IiKomiti ze-Political Action (PACs) bezisoloko zinamandla ekulolongeni inkqubo kawonke-wonke kunye nokuphembelela iziphumo zonyulo. Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zePACs ezisebenzayo eUnited States, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zisebenzisa indawo eyahlukileyo nenempembelelo engakumbi. Ngokungafaniyo nee-PCs ezinxulumeneyo , ezibotshelelwe ngokusemthethweni kwiinkampani, amaqumrhu asebenza, okanye imibutho yamalungu e-PAC esebenzayo ngokuzimeleyo. Zicela iminikelo evela kuwonke-wonke kwaye zifaka ezo mali zokuxhasa okanye ukulwa kwemiba, umthetho, okanye imigaqo-nkqubo. Emashumini eminyaka adluleyo, indima ye-PAC engekho mdlalwano entlani ephambili kwimikhankatho, ivenze i-entlobo ze-PCcompacy, ivelise ingcuthe yalenza imicimbi yezo zezobupolitika. Eli nqaku elingenayo, igalelo, i-PC, iziphumo ezingonezo zomthetho, imicimbi ezinguququququ, kunye nengxoxo, neengxoxo ezinguququququ

Ziyintoni iipari ezingadibaniyo?

Phantsi kwephulo lemali lezemali lesizwe, i-PAC engazidibanisiyo nombutho, umbutho wabasebenzi, umbutho odibanisa ubulungu, okanye nawuphi na omnye umbutho onokuseka i-PAC enxulumeneyo. Eli gama lichazwa yiFederal Ecompution Commission (FEC) phantsi kwe-11 FR 0.5 (e). I-PAC edityaniswe ngumbutho, i-ssue, okanye i-ok amaqela anokuququzelela iminikelo yokuzithandela evela kubantu ngabanye kwaye isebenzise ezo mali ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa, umthetho, okanye ukuchasa, okanye ukuthobela imiqathango yemiqathango kunye neemfuno zolawulo.

Umahluko ongundoqo uxhomekeke kwinkululeko yabo. I-PAC enxulumeneyo ifumana imali yayo ngokuyintloko ivela kumbutho othile, amalungu, okanye abalawuli, kwaye imisebenzi yayo idityaniswe kakhulu nentsebenziswano exhasayo. Engadibaniyo, ngokuphikisanayo, ixhomekeke kwimali ebanzi esekelwe kuluntu. Abakhange bayibone nayiphi na inkampani okanye intsebenziswano, nto leyo evumela ukuba bajonge ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwemiba ekhoyo kwaye bagcine ingqale phambili kwinjongo yabo ekhethekileyo. Imizekelo yePaCs iquka i-Ovinial Liberies Union (ACC) PC), iPaC) i-PaC) isenokungaphakathi inkxaso ngabantu abangaphandle, iNgxongo yezemali, kunye ne-National Rhiflence (effel Fund (enye inkxaso yemali yemali yemali yemali ye-NRA) isuka kwimali yayo engekho mvukweni. Ngoko ke isenokuthi yemali ephambili kwimali ekhoyo, ingashiye i-paC-paC).

Imeko Yembali Nendaleko

Isakhiwo sePaC yanamhlanje sabunjwa nguMthetho weCandelo loNqulo loManyano (Fekka) ka-1971 kunye nezilungiso zayo ngo-1979, ezamisela imida yomnikelo kunye neemfuno zokutyhila. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-1976 Buckley v. Valeo sahlula ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kweminikelo (enokulinganiselwa) kunye nenkcitho ezimeleyo (engenakuba nethuba elide lokunganxibelelani kwabo).

