Indima Ebalulekileyo Yeemfuno Ezibangela Inkxalabo Kuzibophelelo Lwamakhaya Kwabaguli Abagula Ngengqondo

Imithetho yokuzibophelela yamakhaya ifeza injongo ephindwe kabini: ukulungiselela unyango oluyimfuneko kubantu abagula ngengqondo ngexesha elinye bekhusela inkululeko yabo esisiseko yabemi. Kwintsebenziswano yesi siseko somthetho kukho imfuneko efunekayo ```ukukhusela ukuvalelwa ngenkohlakalo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvalelwa kwesibhedlele ngokuzithandela kwenzeka kuphela emva kokuhlolisiswa kwetyala lobuchule bamakhaya. Ukuqonda indlela iimfuno eziyimfuneko ngayo kwiimeko zokuzinikela kwamakhaya, abasebenzi bezonyango, kunye nabaxhasi abasebenzisa le migaqo-mthetho yempilo entsonkothile namalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni Seemfuno Ezisihlaseleyo Ekuzibopheleleni Kwamakhaya

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukhusela ukuphandwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, kwaye imigaqo yayo ifikelela kwiimeko zombutho wasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa iNkundla Ephakamileyo ingakungqinelanga ngokungqalileyo ukuba isiqinisekiso sisoloko siyimfuneko ngokungeyomfuneko ukuba umntu angene esibhedlele, iinkundla ezincinci zisoloko ziqonda ukuba ukuzinikela kwamakhaya kungukuncitshiswa okukhulu kwenkululeko, kufuna ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango ekwayabo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Imfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo sokuqhuba umntu asikwenziwa ngokungenamdla ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokungqongqo kwezonyango zengqondo kodwa kusenziwa ngumgwebi ongathathi-nxaxheba ovavanya ubungqina obuyingozi nokugula kwengqondo.

Imigangatho ecacileyo yokuyila kwiimeko zabemi.

Kumatyala okuzinikela kwabemi, umgangatho wobungqina wahlukile kumgangatho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo i-addington v. Texas) yakholelwa ukuba ukuzinikela kwabemi kufuna ubungqina obucacileyo kunye nobeyiselelo [[, umgangatho ophezulu kunobungqina obubanzi obukhoyo kodwa obungaphantsi kokungathandatyunyuswanga. Kuba isiqinisekiso singumqondiso ofanelekileyo, umgangatho ofanelekileyo uhlala ungaphantsi (*) nenkolelo esengqiqweni esekelwe kumanqaku athile athi umntu ugula ngengqondo kwaye uvelisa ingozi kuye okanye kwabanye. Lo mgangatho uqwalaselwa ngumgwebi okanye uvavanyo, ohlola unyango lwengqondo, uqikelelo lwempilo, kunye nobungqina obungomntu ngamnye phambi kokuba ethwalwwqeqe.

Ingxaki Engxamisekileyo Ixhomekeke Kwimfuneko Efanelekileyo

Asizizo zonke izibophelelo zamakhaya ezifuna isiqinisekiso sokwenzakala kwangaphambi kwesivumelwano. Ngeli xesha, urhulumente ngamnye uvumela umguli ukuba avume ukubhaliswa ixesha elide, nto leyo ebangela ukuvalwa ngokusemthethweni ngesiqinisekiso. Uxanduva olungxamisekileyo lufuna ukungenelela ngokukhawuleza nxamnye nomngcipheko wokuvalelwa kobuxoki, kodwa lugxekwa ngokuba lusetyenziswe kakhulu kwaye lungenziwa lugcinwe ixeshana ngaphandle kokulawula ikomiti egwebayo.

