Ukuchotshelwa Kwengqungquthela Njengomatshini Wokulawula Imfundo

EUnited States, ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe kombutho kusisixhobo esisisiseko solawulo lowiso-mthetho, silungiselela isakhiwo apho amalungu eKhomishini ahlola khona amasebe karhulumente, iinkqubo, neenkqubo. Kwicandelo lemfundo, ezi ndlebe zibaluleke kakhulu, zinikwe utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lwesizwe, olumalunga nemali engaphezu kwama-100 lamawaka ezigidi ngonyaka ngeenkqubo ezifana neSihloko, iHead Start, kunye nePell Grants. Abaphulaphuli bavumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bahlolisise indlela echithwa ngayo irhafuthelo, bavavanye ukuphumelela kwezenzo ezifana noMfundi Wonke (ESA), kwaye baphendule imingeni ekhula njengenkcitho ebangelwa yinkcitho eyingozi yokufunda okanye amatyala abafundi. Ngaphezu koko kunyakathothotho lwengxoxo ye-progracraccorac, le ngxoxo ye-odssograc.

Igunya lokuchongwa kwemithetho-siseko lifumaneka kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, elinika iKhomishini amandla okuququzelela nokuphatha ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Ngokuva, iikomiti kwindlu neNdlu yeNdlu , ngokubalulekileyo iKomiti yeNdlu yemfundo neKhompyutha yeSebe, iDileeagration, iProject, nePensions (HELP), iKomiti ehlanganisayo, ubungqina bokufaka amangqina, kunye nokwakha iingxelo ezazisa izigqibo zenkqubo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yemfundo yesizwe ayiyenziwa ngokwayo kodwa iyavavanywa ngokuqhubekayo nxamnye neziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene kunye neembono ezahlukeneyo zemiqobo.

Iinjongo zemfundo ezicacisiwe

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Umzekelo, ukuchongwa kweendlebe zeBhunga kunyanzelisa amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni, ingakumbi iSebe lemfundo, ukuba aphendule ngezenzo zawo. Amalungu eKomiti angafuna iingcaciso zokungabeki ulawulo, ukubekwa kwemali, okanye ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo karhulumente. Umzekelo, iindlebe ziye zaphanda ulawulo lweSebe labasebenzi bemali-mali ebolekisiweyo okanye ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu ezikolweni. Lo msebenzi wokuphendula usebenza njengovavanyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu noncedo lokuthintela ukukhuthulwa kwemithetho. I-Akhawunti yoRhulumente (GAO) isoloko inikela uphando oluxhasayo olunikelwayo ebudeni bezi cwangciso.

Uphando lwenyaniso

Ukuphulaphula kusebenza njengezixhobo zokuphanda, ukuvumela iKhonklathi ukuba iqokelele ulwazi olungekhoyo ngeengxelo eziqhelekileyo. Xa kuvela umba omkhulu wokuqhatha kwiimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo, ukuqhatha kwekhompyutha ezikomkhulu, okanye ukuwohloka kwemali yetsheyina elikhulu lengeniso yasekholejini, uhlolo lunika umgangatho kawonke-wonke ukuvumbulula izibakala. AmaNgqina afungwe ngesifungo angaxilongwa ngobunzulu, kwaye abasebenzi bekomiti bangawahlola amaxwebhu asezantsi eepona. Eli cebo lokusebenza libalulekile ekuqondeni iingxaki zenkqubo efuna ukungenelwa kwemithetho-witrovi.

