Ukwazisa

Ibinzana elithi "Umthetho" kulo mongo libhekisela kulo naliphi na icandelo elibanzi lomthetho olungiselelwe ukulwa nokukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu ekulawuleni. Ngoxa amagama akhethekileyo ehluka-hlukeneyo ngokwelizwe `njengesenzo sokuthatha inxaxheba' eMzantsi Afrika, "Umthetho we-Ofisi" eUnited Kingdom, okanye "Inkululeko Yolwazi Lomthetho" eUnited States" isebenza injongo eqhelekileyo yokudibanisa amalungelo neembopheleleko zabemi noorhulumente abakwilizwe ngalinye. Ezi zenzo zoluhlu lwemibutho yeeholo zedolophu ukuya kwiiNtlanganiso zezizwe, kunye nemithetho elawulayo elawulayo egqiba indlela avinywe ngayo, izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, kwaye ukuphendula komthetho ohlukeneyo kugcinwa. Ukuqonda indima yemithetho enjalo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani nabani na ofuna ukubona ukusebenza kwimimandla yesizwe, kwaye kuvavanywa imimandla yehlabathi lonke.

Ukuqonda Lo Mgaqo: Isiseko Sokuthabatha Inxaxheba

UMthetho omiselwe kakuhle we-Cvic Guvention Guildition umisela izibonelelo ezisemthethweni kubemi ukuba babandakanye izibonelelo ezifanelekileyo norhulumente wabo. Kudla ngokudibanisa ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, ukucela ukubuyiselwa kwezikhalazo, ukufikelela ulwazi lukarhulumente, nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zikawonke wonke zokwenza izigqibo. Lo Mthendeleko umisela iimfuno zamagunya karhulumente: ukupapasha izindululo ezizayo, ukunxibelelana noluntu, ukusabela kwigalelo lommi ngendlela efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo, nokuyila imijelo efikelelekayo yokuthabatha inxaxheba, ukuquka abantu abaneziphene-ziphene, izithethi ezingengama-66, kunye nabantu abangenazigwebo. Ngaphandle kwezi ziqinisekiso ezisemthethweni, izibonelelo zikarhulumente zihlala zingacwangciswangacwangciswangacwangciswanga, kwaye zingachananga ekungeneni kwabo basemagunyeni.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo oMthetho Womzekelo Wokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Nangona ingekho imithetho emibini efanayo, izenzo ezisebenzayo zokuthabatha inxaxheba ziquka isiseko solungiselelo. Okokuqala, ziquka ukuqinisekiswa kokuvela: amaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka aqhubeke epapasha izicwangciso, imizuzu, uqingqo-mali, kunye nezicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo. Okwesibini, aseka iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo zolwazi lukawonke-wonke: iikomiti zokuchonga-wonke, iintetho ezibhaliweyo, iikomiti zolawulo loburhulumente, kunye neenkqubo zoqingqo-mali. Okwesithathu, akhusela ukuzimela kwemibutho yoluntu ngokuba nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni ngokuqinisekisa ilungelo labo lokusebenza ngaphandle kwemithwalo eninzi yokubhalisa okanye ukungenelwa kwezobupolitika. Okwesine, asoloko equkelela imigaqo yolwazi elungileyo, ebhaliweyo, evumela abemi ukuba bacele kwaye bafumane amaxwebhu karhulumente achazwe ngexesha.

Umba obalulekileyo weZenzo zale mihla kukufakwa kwemigangatho yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimivo. Njengoko uluntu luqhubeka lusebenzisa i-intanethi, uMthetho kufuneka ucombulule imiba yokufikelela kwamanani, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nokhuseleko lwemigangatho ye-intanethi. Umzekelo, ECD] umsebenzi karhulumente wamanani othatha inxaxheba [ ubalaselisa imfuneko yemithetho efuna oorhulumente ukuba banikele ngolu khetho lwe-intanethi kunye nokungabandanisi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uphazanyiswa yimiqobo. Umthetho ongaphambili u-APROG

Isenzo Kwimingxuma Yesizwe

Kulo hlanga, lo Mthendeleko uguqula imigaqo yedemokhrasi engabonakaliyo ibe zizenzo ezisisiseko. Ubangela ukuba abemi basekuhlaleni baqokelele, bazenzele, baphembelele, yaye baxhomekeke kwimigaqo-nkqubo yegunya. Isizwe soluntu i-focums/nokuba bangamabhunga asekuhlaleni, amabhunga asekuhlaleni, okanye iingxoxo zesizwe, `ixhomekeke kwesi siseko sisemthethweni ukuze basebenze ngokunempumelelo. Ngaphandle kwayo, inxaxheba iba yindawo epheleleyo kwaye ixhomekeke ekuthand ’ intabalala kwamagosa.