Iinkundla zibambene nemida yalo mahluko. McGarry v. Frawley (2020), inkundla yezicelo yequmrhu lalawula ukuba uxakeka olungenamfuneko lungakhutshwa ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye naxa kuthe kwathiwa akukho mithetho egqitha inkqubo yesiqinisekiso. Esi sigqibo sibonisa utyekelo olubanzi lwenkqubo yokhuseleko olufanelekileyo kukhuseleko lwendlela yomthetho, kwanakwimeko ezingxamisekileyo.

Inkqubo yokuzibophelela kwabemi kunye nendlela Umsebenzi Owawusetyenziswa Ngayo

Ukuqonda inkqubo yenyathelo ngalinye lokuzibophelela kwemibutho yoluntu kutyhila imfuneko ecacileyo yendima efezwayo. Ngelixesha iinkqubo zokwahluka ngokwendlela, indlela eqhelekileyo ibandakanya amaqondo aliqela, ngalinye elineemfuno ezingokwasemthethweni ezahlukileyo.

Ukupheliswa Kokuzinikela

Le nkqubo idla ngokuqala xa ilungu lentsapho, umgcini-khaya, okanye umphathi-mthetho ephawula ukuziphatha okucebisa ukugula kakhulu kwengqondo nokuyingozi. Kumaphondo amaninzi, inyathelo lokuqala kukufaka isicelo ngenkundla yempilo yengqondo yasekuhlaleni. Esi sicelo kufuneka siquke izibakala ezithile, qhaqhaqha, qha, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufanele ubeke ityala elifanelekileyo. Ukuba inkundla ifumana isicelo sanele, singakhupha isiqinisekiso esigunyazisa uloyiko lomntu kunye nezithuthi kwisakhiwo esimiselwe ukuhlola. Esi sicelo sangaphambili sicetyelwe ukunqanda ukuxwa okungekho mthethweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba umntu akathathi nxaxheba kwityala elisekelwe kwizinto ezingacacanga kakuhle okanye ezichasileyo.

Indima Yokuxilongwa Kwempilo Yengqondo

Xa efika esibhedlele, umntu ufumana uvavanyo olubanzi lwempilo yengqondo oluqhutywa ngugqirha wengqondo okanye isazi ngengqondo esinikwe imvume. Uvavanyo luhlola ubume bengqondo, ingozi, nobuchule bokuzinyamekela. Iziphumo zibhalwe kwingxelo esesikweni, esebenza njengobungqina obungundoqo ukuba ityala liyaqhubeka livakala. Okubalulekileyo, umhloli kufuneka aqwalasele enoba umntu uhlangabezana nomgaqo wesizwe wokuzibophelela, ngokunjalo uququzelela ukugula kwengqondo, ukungazinzi, nokungakwazi ukuzinyamekela kwakhe.

Impinda Yokuchotshelwa Kwetyala Neyokweyisa Amatyala

Kunyaka ochazwa ngokulula, ngokuqhelekileyo iiyure ezingama-72 ukuya kwientsuku ezilishumi, inkundla iqumrhu ukuze igqibe ukuba isiqinisekiso simelwe na kwaye kumiselwe uwiso lwexesha elide. Ngexesha loku kuthethwa, umntu unelungelo lokunika ubungqina, nokunqumla amangqina. Umbuso uthwala umthwalo wokungqina iinketho zozibolo ngobungqina obucacileyo nobuyiselisayo. Isiqinisekiso esikhutshwe ngaphambili sisebenza njengesiseko esisemthethweni sokuvalelwa kokuqala, kodwa asisokuze simisele isiphumo sokuva. Ukuba imeko ayiphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wayo, umntu makakhululwe ngoko nangoko.

Imfuneko yogunyaziso isebenza njengokhuseleko oluziziintambo ezimbini: umqobo osezantsi wokuvalelwa kwexeshana, nomnyango ophezulu wokunqanda inkululeko engapheliyo. Le ndlela igqunywe ngomaleko ibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukulaliswa kwezibhedlele okude, okungeyomfuneko ngexa usavumela ukungenelela kwiimeko zongxamiseko zokwenene.