Uphuhliso loMthetho kunye nolweyiseko

Ukuvakala kwakhona yilebhu yeengcamango zomthetho. Abenzi bomthetho bawasebenzisa ukuvavanya amanzi amatyala acetyiswayo, uluvo lobuchule, kunye nolwakhiwo lwezopolitiko. Ubungqina obuvela kubafundisi, abaphandi, kunye nabameli bunceda ukucombulula imigaqo yomgaqo-nkqubo ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ityala. Ngaphezu koko, iindlebe zivumela amalungu ukuba enze ityala likawonke-wonke ngenxa yezinto zawo eziphambili, ukukhupha intelekelelo yamajelo-ndaba enokuthi inyanzelise uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwaye ifake ingcinezelo kwizixhobo ezichasa-demokhrasi, ezizisa uludwe lwamazwi : okuquka abafundi nabazali

Imfundo Kawonke-wonke

Ekugqibeleni, iindlebe zifundisa uluntu kunye nabagcini-mava malunga nemiba entsonkothileyo yemfundo. Iintlanganiso ezithe zacholwa okanye eziqukunjelweyo zingabangela ukuba abantu baqonde imixholo efana nokunqongophala kwabafundisi-lwazi, ukwahlulwa kwamanani, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemali yesikolo. Ngokuguqulela iingxoxo zobugcisa kulwimi olufikelelekayo, iindlebe zinceda uluntu luqonde oko urhulumente wabo akwenzayo.

Izihloko Eziphambili Ezibangela Imfundo Ibe Yindawo Ephambili

Izinto ezithethwayo ngemfundo zininzi yaye zitshintsha ngendlela engoopolitiko nebutho labantu.

Ukubonelela ngeNgxowa-mali yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali

Inkxaso-mali ekhoyo yemfundo ingumbandela ongapheliyo. Ukuphulaphula kuhlolisisa ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yeSihloko I (abafundi abangaphumelelanga), i-IDEA (imfundo ekhethekileyo), kunye noPell Grants. Iingxoxo zidla ngokugxininisa ekubeni iiprojekthi ezinika ubuncwane obulinganayo phakathi kwengingqi nezihlwempuzekileyo, izikolo zasedolophini, kunye namazwe anezikolo zerhafu ezahlukeneyo. Ngexesha loqingqo-mali, unobhala wemfundo ukhusela isicelo solawulo, ngelixa amalungu etyhala ukwenzela ulwando okanye ukunyuka. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yonyaka ingumsebenzi ophezulu obonisa ukuba izinto eziphambili kunyaka.

Imigangatho yemfundo kunye novavanyo

Indima karhulumente wesizwe ekumiseleni okanye ekukhuthazeni imigangatho yemfundo iye yanempikiswano. IiNkcubeko ze-na Child Lend Behind Act (NCLB) zibalaselisa iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga zovavanyo oluphezulu, kuquka ukufundisa kuvavanyo kunye nokuxilonga izifundo. Kutshanje, ukubhetyebhetye-bhetye kwe-ESSA kuvavanywe oko kuphengululweyo ngempembelelo yayo ekuphenduleni ityala. AmaNgqina aphikisana ngomlinganiselo wolawulo kunye nolawulo lolawulo, kunye nokusebenza kweemvavanyo ezisemgangathweni njengomzekelo wokufunda umfundi.

Ukulingana nofikelelo

Ukungalingani kweendlebe kuthethwa ngokungafaniyo ngokohlanga, ingeniso, i-glown, kunye nokukhubazeka. Izihloko ziquka ukuhlukaniswa kwezikolo, ukuxhaswa kwemali okungalinganiyo, ukufikelela kwimfundo ephambili, kunye nokungalingani koqeqesho. Ulawulo lobukhobenyiswa-mthetho lunyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu enjenge-Title VI ne-Titler IX. Umzekelo, iindlebe ziye zaphanda ngokuhlaselwa ngokwesini emakholejini, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinguqu kwindlela amaziko asingatha ngayo izikhalazo. Ngokufanayo, iziphumo eziphezulu zeCHOVAID-19 kwingeniso ephantsi zibangela ukuba abafundi bave ukuva ngemfundo ekude ebhaliweyo nokutya.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo, uBunjani bukaMfundisi,

Urhulumente wesizwe ngokwembali ulawula ngokusikelwe umda kulwazi lwezifundo, kodwa iindlebe zihlolisisa ukulungiselelwa komfundisi- ntsapho, ukuqinisekiswa, nokugcinwa kwemithetho. Abamisi-mthetho bayayibuza indlela urhulumente anikela ngayo inkqubela yeSihloko II njengenkxaso yengcali yemfundo yezemfundo nokuba ngaba baphucula ngokunempumelelo kusini na ukufundisa ngemibandela ephikisanayo enjengokuba nengcamango egxekayo yohlanga okanye inkcubeko, kunye nokuva okusebenza njengezikhundla zamadabi enkcubeko. Ukunqongophala komfundisi kwi-STEM kunye nemfundo ekhethekileyo kukwayinkqeqenkqeza.