Ngexesha lama-1980 kunye nama-1990, ii-PAC ezingeyontsebenziswano zanda njengoko amaqela eengcamango eqonda ukuba anokudibanisa iminikelo emincinci kwaye asebenzise impembelelo kumadabi ewinognol. Unyuko lwengxowa-mali yemali ethe ngqo kunye nentlawulo yemivo yamanani yenze ukuba ikwazi ukuphosa ezi-PAC ezizinzileyo kwisiseko esinenzondelelo ngaphandle kokufuna isakhiwo sentlangano esikhoyo. [[FLT:] [I-C] isigqibo esithe ngqo sokusetyenziswa ngokuzimela ngokwahlukileyo, esithengwa ngokuvumela imicimbi yemibutho kunye nezinyuko ezizinzileyo ezizimelayo, kwaye iinqobo ezilandelayo zikhokelele kwinkqulo yeC. I-PACC inguhlobo oluphezulu lohlobo lwe-PC, kodwa azinakubonelelangasetyenziswa ngokunjalo, ngokokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha, ngoko kuxhasa okubalulekileyo, i-PaC, kwaye kuselu lwabiwo oluthe ngqo, kubalwa inkxaso olusukayo.

Indima Kwiphulo Lokukhuphisana

I-PACs engadityaniswanga ngabadlali abasembindini ekukhutshweni kwe-advocacy/ii-campagigs zenzelwe ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke, ukuphembelela iziphumo zomthetho, okanye ucwangciso lwenkqubo oluphambili ngaphandle kokujolisa kunyulo okanye ukoyiswa. Ngokungafaniyo ne-PACs eqwalaselweyo, i-PACs, ibandakanya inkqubo yeqonga yangaphambili, ii-projekthi zokukhuthaza, kunye nemigudu yemfundo ende. Inkululeko yabo kwiqela okanye izixhobo zenkampani ibanika i-groot enokuthi ikwazi ukuthatha imidanganiso edityaniswe nePaCs edityaniswe nombutho obanzi.

Ukuthomalalisa Iimbono Zoluntu

Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili ye-PACs engadityaniswanga ne-octives ekhutshwayo kukutshintsha uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Ngezibhengezo ezihlawulwayo (umboniso, amanani, ushicilelo, unomathotholo), ijelo-lwazi olufunyenweyo (uxinzelelo olukhutshwayo, ii-op-aders, amaphulo onxibelelwano oluphakathi), kunye nokubophelela ngqo (iiintetho, iiholo zedolophu), zingaphakamisa inkangeleko yembambano kwaye zifakelwe abavoti kunye nabenzi benkqubo. Umzekelo, i-PAC engadityaniswanganiswanga kwimithetho elawulayo intengiso ekhuthaza ukuqulutya kwisa, ngaloo ndlela zisenza ucinekiso lomthetho.

Ukuphanga Okusemthethweni Nokulawula Ngokungqalileyo

Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zidla ngokuqesha abaxhasi abangoogcisa abangoogcisa kwaye zigcine abasebenzi abasisigxina eWashington okanye kumakomkhulu ephondo. Zihlola umthetho, zithatha imigaqo yempiliso, kwaye zidibana nabenzi bomthetho ukuxhasa okanye ukuchanabeka kwetyala elithile. Ngenxa yokuba zingajongwa kwiphepha lomlinganiselo omnye womanyano, zingaxhasa iziphumo ezifana ne-nethi, ukupheliswa kweziyobisi ezigunyazisiweyo, okanye utshintsho lwemozulu olunokungahoywa ngabaxhasi bemibhosho-fini.

Iintambo ezinomsila

Ngaphaya kwe-Beltray yonikezelo lwe-PAC engekho mdlalwaneni kwimibutho esebenzayo yee-croots. Bangacwangcisa amaphulo okubhalisa umnxeba, izilumkiso ze-imeyili, kunye notyelelo olulungelelanisiweyo kwii-ofisi zombutho. Injongo kukubonakalisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke (okanye inkcaso) ukwenzela inkqubo, ngaloo ndlela inika abenzi bomthetho isigqumo sokuvota ngokulungelelanisa nendawo ye-PAC. Abadityanisiweyo ne-PAC rhoqo abasebenzisana neminye imibutho ye-arhente, benza imibutho efikelela kuyo.