Iinkalo ezingundoqo ezingokwasemthethweni eziphazamisa iimfuno ezifanelekileyo

Izithintelo eziliqela eziphawulweyo zichaze ungqamaniso lwemiqathango yomthetho-siseko yemibutho yoluntu. Ezi zigqibo zigxininisa indima yejaji ekulungelelaniseni amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye noncedo lorhulumente kukhuseleko nonyango lukawonke-wonke.

[[UMTL: 0] Lessard v. Schmidt[[FL:1] (1972)

Kweli tyala langaphakathi, inkundla yesithili yephondo yawubetha umthetho kaWisconsin womnikazi wokusilela ukulungiselela izikhuseli ezaneleyo zombutho. Inkundla yathi abantu abajamelene nozibopho oluzimeleyo banelungelo lokuqaphela, ukuchophela, ukuphulaphula, ilungelo lokululeka, nelungelo lokuthula. Okubalulekileyo, inkundla yayifuna isithintelo esingaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni [[[[[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FFFF]]] [FLT]] [FFF]] umgaqo wokuzibophelela kwenkundla ephakamileyo kamva umele uthotyelwe ngokwemilinganiselo ephantsi kwemithetho ephantsi yezomthetho ephantsi [[FT:2]. [iict:]

'Connor v. Donaldson (1975]

INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba umntu ongenakuzibeka engozini onokuhlala ngokukhuselekileyo kwingingqi akanakuvalelwa ngokuchasene nokuthanda kwabo. Ityala lagxininiswa ukuba imbopheleleko yamakhaya asiyonkqubo yokukhusela bonke abantu abagulayo ngengqondo kodwa kufuneka igwetyelwe ngokubonakalisa ubungozi. Oku kugcina iimfuno ngokungangqalanga: ukuba ukuzinikela kufuna ubungqina obuyingozi, ngoko ke isiqinisekiso kufuneka sisekelwe kubungqina obungqalileyo bobo buyingozi, kungekhona nje ukufunyaniswa kwesifo sengqondo.

[[UMTL:0] Addington v. Texas (1979)

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, iNkundla yamisela umgangatho wobungqina obucacileyo nobeyisekayo bokuzibophelela kwabemi. Isigqibo savuma ukuhlaziswa nokulahlekelwa yinkululeko ebandakanyekileyo kwaye sanyanzelisa umgangatho ophezulu kunalowo usetyenziswa kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zasekuhlaleni. Ukugunyaziswa komthetho, lo mgangatho uphembelela ubunjani bobungqina kufuneka buvavanywe: iijaji ezinika ubungqina obuza kukhokelela umntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuba umntu ugula ngengqondo kwaye uyingozi.

[[UMTLL]Parham v. J.R. (1979)

Eli tyala lathetha ngozibopho lwabazali babo. Inkundla yathi abazali banokuvuma abantwana babo kwimpilo yengqondo ngaphandle kokuchongwa ngokusemthethweni, lo gama nje kukho uvavanyo lwezamayeza oluzimeleyo. Noko ke, isigqibo sagxininisa ukuba uhlobo oluthile lohlalutyo lobundilele kufuneka lwenzeke. Kubantu abadala, imfuneko yokuzibophelela ngaphambi kokuba bangazibophelele ihlala ingumthetho, ngaphandle kwengozi nakubantwana abaphantsi kwesigqibo sabazali.

Uguqu-guquko lwemeko kunye nomahluko ongokwenkqubo

Imfuneko yogunyaziso ayihambelani kulo lonke elase United States. Urhulumente ngamnye unommiselo wakhe wokuzibophelela kwesizwe, okhokelela kwizahluka-hlukeneyo eziphawulekayo kwindlela ezifunyanwa ngayo imvume, umntu onokucela, kunye nobungqina obufunekayo.

Izakhono zoMphumelo zangaphambili v.