Imfundo Ephakamileyo Iluncedo Netyala Labafundi

Akukho mbandela ulawula ukuviwa kwakutshanje ngaphezu kwexabiso lemali ehlawulelwa imali ekholejini nakubafundi ababolekiweyo. Iikomiti zineenkonzo ezitshayelela imali ebolekiweyo, oomongameli baseyunivesithi, kunye nabameli ababolekisiweyo ngenxa yokunyuka kwemali, ukubolekisa ngenkohlakalo, kunye noxanduva kwabo babolekileyo. Ukubhengeza oku kuwonke-wonke kwezi ngxaki kuye kwafak' isandla kwiinguqu ezifana nokuhlawula imali ehlawulwayo kunye neenkqubo zokuxolela.

Ukuchacha nokuchacha

Isifo se-COVOID-19 senza ungxamiseko olutsha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ingqungquthela yalathisa amawaka ezigidi emali emali yongxamiseko kwizikolo ngoMthetho weCancers kunye neempahla ezilandelayo. Iindlebe ziye zahlola indlela eyayisetyenziswa ngayo le mali `ukukhupha umoya, ubugcisa, ukufundisa/ukufikelela kwabafundayo abasweleyo. Ingxoxo emalunga nokuva kwesikolo, imiqathango yokufihla amagquma, nokulahlekelwa kufunda bekungopolitiki, kunye neendlebe ezibonisa ukwahlukana okunzulu kwezezentlalo.

Indlela Ukuviwa Okuchaphazela Ngayo Umgaqo - siseko

Ngeli xesha ukuva kukodwa kungenayo imithetho, benza iimeko zokusebenza kwemithetho. Ukuva okuthe kratya kungakha isantya semali, kunika ingxelo ecacileyo efunekayo ukwenzela uphawu lwekomiti, kwaye kubhenca iimpazamo kwimithetho ekhoyo. Umzekelo, ukuva kwingxelo yowe-1998 A Nation ekwingozi ikhuthaza imigudu yokuphucula imfundo eyaphumela kwiMithetho 2000 Act nasemva kweNCLB. Ngokukhawuleza, ukuva kwinkqubo yokuboleka imali yomfundi kubanikazi kwanikela kwinkqubo yesicelo se-Free Free Compution for Federal Aid Aid (FAFFSSA).

Impembelelo ingenakuphenjelelwa. Uphando lwezazinzulu zezobupolitika lubonisa ukuba ukuva kuphembelela intsingiselo yomthetho, ingakumbi xa amangqina enikela ugcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo namabali obuqu. Abenzi bomthetho badla ngokufaka ubungqina kwiindleko zabo. Ngaphezu koko, iindlebe zingaguqula indlela abameli abaphethe ngayo ngaphandle kwemithetho emitsha. Ukurhoxa kwemfundo [ ngokufuthi ngokuzingcinga zilungisa imigaqo ukunqanda ukuba baphephe ukuba ngabaqhubi abaceli abakhandli ekuviweyo. Oku kumele ukuthotyelwa kweliso kubonakalisa amandla athambileyo.