Amaphulo Emfundo

I-PACs ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga zigxininisa kakhulu kwimfundo yomvoti, ukupapasha iinkupho zodidi oluphezulu, iikhadi zokuphawula, kunye nezikhokelo zokuthelekisa. Ngokuzisa abanyuli ngemicimbi entsonkothileyo yenkqubo yezorhwebo, utshintsho lonyango, okanye amaqumrhu okulawula . kwaye ezi PaC zibumba umongo apho abavoti benza izigqibo. Lo msebenzi wokufundisa usoloko ubeka isiseko semigudu yokuzilungiselela kamva ngexesha lomjikelo.

Ubuchule obungundoqo obusetyenziswa ziiPAC ezinganxulunyaniswanga

IPACs ephumelelayo engadityaniswanga ifaka umxube weqhinga elixonxiweyo elidityaniswe kwimithombo, usukelo, kunye nokusingqongileyo kwezobupolitika. Ngeli ngezantsi kukho iindlela ezininzi ezingundoqo:

  • I-Expenditures ejindiweyo ye-Implifinithithi-: Ngelixesha ii-PAC zesithethe ezingadityaniswanga zilinganiselwe kwiminikelo ethe ngqo, zingachitha iimali ezingasikelwanga kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo(iiindleko, iiposi, okanye ezinye iingxoxo ezithi zibonise ukuxhasa okanye ngokuchasene nomtyali-phambili ngaphandle kokudibanisa nephulo lawo. Ezi ndleko zisoloko zidityaniswe kwimimandla ekhuphisana apho umbano olunye lungaphembelela ugqatso olukufuphi.
  • [[NTL:0] Zisekelwe kumabonwakude nakuManyano lwamanani abhengezayo: Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zisoloko zivelisa izibhengezo ezinzima ezijolise kwirekhodi yokuvota yomenzi womthetho okanye iintsingiselo zemali elindeleyo. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zibhengezo zihamba ngokuzimeleyo kumaphulo okubhengeza, zingabukhali kwaye zinyuse ingxoxo kawonke-wonke.
  • [ Ulwakhiwo lobunyani: Ngokudibanisa imikhosi edityanisiweyo engenanto, uqhagamshelwano, nezinye iiPAC, iiPaC, ezingadityaniswanga zingadibanisa ubuncwane kwaye zinikele phambili ngokumanyeneyo. Amaphulo okubhiyozela anokukwazi ukuthenga uphando lomgangatho ophezulu kunye nezixhobo ezinkulu ze-media media ezithelela ukwandisa amathuba okuphembelela umthetho.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-Litigation kunye ne Amicus Imishwankathela: Olunye umba wobugxwayiba ubandakanyeka kwiindlela ezisemthethweni, ukuvavanya okanye ukunikezela i-amicus curiaem ezifutshane kwiimeko zenkundla ezichaphazela imibandela yabo engundoqo. Umzekelo, ulawulo lwe-PAC oluxhasayo lwemipu lunga dibanisa ufihlo kwiimeko ezicelcis.
  • Ukungqinelana nokuphendula : Ii-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga zipapasha “amakhadi” abenzi bomthetho wesantya abasekelwe kwivoti kwimibandela engundoqo. La manqaku asasazwa kumalungu nakulwamkelo, edala uxinzelelo lokuphendula ityala kunye nevoti ekhuthaza ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa abaxhasi.