Kwezinye iindawo, kufuneka kufunyanwe imvume egunyazisa igosa loxolo lokuhambisa umntu esibhedlele. phambi kokuba igosa lomthetho likwazi ukuthatha umntu ngamnye ukuba abekwe ekhosweni. Umzekelo, eNew York, isicelo kufuneka sigcinwe enkundleni, kwaye ijaji inike imvume egunyazisa igosa loxolo lokumsa esibhedlele. Le modeli yangaphambili ingenza inkqubo efanelekileyo kodwa inokubangela ukuba umntu azilibazise ngengozi xa umntu efuna ukuzibulala okanye enokwenza ugonyamelo. Amanye amatyala, njengoKhalifoniya, avumela [[FLT:] iiyure ezingama-272] ukubamba [[FLT] enziwe ngumphathi woxolo okanye ugqirha wengqondo omiselweyo ngaphandle kwemvume, inikeza umntu ozibophelele iingozi okanye azenze isiphene sobugosa.

Indima Yokunyanzeliswa Komthetho

Abahlalutyi bakwachaza indima yamapolisa ekungeneleleni kwempilo yengqondo. Xa kufunyanwa imvume, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunyanzelekile ukuba kuphunyezwe, okusenokubandakanya ukufunyanwa, ukuthuthwa ngesandla, nokuthuthwa komntu ngamnye. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukubandakanyeka kwamapolisa kunakho ukunyusa iimeko, ingakumbi kubantu abanombala, abachanabeke ngokugqithisileyo ekusoyikeni ngamandla. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba ngoku iingcali zempilo yengqondo zingenelele amaqela okanye amaqela ahamba-hamba-hamba-hamba-hamba-hamba adibanise uqhagamshelwano, anciphe ulwe lwamapolisa kunye neziphumo ezibuhlungu zokubulawa kwegunya.

Imilinganiselo Nemida Yayo

Zonke iirejista ezingama-50 zinemithetho yexesha likaxakeka, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi "Baker Acts" (Florida), "550), "imithetho yokuzibophelela" okanye "imiyalelo yokuzimisela" le mimiselo ivumela ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yexeshana elifutshane, idla ngokuwathabatha ama-48 ukuya kuma-77 eeyure, ngexesha uvavanyo oluya kwenzeka ngalo. Emva koko, ukuba idinga ukuqulungela ukuqhubekeka, isiqinisekiso nokuva kuyafuneka. Noko ke, amanye amazwe avumela ulwandiso lwexesha likaxakeka ukuba lugcinwe ngemvume yolawulo okanye ngemvume egwebo, ngokuphumelelayo ukuvalwa okungenatyala okunokuhlala iiveki ezigqithileyo. Oku kuphakamisa imicimbi enzulu kwaye kucelwe elungeni. Umzekelo, udidi lwe-2019 lokutyalo-mthetho lwe-Illino oluthenwa yimeko yabantu abalungele ukuva iiveki ezithile ngaphandle komthetho zenkundla zenkundla, ulwa ngokwaphula amalungelo abo bafanele ukuvane.

Ucelomngeni, Ukugxekwa Nemigudu Yotshintsho

Phezu kwako nje ukukhusela kwazo, imfuneko yokuzibophelela kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni ikho neengxaki. Ukulinda, ukuqwalasela ikomiti engafanelekanga nokungavumelani nemigaqo eqingqiweyo kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho iinguqulelo.