Ukuphendula kwiNdlela yokuSebenza: Ukuphendula iBreaucracy yemfundo

Ukuva kweKhomishini yeNkqutyana yenye yendlela ezimbalwa apho indlu yowiso-mthetho inokuthi ngokungqalileyo ilicel ’ umngeni isebe elilawulayo. Xa iSebe lemfundo licotha ukukhupha imimiselo ezalisekisa iESA okanye lisilele ukuqwalasela ukunikwa kwabaphulaphuli, ukuva kunokunyanzela ukuthatha inyathelo elikhawulezileyo. Isisongelo se-subpoena okanye umhloli jikelele usoloko ezama ukuchaza ukungaphononoki. Umzekelo, ukuva [[FLT: 0]] ukhuseleko lwe-e-mfihlo olunamandla oluthelwe yi-palgractary [[[FLT:]]

Iindlebe Eziphawulekayo Embalini Ezaguqula Imfundo

I-No Child Lend Behind Act Reauditions (2001)

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yowama - 2000, ungcelele lweendlebe lwalatha isiseko seNCLB. amaNgqina abalaselisa imisantsa efezweyo phakathi kwabafundi abamhlophe nabambalwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugxininiseni komthetho ekususweni kwenkcazelo echaphazelekayo nasekuhlolweni konyaka. Iindlebe zikwachanaba ukuchasa okusuka kumarhulumente ukusa kuxanduva lwamagunya, uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo namhlanje.

Umfundi Loan Martles Agets (2010s-2020)

Ukususela ekuweni kweeKholeji zaseKorinte ngo-2015, ukuva kwabangela ukuba kubonakale urhwaphilizo olusasazekileyo kwicandelo lengeniso. Emva koko amava phantsi kolawulo lwamaTrump nolweBiden ahlola amanyala e-Navient shop, ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yeNkonzo yoKhuseleko loMthetheleli, nokurhoxiswa kwemali ebolekisiweyo esemthethweni. Ezi zimvo zakhuthaza ngokungqalileyo imithetho yokuzikhusela ebolekayo kunye namadabi asemthethweni ngenxa yokuxolela.

ICuloso yesikolo se-COVID-19 kunye nokuLahla kokufunda (2020-2022)

Ezi zikhalazo zazingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili kwingxamiseko yazo. AmaNgqina ayequka amagosa ezempilo kawonke-wonke, iinkokeli zomanyano lwabafundisi- ntsapho, abazali nabafundi. Ubungqina babalaselisa umahluko ekufikeleleni kwemfundo ekude, ukuchaphazeleka kwempilo engokwengqondo ebantwaneni, nokusebenza kwemali yoncedo karhulumente. Umthetho olandelayo wawuquka ii-R222 zezigidi ze-R22 zeZikolo, kunye namalungiselelo okungenelela kobungqina.

Ukuvakala kweNgxoxo yoMdla woLujaho-janganiso oluBanzi kunye neNkxaso yeNkcubeko (2021-2023)

Iindlebe eziphezulu ezivayo zobuhlanga zahlola indlela imbali efundiswa ngayo kwizikolo zeK-12. Ngoxa kungekho mthetho wesizwe ophumela, ukuchotshelwa kwamaqela aphezulu enkcubeko kwaye kwabangela amanye amazwe ukuba abeke imiqathango kwingxubusho yaseklasini. Oku kubonisa ukuba iindlebe zinokubumba intetho yesidlangalala kwanaxa umthetho ucima.

Umatshini Wemfundo Yokuva

Ukuqonda indlela ukuva okutyhileka ngayo kutyhila amandla nokusikelwa umda kwayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isitulo sekomiti sicwangcisa ukuchonga ngomxholo othile, ukumema amangqina avela kwisebe eliphetheyo, i-academia, amaqela ajongene nemicimbi yesizwe, kunye nabantu abachaphazelekayo. Emva kokuvulwa kwamalungu, amangqina anikela ubungqina obulungiselelweyo, alandelwa yimijikelezo yemibuzo. Amalungu asoloko esebenzisa iindawo zawo ezineminengampumlo ezintlanu ukwenza iingongoma zezobupolitika okanye ukukhupha izindululo. Imibhalo-magama neevidiyo ziba yinxalenye yengxelo kawonke, esetyenziswa kamva ziinkundla, iintatheli, nababhali-mbali.