ISicwangciso esingokwasemthethweni nesoLawulo

IPaCs ezingasebenzi kubume bokuzinziswa okunenkcukacha obungalathiswa yi-FEC. Imithetho engundoqo iquka:

  • Ubhaliso kunye nokunika ingxelo: Emva kokunyusa okanye ukuchitha ngaphezu kwe-$000 kunyaka wekhalenda, iPAC engadityaniswanga nefayile yengxelo yexesha nemali ekhutshelwe iminikelo efunyenweyo (kuquka amagama anikezelayo, iidilesi, imisebenzi, kunye nabaqeshi beminikelo engaphezu ko-200) kunye nenkcitho eyenziwayo.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Imilinganiselo yonyulo : Umntu angafak' igalelo ukuya ku-$5 000 ngonyaka kwi-PAC engadityaniswanga. I-PAC engadityaniswanga inokuba negalelo ukuya ku-$5 000 (iisihlanu sonyulo kunyulo ngalunye kwikomiti yonyulo (i-prime kunye nonyulo jikelele luyimida eyahlukeneyo). I-PAC ingenza nenkcitho ezimeleyo engekhona mgaqweni.
  • Isiqinisekiso kwiMinikelwe yaMazwe angaphandle: amazwe asemzini ayalelwe ekunikeleni nakweyiphi na iPAC, kuquka nalawo angadibaniyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukumiselwa kwemithetho: IPAC ezingadityaniswanga akufunekanga zilungelelanise inkcitho yazo ezizimeleyo nabaqhubi okanye amaqela ezobupolitika. Ukuba kuyenzeka, ukusetyenziswa kwemali kuphathwa njengomnikelo okwimida.

Kwisikhokelo esigunyazisiweyo, bona iphepha le- FEC ekubhaliseni i PAC. Ukongeza, FEC yamkele imithetho ehlaziyiweyo[ ngokukhethekileyo kwiPACs ezingedityaniswanga, icacisa iimfuno zolawulo.

Ngaphandle kwale migaqo, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi i-PAC engazidibanisiyo ivumela ii-PCs zifihle i-MPAS yokwenyaniso ngokudlula kwizinto ezikhoyo okanye ngokusebenzisa ezibizwa ngokuthi “imali efihlakeleyo” imibutho engafunwayo ukuze ityhile abanikeli bayo. Oku kuye kwabangela impikiswano eqhubekayo ngokukhanya.

Impembelelo Kwezobupolitika Nomgaqo - siseko

I-PAC engadityaniswanga inamandla kwimithetho elungiselelwe ukubumba. Ubuchule bayo bokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo nokujolisa ngokunzulu kumbandela omnye kuvumela ukuba bafumane impembelelo engathethekiyo enxulumene noqingqo-mali lwabo. Umzekelo, i-PAC ekhuthaza amandla avuselelweyo ekwakheni anamandla anokutshintsha incoko yenkqubo ngokuxhasa ngemali, ukwakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke, nokutyhalela phambili iityala ezithile zerhafu. Ngokufanayo, i-PAC ejolise kumalungelo esibini seSiphengululi inokunyusa ukuchasana okukrakra kolawulo lwemipu, ngokufuthi kukhuthaza iiroot ezishushu zokuqhayisa kunye neeofisi ezikhukulayo ngemfono.

Impembelelo yee-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo iyabonakala ngokukhethekileyo kwiphondo elijinga-jingiyo nakumthetho weprofile ephezulu. Ngethuba lengxoxo ngaphaya koMthetho we-Affordcuble Care Act ngo- 2009-2010, ii-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga kumacala omabini zithe zathe zabikelwa kakhulu kwizibhengezo zikamabonwakude kunye nakumaphulo engca, zinceda ukulungiselela uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Kutshanje, ii-PAC ezingekudityaniswanga zisemgangathweni ekulweni kumalungelo okuvota, inkqubo yemozulu, kunye notshintsho lokufuduka.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Nangona zibalulekile, ii-PAC ezingadityaniyo zijongene nokugxekwa okunzulu:

  • [[NTL: 0] Iphepha le Transparency: Nangona ii PAC ezingeyo-odityaniswanga kufuneka zityhile abanikezeli bazo kwiFEC, ukunyuka kwe-PAC kunye nemibutho yemali emnyama kudibene ngokungephi nale migca. Ezinye ii-PAC ezingeyo-edityanisiweyo zamkela iminikelo evela kwezinye ii-PACs okanye kwingeniso 501 [4)[FLT] ezingatyhili ezazo izibonelelo zazo, eziphumelel'iiiiii.
  • Impembelelo ephangaleleyo yabanikazi bobuMali abaHlanganisiweyo: Ngelixesha ii-PAC ezingezozo idityaniselwa ukubonelela ngeminikelo emincinci edityanisiweyo, ngokwesiko abaninzi baxhomekeke kakhulu kubantu abafumileyo okanye kwizinto ezimbalwa. Oku kungakuthoba phantsi ukuthabatheka kwedemokhrasi okusekelwe kwinxaxheba ezibanzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwenziwa kubenentsingiselo kunye nomyalezo Ongalunganga: Ngenxa yokuba ii PAC ezingadityaniswanga azibotshelelwanga kubangenisi, zisoloko zisebenzisa izibhengezo ezirhabaxa zohlaselo. Le sandi sididayo singaqinisa izahlulo zocalulo kwaye sidibanise umvoti.
  • [[NTLATY:0] Umahluko phakathi komba wokungalawuleki nokwenza ulawulo uyaziwa ngokunenkohliso. I-PAC engadityaniswanga kufuneka iqhube imithetho ye-FEC ngobuchule ukuze iphephe ukophula imithetho yentsebenziswano okanye ukuxhobisa ngempazamo iimfanelo ezongezelelweyo. Olu luluvo lungakhupha izinto ezinokuhamba ngakwicala lobugqhinga.

Uphando lwetyala kwiPaC enganxulunyaniswanga

Imali yesenzo sokhuselo lokusingqongileyo

INgxowa-mali yoNyango yoNyanga yoNyango yoNyaka yoNyaka yoNyaka ePhakathi (EDAF) yiPac engasebenzi njengegunya lezobupolitika leNgxowa-mali yoNyango yoNyango yokuNcinanisa. I-EDAF igxininisa kutshintsho lwemozulu, umoya ococekileyo, kunye nemigaqo yamanzi acocekileyo. Ngexesha lonyaka ka-2010, yasebenzisa iphulo lokuxhasa uluntu ngenkxaso yenkani kwi-cap-rac nomthetho wezobugqeba. Ukusebenzisa intlanganisela yezibhengezo zentengiso zikamabonwakude, i-intanethi, kunye nenkcitho ezimeleyo kwimijaho yombutho ye-ongqungquthela, i-EDAF yanceda ukugcina utshintsho kwimidathatho yesizwe xa umthetho obanzi ungaphumeleli ukudlula.

INgxowa-mali yoloyiso lwezobupolitika

INRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF) yiyona nto eyaziwayo kakuhle e-PAC. Inombolo yabathathi-nxaxheba esekelwe kwingxelo yabo yesibini yoMgqiqo-siseko kunye nabaxhasi bemipu. Ukongeza kwiminikelo ethe ngqo, i-NRA-PVF ichitha imali eninzi kwinkcitho ezimeleyo, ngokuhlasela i-anti-mun-mun-parn kunye nezibhengezo zeposi. Ukukhuthaza kwayo okusekelwe kwingxelo yesibini yeSinyuko soLawulo-Mphengululo kunye nokuxhasa abaqhubi bemipu. Ukongeza kwimiqathango ye-NRA-ILA. (INSTIOFF) isebenzisa intlupheko ephezulu yemithetho yesizwe ephantsi kompumfonogwayilo. I-NRA-VF ithwala umthetho.

Uluhlu Lwe-EMILY

Uluhlu lwe-EMILY olunoluhlu olubanzi lokusebenza kwemali yangaphambili ifana noYeast”.I-PAC engekho kwi-intanethi exhasa ipro-choice Democratic stative. Nangona inguMphathiswa we-PAC, iEMILY iqhuba umba omkhulu womsebenzi wobuzali. Iqhuba iinkqubo zoqeqesho, imirhumo yemfundo yovoti kumalungelo okuzala, kunye nemirhumo yenkcitho ezimeleyo ebangela ingxoxo ngokufikelela ekukhupheleni isisu nezokuthintela.