Ukuzimisela Kuwonkewonke

Owona mphumo ukhawulezileyo woMthendeleko onamandla wokuThandanisa iPhondo kukukhutshwa kwengcinga kawonke-wonke. Iiholo zedolophu azisafuni kuzikhethela; amaziko kufuneka ahlale nazo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo. Izikhululo zolawulo zoluntu kunye nophando olukhutshiweyo kufuneka zibe zizixhobo ezisezantsi zokuphuhlisa inkqubo, ingakumbi kwimibandela ephikisanayo efana nokusetyenziswa komhlaba, utshintsho lwemfundo, kunye nolawulo lwempilo. Lo Mgaqo-mthetho uqinisekisa ukuba ezi ngxaki azingozokomfuziselo nje kuphela kodwa zinempembelelo yokwenene. Umzekelo, oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni ngoku basebenzisa uqingqo-mali-mali yempatho-mali ye-mali, apho abahlali begqiba ngqo indlela yokusebenzisa isahluzo soqingqo-mali somthetho. Oku kuqheliso lokuqala olubalulekileyo kumthetho e-Albhetyelegi, eBrazil, kusasazwa ngokubanziswa kwemithetho yezo eziko zolawulo lomthetho. [F.][0]

Ukuqinisa Ukuphendula Nokubonisa ngaphaya

Lo mThetho usebenza njengendlela yokuhlola urhulumente. Ngokufuna ukuba amaqumrhu kawonke-wonke apapashe izigqibo zawo, uqingqo-mali, kunye nogcino-lwazi lokusebenza, unika abemi amandla okubeka ityala kwiinkokeli zabo. Iintathe zobunkunkqele, i-og NGOs, kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo bayakwazi ukusebenzisa le nkcazelo ukuchonga ukunganyaniseki, ukungafezeki, okanye ukungaphathi kakuhle. E-United States, i-Freedom of Information Act (FAIA) isetyenziselwa ukubhenca yonke into ukusuka ekuphathweni ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngoxa i-FOIA ingumthetho ocacileyo, ingumgaqo ongowona mkhulu: imele iquke izimfuneko zokutyhilwa. Oku kuvula imeko-parametadata yindawo echaziweyo yezente yoluntu.

Ucelomngeni lokuzalisekisa

Naphezu kweenzuzo zayo, ukuzalisekisa uMthetho we-CBIGP Guation kumgangatho wesizwe kuzele lucelomngeni. Omnye umqobo ongundoqo kukungathembani korhulumente. Kwanangona kugunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni, amaqela asezantsi `njengemibutho ephantsi efumana imali, imibutho encinane, iintlanga ezincinane, kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo. Oku kunokuquka ukunqongophala kwendlela yokuhamba kwintlanganiso, iilwimi, okanye imbali yokungathembani norhulumente. UMthetho kufuneka ukhatshwe ziinkqubo zoguqulelo, iinkonzo zoguqulelo, kunye neendawo ezifikelelekayo ukuze kuzaliswe isithembiso sawo. Olunye ucelomngeni “ngokudinwabeka kwemiqathango” apho abemi bevakalelwa ukuba abangenisingenisingenelo lwabo kodwa abakhathazeli ngenyani, abathathi-nxaxheba. Oko kuyaqhubeka, ukudibana koomatshini bomsebenzi wobugcisa bobugcisa bobugcisa bokufunda nokubhala ngaphandle komsebenzi we-intanethi.

Isenzo Kwiinqwelwana Zehlabathi

Kwinqanaba lezizwe ngezizwe, lo Mthendeleko uyatshintsha ekubeni ulawulo lwesizwe usenze ukuba kubekho intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe. Imithetho yezentlalo yezizwe ngezizwe ifana neengqungquthela zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iWorld Social Forums, kunye nokunqumla i-partgames (iiinkqubo zamakhaya zezentlalo-ntle yabemi) ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni ewamkela amalungelo e-NGO, abaxhasi, kunye nabemi behlabathi lonke. Nangona kungekho mgaqo-siseko omnye wezizwe ngezizwe, imigaqo edityaniswe kwimithetho yezizwe ngezizwe ichaphazela indlela amazwe asebenzisana ngayo kwaye namaziko alawula umhlaba wonke.