Okubalulekileyo, iindlebe zinyuswe kwiC-SPAN kwaye zikhukuliseka kwi-intanethi, zinika ufikelelo ngaphaya kwegumbi lokuva. Oku kukhanya kungundoqo kumsebenzi wazo. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi iindlebe ziyasebenza, namalungu afunda imibuzo ebhalwe ngamagama angaphambili namalungu anika iingongoma zokuthetha kunokuba anike incoko yokwenene. Ngaphandle koko, ingxelo ebhaliweyo iyaqhubeka inempembelelo.

Iingxaki Nezinto Endingenakukwazi Ukuziva

Ngeli xesha kubalulekile, iindlebe zineempazamo. Ukungavakali kudla ngokuzinciphisa zibe yindawo yokudlala yemidlalo yeqonga ebangela ukuva isandi kunokuba ziphendulwe. AmaNgqina angakhethwa ukuxhasa ingxelo emiselweyo, athintele iingcinga ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuva linyathelo elinye kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo yemithetho-siseko; iindlebe ezininzi aziphumeleli mthetho osebenzayo. Ubuninzi bendlebe kwimfundo qhakuva-jhength- nyaka ngamnye, njengoko igalelo le mithombo yendaba igxininisa kwingquzulwano enkulu.

Omnye umlinganiselo kukungalandeli. Iinkqubo zongxamiseko zingangakuhoyi ukunconywa, kwaye iKhomishini ingacotha ukwenza ngokuvisisana nezinto ezifunyenweyo. Umzekelo, ukuva iindlebe ezininzi ngengxaki yabafundi yamatyala kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini kuvelisa utshintsho olwandisiweyo kuphela de i-avera-afleva ime. Umgama phakathi kobungqina kunye nenkqubo uphazamisa abaxhasi abaninzi.

Imigaqo Yexesha Elizayo Yolawulo Lwengqungquthela Kwimfundo

Njengoko ugcino-mali lwemfundo lutshintsha, iindlebe kufuneka zilungelelane. Imixholo edityanisiweyo iquka ubukrelekrele obungeyomfuneko emagumbini okufundela, indima yabaphathi boovimba besikolo, indima yokungabikho koovimba besikolo okungapheliyo, kunye nokwanda kwee-akhawunti zemfundo kunye nee-arhente. Ukuva kuya kufuneka kuqhubeke kubandakanya ugcino-lwazi lokufunda ii-alytics kunye nezifundo zobude. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuka kobungqina obukude ngexesha le-COVID-19 kwabonisa ukuba iindlebe zinokuba luncedo ngakumbi, kuvumela amangqina avela kwiindawo zasemaphandleni okanye abo baneembopheleleko zokunyamekela abathathi-nxaxheba. Ucelomngeni kukuhlala uhleli kwi-ekho ubugcisa bokuhlola ngezo ezithe kratya.

Isiphelo: Imilinganiselo Ehlala Ihleli Yokuva

Ukuvakala kwemithetho-siseko kusengundoqo obalulekileyo wolawulo lwemfundo karhulumente. Kunika imbonakalo efunekayo ukuze kuphendulwe idemokhrasi, ubungqina obusisiseko sophuhliso lomthetho, kunye ne-asseum kawonke-wonke ukwenzela iingxoxo ezidla ngokuphikisana ezichaza imfundo yaseMerika. Nangona ukungafezeki .(ukulawulwa kwemfundo kunye nezopolitiko zezobupolitika) imikhosi yabaphathi benkqubo yokuva yokujamelana neziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye neentsapho, ezi ntlanganiso zinika isiseko esinamandla sokuphembelela imithetho elawula izikolo zabo nobomi babo. Njengoko indima yesizwe kwimfundo iyaqhubeka inguquququzelelwa, iza kuhlala apho iimfuno zemfundo zelizwe ziya kuncinwano kwaye ziqinisekiswe.

Ukuhlola ummandla wangoku wezemfundo, tyelela iKomiti yendlu kwimfundo kunye neGama elisebenza ngokuqengqelekayo okanye uhlolo GAO iingxelo zemfundo[, ezisoloko zimisela isiseko sobungqina bokuva. Ukutshona okunzulu kwendlebe, iirekhodi zolawulo lwamazwe [[FLT:]]