Imigudu Yokucacisa Nokuguqula Izinto

Kwimpendulo kwinkxalabo malunga nemali efihliweyo, kuvele amanyathelo amaninzi okubonisa imbonakalo. UMthetho we-DISCLOSE, oye waveliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiBhunga, uza kufuna ii-PAC ezinkulu namanye amaqela angaphandle achitha imali ukuchaza abanikezeli abangaphezulu kwe-R10 000. Amanye amazwe aye amkela imithetho yawo yokutyhila, efuna ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga nengxelo ezininzi kwaye achaze umthombo wokuqala weminikelo exhotyisiweyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-FEC iye yabongozwa ukuhlaziya imimiselo yayo ukuvala izibambiso ezivumela izityebi ukuba zifumane iminikelo engaphantsi kwe-palaC.

Ubugcisa bukwadlala indima: imibutho efana neCenter for Responsive Politics (Opensets) ipapashe idata ethetha ngokusetyenziswa kwemali, inceda iintatheli nezilumkiso ukuba zilandele imali. Imigudu yokubona ngaphaya kwengqondo inceda abavoti benze izigqibo ezinolwazi, nangona ingayinciphi impembelelo epheleleyo ye-PACs ezingeyo.

Imouse Yexesha Elizayo

I-PAC engadityaniswanga isenokuhlala isebenza kwi-politiki yaseMelika, ingakumbi njengokuba igalelo lokungagunyaziswanga liza kwandisa kwimida emitsha njengemilinganiselo yokungalinganiyo yobulumko, ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha, kunye nemfihlo yamanani. Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwe-dollar-dillar contelling jointraing [[FLT:]] i-Chenel ingenza ukuba ii-PAC eziqwalaselweyo zivele. Noko ke, utshintsho lomthetho (njengoko kunokwenzeka ukuba inkundla ephakamileyo yenkundla ibhukuqe ibhukuqe iUnited)) itshintshe ngokuphandle kakhulu indawo engqongileyo. Ngaphandle komthetho onjalo, ukwenza ukwenzeka kokukhanya okungadityaniweyo kusenokusetyenziswa ekuvulekeleni kwemithetho evulekileyo.

Njengokuba imijikelo yonyulo engamashumi amabini24 neyama-2026, i-PAC engadityaniswanga ne-oyile iza kuqwalasela kwimiba eshushu: imozulu, amalungelo okuqhomfa, ukufuduka, kunye notshintsho lwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zimela impembelelo ebalulekileyo nenamandla enkcubeko yezemali yezentlalo. Ukuzimela kwazo kuzenza zikwazi ukuxhasa iiziphumo ezinokuthi zityeshelwe yi-PAC kunye namaqela ezobupolitika. Ngokuqokelela ii-pacs ezinxulumeneyo, inkxaso yemfundo, kwaye zisebenzisa iinkcitho ezizimeleyo, zinempembelelo enentsingiselo kuyo yombini umthetho kunye noluvo lukawonke. Ukanti zona iimpawu ezizenza zibe namandla ````````awuxhobisa ulawulo lwamaqela oluntu' kunye nemali ebanzi exhotyikisiweyo'.] Ngokukhuthaza iimfunonelo olusemthethweni ngokukhanya nangempembelelo egqithisileyo. Ukuqonda indima ye-PACs engekho mthethweni edityaniyo kuyimfuneko kubenzi bemithetho, abaxhasi, nabemi abafuna ukukhangela iingqimbaxa-mali zale mihla. Njengoko ezo politiki ziqhubeka, ezi zixhobo zemali ziqhubeka ukuvavanyanisa i-mali ye-mali, kunye nemiqatha ye-demo ye-demo yemali ehlala iMelika.