Ukusebenza ngokuhambelana

UMthetho usoloko uquka amalungiselelo anceda umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe. Umzekelo, ungakuvuma ukuma kwe-NGOS yamanye amazwe ukusebenza kwimida yayo, okanye unike amaqumrhu esizwe amandla okusebenzisana nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kwimicimbi efana namalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Izenzo ezininzi zelizwe zivumela ukuba abemi babe nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo zesivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe, njengangokucebisana kwabantu ngezivumelwano zezorhwebo okanye izivumelwano zemozulu. IZizwe ezihlangene zamalungelo abantu kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni zixhomekeke kwiingxelo ezivela kwimibutho yezentlalo yesizwe, ezenziwe ukuba zibe nokwenzeka ngemithetho ekhusela ilungelo lokuxhasa imicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngalo ndlela, uMthetho uMthetho uba ngumbutho wezo

Ukuxhasa Uluntu Lwasekuhlaleni

I-International forums ixhomekeke kwibutho labantu elimanyeneyo lehlabathi lonke. Lo Mthendeleko uxhasa oku ngokukhusela amalungelo abantu abalwayo ukuba bahambe, banxibelelane, banxibelelane, badibane ngenkululeko nemithetho yehlabathi lonke. Oku kubalulekile ngokukhethekileyo kwimicimbi efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, apho imigaqo-siseko yesizwe imele ihambelane neenjongo zezizwe ngezizwe. UMthetho usenokufuna ukuba oorhulumente banikele ingxelo kwimibutho yezizwe ngemibutho yabo esebenzela imimandla yelizwe lonke, ikhuthaza ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yehlabathi lonke. Umzekelo, iBhange yehlabathi lilo nebutho labantu elinoluntu [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLD:1] ithenjiswe isiseko sezentengo yezomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe onke. Ngaphandle kokuboleka kwesiseko somthetho woluntu, i-ogcustom-okn

Izivumelwano Zezizwe Ngezizwe

Lo mThetho ukwanceda ukuququzelela izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe kumthetho wasekhaya, othi ngokulandelayo utshintshe imigaqo yesizwe. Eli lizwe liye laqinisekisa iSivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe samaLungelo aMasipala (ICCPR) kufuneka liqinisekise imithetho yalo yasekhaya ehambelana neemfuno zesivumelwano sokuhlanganisa, umanyano, kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba. UmThetho woMthetho usebenza njengomthetho wokuzalisekisa izivumelwano ezinjalo, ukuguqulela imilinganiselo yehlabathi lonke kwimithetho yesizwe ukuba ithathe inxaxheba. Oku kuvelisa imigaqo ecacileyo: imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe inyusa imigaqo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwesizwe, kwaye ukuphunyezwa kwesizwe komeleza ibutho labantu bomhlaba wonke. Umzekelo, [[FLT:] ICPG. [FLCP] iSibonelelo seMithethombo sehlabathi lonke [[FOLT] i-oct:[F:1] iqinisekisa ilungelo ngalinye loburhulumente loburhulumente ukuba lithathe inxaxheba kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Umlinganiselo Wobuphicotho - zincwadi

Uvavanyo lokwenyaniso lwawo nawuphi na umThetho wokuThandanisa i-Cvic Guatiation Activeion luphembelelo lwawo kumgangatho wedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo. Umlinganiselo woluvo unzima, kodwa zininzi izibonisi eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo: umvoti, inani lobuphicoci, ipesenti yezicelo zikawonke-wonke eziqulunqwayo, ipesenti yezicelo zommi ezimkelwe, unciphiso kukonakala, kunye nophuhliso ekuthembeni abantu. Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba amazwe anemithetho engqongqo yokuthabatha inxaxheba iziphumo ezithelekelelekileyo atyekele ekubeni nolwanelise ulawulo loMgaqo-mthetho. Noko ke, isiphumo asizenzekelayo.