Ukulibazisa Ekufumaneni Iindlebe

Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lumgama ophakathi koxakeka othe gqolo-gqalwayo wemvume kunye nokuva. Kumacandelo amaninzi, amazibuko eenkundla aphulukile, kwaye ukuva kucwangciswe iiveki okanye kwaneenyanga emva kokuvalelwa kokuqala. Ngeli xesha, umntu uhlala ebhedlele ngokuchasene nomnqweno wakhe, maxa wambi, ngaphandle kokuzimisela okupheleleyo kokuba idinga lifanelekile. Eli xesha lokuvalelwa ngaphandle kwetyala. [FT: 0] kususela kokuba isiqinisekiso songxamiseko sisoloko sisenzeka kuphela isoyikiso sokuqala soluvo---"create jote jong emhlophe. Abaxhasi abaguquli betyala ukuba iiyure ezingama-48, ngokufanayo nemfuneko zezokuba kuthethwa ngokwemeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amanye amajelo, njengaseWashington, asebenzisa [FTPLD] iinkqubo zokuva iinkqubo zokuva.[4]

Umelo olusemthethweni olwaneleyo

Abantu abaninzi abajongene nemfuno yamakhaya abanalo ilungelo lokufumana umelo olusemthethweni olunenzondelelo. Amanye amaphondo awaqinisekisi ilungelo lokufumana isiluleko esimiselweyo, kwanalapho kunikwa isiluleko, amagqwetha asenokuthwaliswa nzima okanye angabinako ukuqeqeshwa kumthetho wempilo yengqondo. Ngaphandle kokuphumelela kwegunya lomthetho, ukuva imvume kuba yinkqubo yerabha-labha apho inkundla isuka nje yamkele isicelo sikarhulumente. Oku kuyenza ingayithobeli injongo yemfuneko yesicelo [1]a uvavanyo olunentsingiselo kumandla karhulumente. Utshintsho luquka ukwandisa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ukwenzela imicimbi yokuzinikela kwamakhaya kunye nokufuna ukuba kudibane nabaxhasi ngaphambi kokuba kuthethwe ngaphambi kokuba kuxutyushwe ubungqina kunye nonyango olunokwenzeka.

Ukwahluka ngokweentlalo nezoqoqosho

Ugcino-lwazi lubonisa ukuba abantu abanombala, ingakumbi amadoda amnyama, basengozini yokuthotyelwa kwimiqathango yamakhaya kunye nemvume ekhutshwe ngokuchasene nabo. Bakwakho ukugcinwa kwizakhiwo ezikhuselekileyo kunokuba kusetyenziswe uluntu. Ezi zahlulo zicebisa ukuba izigqibo ezigunyazisiweyo azikho zizezezezezente kodwa ziphenjelelwa lucalucalulo olucacileyo kunye nokungalingani kwenkqubo. Abaquququzeleli baxhasa uqeqesho olucacileyo lwabagwebi nabaquzeli, ngokufanayo nengqokelela yedata yokuhlola ukuditya. Amanye amaqela aye amkela "diversion" iinkqubo ezikhokelela abantu kwinkqubo yokuzinikela kwindlu exhasa okanye ukukhathalela okungenankathalo, ukunciphisa imfuneko yokufumana imvume.

Unyango Olunemiqathango Engephi

Ekuphenduleni uthintelo lonyanzelo lwamakhaya, amazwana amaninzi andise asebenzisa unyango lomguli (AOT) iinkqubo. I-AOT ivumela iinkundla ukuba ziyalele abantu abagula kakhulu ngengqondo ukuba bavumelane nonyango olunyanzelekileyo, amayeza kunye nonyango, njengenye indlela yokufumana imvume yokuhlala esibhedlele. Ii-waractive zisetyenziswa ukunyanzela ukuthobela uluvo olukhoyo, ukuba umntu akaphumeleli kumyalelo, isiqinisekiso sokuhlola nokuthumela iziko. Le mizekelo izama ukubopha ukulungele ukulinganisela umlinganiselo phakathi kwenkululeko nokhuseleko kodwa inyusa imicimbi yayo, njengoko ukungaphumeleli ukusebenzisa amayeza kungaphumela kwisiqinisekiso, nokuba umntu ngamnye akakho engozini. [FTLD] [FT] [2] Umthetho:[3]

