselwe, kuqwalaselwe, kwaye kuxhomekeke kumthetho. Ukuqonda ezi misebenzi kunceda ukukhuthaza inkqubela esemthethweni nokubalasemgangathweni okulungeleleneyo kokusesikweni. Njengokuba ibutho labantu lizenza zicace, ngoko ke nangoko amathemba abekwe kwaba basemagcuntwini, kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa, nokuthembeka kwabantu ngokubanziswayo.