Ulwalamano kunye nomelo

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kukuqinisekisa ukuba iifomati zoluntu zimela ngokwenene iindidi ezahlukeneyo zebutho labantu. Ngokufuthi, abathathi-nxaxheba ekuhloleni uwonke-wonke bazizityebi ngokungenakulinganiswa, abafundileyo, nangaphezulu. Lo mThetho unokugunyazisa ukufikelela kumaqela angaphantsi, kodwa ukuzalisekisa kusoloko kufutshane. Umzekelo, iincopho zolutsha, amabhinqa, okanye iikomiti ezincinane zoluntu ezikwizikhundla zolawulo zinokungahoywa ngaphandle kokuba ukulungelelanisa ubuchule bokwenza imigaqo eqinileyo. Ngaphezu koko, imiqobo efana nemithetho ye-ID okanye iindleko zobhaliso isenokuthintela ukuthabatha inxaxheba phakathi kwabemi abasemagunyeni. Umthetho onyanisekileyo osebenzayo kufuneka uquke imilinganiso esebenzayo yemimiselo ehamba-atho, izitishini, iimveliso ezithetha iilwimi, kunye nemali kubathathi-ondawo-o ngeradio

Utshintsho lwamanani lobudlelane beCubic

Ubugcisa buye baguqula indlela ezisebenza ngayo iziqu zasekuhlaleni. Ngekhompyutha izibongozo, ieûconsucts, kunye neeholo zedolophana ezidibeneyo zisezantsi umqobo wokuthabatha inxaxheba kodwa kwakhona zivelise iingozi ezintsha. Lo Mthetho kufuneka uthethe ngokhuseleko lwamanani, ukunwenwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, kunye nokungaququkwa kwabantu abathathi-nxaxheba. Abanye oorhulumente baye basebenzisa imigangatho yamanani ukuqokelela ulwazi kubemi ngokuzifihla, ukuphakamisa amalungelo abantu. Ngoko ke lo Mthetho umele uquke amalungiselelo omelele ugcino-lwazi olunamandla alinganisela indlela yokuphatha ulwazi olunokusetyenziswa ngayo. Kufuneka kwakhona i-intanethi ye-yum i-yo ilungele ukusetyenziswa ngendlela elula, ngemithetho ecacileyo echasene nokuhlaselwa nokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha. Unyuko lobuntluvo lwamanyuko olungolukusetyenziswayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokulawulwa kolawulo olusemthethweni.

Ukulungelelanisa Intetho Ekhululekileyo Nolungelelwaniso

Akukho mThetho ungasebenza ngaphandle kwemida ecacileyo. I-CIBIL forums ilungiselelwe ukuba zibe zisithuba sokuvula incoko, kodwa iyakwazi ukudityaniswa yintetho yentiyo, ukurhoxiswa, okanye ukuxhokonxwa kogonyamelo. Lo mThetho kufuneka uhlasele ulungelelwano oluluqilima: ukukhusela impikiswano eqinileyo ngexa uthintela ukhuseleko okanye amalungelo abanye. Oku kucelwna ngokukhethekileyo kwindawo engqongileyo yamanani. Isitshixo semithetho ye-European Digitagital Servity Services Act, umzekelo, izama ukulawula ulwaleko ngaphandle kokuphoxanduva igalelo lwesizwe. Izenzo ezifanayo zimele ziquke imigaqo efanayo: ukubeka ityala ekusingatheki kwentetho engekho mthethweni ngokusemthethweni.

Isiphelo: Indima Ehlala Ihleli

ISivumelwano seCovic Guatiation Act ihlala ililitye lesiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, kumazwe nakuyo yonke imida yezizwe. Inika ubungqina obusemthethweni bokuba abemi nebutho labemi kufuneka babandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo, kwaye ibeka oorhulumente ekubaphendulele ekuphulaphuleni abantu ababakhonzayo. Kodwa, lo Mthetho asingoxwebhu luthe ngqo. Kufuneka uguqulelwe ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsha. "ukulwa ngokwahlukana, impembelelo yezentlalo-ndaba, impembelelo yehlabathi, iziphumo zehlabathi, ezifana neenguqu zemozulu kunye nemozulu, kwaye ifuna ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kwaye ibeke ityala. Imithetho enamandla iyodwa ayifanele isetyenziswe ngookna, inyanzelelwa ngemithetho elawulayo elawulayo. Xa oko kusenziwa, ukuzalisekisa isithembiso sawo: ukuzuza ikamva labo abahlala kulo, ukulungiselela umgangatho woluntu kwibutho loluntu kwibutho loluntu lonke.