Abahlalutyi, ngoko, balumkisi ukuba i-AOT ingakwandisa ukufikelela kongenelelo olukhawulezileyo, njengoko imvume isetyenziswa kungekuphela nje kwingozi eqatha kodwa nakunyango olungangqinelaniyo. I-American Civil Liberesties Union ithe i-AOT ibeka umngcipheko wokuba yinkqubo "yesinyanzelo esinyanzelisayo" emohlwaya isifo sengqondo kunokuba ixhase unyango.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuqukunjelwa kwenkqubo yoloyiso

Amanye amagunya aphethulela ubugcisa ukuphucula ixesha kunye nokulunga kwezigqibo zemvume. Tele-s okanye ukuva iividiyo kuvumela abagwebi ukuba bahlole izibongozo kunye nokukhupha iziphumo ezikude, kucuthe ixesha lokugcinwa komthetho kufuneka lilinde umantyi. Kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, apho ijaji inokuba kude, oku kuthetha umahluko phakathi kongenelelo olukhawulezileyo kunye nokuvalelwa okude kungekho gunyaziso. Kodwa, ukuva kwevidiyo kukwabeka umngcipheko wokungajongani nobume bombutho nomgangatho wobungqina. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba iingenelo lokufikelela ngokukhawuleza kwikomiti egweba, ingakumbi xa idityaniswe nemida.

Isiphelo: Ukufikelela Ukulungelelana Phakathi Kwenkululeko Nokhuseleko

Iimfuno ezinxinwayo kwimicimbi yokuzibophelela kwabemi, aziyonkqubo nje engokwesithethe . Zizikhuseli zomGaqo-siseko ezikhusela abantu ekuvalweni ngokungekho mthethweni ngeli xesha ziqinisekisa ukuba abo balufuna ngokwenene uncedo bayalufumana. Imfuneko yeSine soLawulo oluYambulo, elungelelaniswa nomongo wasekuhlaleni, ifuna ukuba umenzi wesigqibo sobundilele ahlole ubungqina bobungozi kunye nokugula ngengqondo ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente ahluthe umntu inkululeko yakhe. Nangona uxanduva longxamiseko lukho, kufuneka alungiselwe ngokufutshane ukuze athintele ukuxhatshazwa nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvalelwa okude kusoloko kubangela ukuba imigaqo efunekayo ikhuselekile.

Imingeni eqhubekayo ```Iziphene', izahlulo, kunye nezithintelo zovimba'.) Imfuno yokuzimela ngokuqhubekayo. Ama-odolo kufuneka azame ukunikezela ngendlebe ekhawulezileyo, ukumela okusebenzayo, kunye nezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa komthetho, naninina kunokwenzeka. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka axhathise isilingo sokufumana iimfuno njengendlela eluncedo kwiinkqubo ezinzima. Injongo ayikokulungisa nje iimeko zozibopheleleko ngokukhawuleza kodwa kukwenza ngobulungisa, ukuhlonela isidima namalungelo omntu ngamnye kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yakhe yengqondo injani na.

Njengoko ukuqatshelwa kwempilo yengqondo kukhula kwaye ukusetyenziswa kolwaphulo-mthetho kungumsebenzi woluntu onyanzelisayo, indima yokuzibophelela kwabemi iya kuhlala ingummandla obalulekileyo wengxoxo engokwasemthethweni neyokuziphatha. Abo babandakanyekileyo ekufakeni imizobo, ukuzalisekisa, nokuvavanya le mithetho kufuneka baqonde ukuba imfuneko yesiseko apho lonke umanyano lwezibopho zesizwe luxhomekeke khona, okanye luyenza ibe buthathaka, kwaye ukulungelelanisa phakathi kwenkululeko nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke-wonke. Ulwazi oluninzi olungomthetho wemimiselo kunye nomthetho wakutshanje, abafundi bangajongana noovimba bolawulo [[FTLT:] [[5]] [FLT] [FLT] [5] i-Act: [FL]