Indima Yemibutho Yamalungelo Abantu Ekuxhaseni Imigaqo Yesivumelwano Esilungileyo NgoLwesihlanu

IGood Wesihlanu Agreement, eyatyikitywa ngo-10 April 1998, ijongwa ngokubanzi njengempumelelo ephawulekayo kwisigqibo semfazwe yamalungelo abantu eNorthern Ireland. Yaphela amashumi amathathu eminyaka emfazwe yamahlelo enogonyamelo eyaziwa ngokuba ziiNtoki kwaye yaseka isiseko sokulawula ulawulo, ukulingana, namalungelo abantu. Nangona ingxubusho yezopolitiko kunye nolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe yayibalulekile, impumelelo yesivumelwano yaxhomekeka kakhulu kwisiseko sesiseko esibekwe yimibutho yamalungelo abantu. Le migaqo ayizange ivele nje kuphela kwii-1990; yavela kwimimiselo yocalulo kunye nokungalinganiyo eyabangela ingxabano ngokwayo. Ngokuqhubela phambili amalungelo alinganayo, angavumilo olunolwano, kwaye ibandakanya ingxuba, imibutho yamalungelo abantu, eyadala iimeko ezifunekayo kwi-Rwester Aventelliation ukuba ithathe ingcambu. Le ngxelo ihlola le misebenzi enzima idlala kwisivumelwano esiphambili kwaye ixhasa imigaqo.

Imvelaphi Yesivumelwano Esihle SoLwesihlanu

IiMbane, ezaqukunjelwa ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960, zaye zabangelwa kukuphikisana okude ngokuma komGaqo-siseko waseMntla Ireland. Uninzi lwamaqela, olunamaProtestanti, oluninzi, lwalufuna ukuhlala kwi-United Kingdom, ngoxa iqela elinobuKatolika, ubukhulu becala, lafuna i-Ireland emanyaniswe. Olu lwahlulo lwezopolitiko lwezobupolitika lwaxubene nocalucalulo olukhoyo ngokuchasene nezindlu, umsebenzi, kunye namalungelo okuvota. Amaqela emikhosi emikhosi yamajoni kumacala omabini abandakanye namacala abandakanyekileyo, ukudubulana, nokubulala amahlelo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-3 500. Ngoo19909, umdibaniso wemikhosi, ukudityaniswa kwezobupolitika, kunye noxinzelelo lwezizwe ngezizwe (kumazwe aseYurophu, kunye namanye amazwe azimele nelungelo elingumthetho-mthetho-onke) wavelisa ithuba lokuthetha ngoxolo loxolo lwe-Rreland (kunye i-ekungeneyokungeneyokunye i-ebuzwe, i-ebuzwe, i-e

Ukuvela Kwamalungelo Abantu Kumntla Ireland

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu eNorthern Ireland awuzange uvele kwingingqi engenanto. Iphefumlelwe yi-Amerika elwela amalungelo abantu eUnited States kunye nezizwe zomhlaba wonke ezilwa nemikhosi yamazwe azimeleyo, abaxhasi boburhulumente ekupheleni koo-1960 baqalisa ukuquququzelela inkqubo yokungamelanga amaKatolika afuna ulawulo. I-Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (ICRA), eyasekwa ngo1967, yaba yintlangano ekhokelayo. I-NICRA yanyanzela “indoda enye, ivoti enye” (ingi ekhoyo urhulumente wasekuhlaleni wanika abanini bamashishini ivoti kwaye wasusa amaKatolika amaninzi), isiphelo sokuqulungela izithuba zezindlu zikawonke wonke, kunye nolwanothi lwemibutho. Izenzo zayo zaquka ukuhlasela, ukuthothoza, ukurhoxabelana kweminyanisa, ukungathobeli kwemi kulawulo lwempumpumpume.

Amaphulo Aphambili Nempembelelo Yawo

Uhambo lowezolo lowe-1968 ukusuka eCoalisland ukuya eDunganon, kunye nohambo lweDerry olulandelayo ngomhla ka-5 Oktobha 1968, lwathi lwaphelelwa lixesha. Uhambo lwangooOktobha lwacinezelwa ngolunya yiRoyal Ulster Ustabulally, enezityholo kunye namanzi. Uthetho logonyamelo loomabonwakude olusasazwa jikelele ehlabathini lonke ludla ngokukhankanywa njengesiqalo seziNqabuzo, njengoko lubhenodadadalw'ilo ulawulo lwelizwe lokucinezelela ulawulo nokwandisa izikhalazo zesizwe. Olunye uqhankcedelo olubalulekileyo lwaluquka ukulaliswa kweBrijini yeBriji ngoJanu 1969, apho iiNICRA zahlasela ngelixa kumiwa amapolisa, kunye “namalungelo enqanawa aphambili akhokelela kwimfazwe yeBhobengongongo ngoAgalo ngoAgalo. Ezi ziganeko zoburhulumente zobu .

Ikhonkco kwiNtshukumo zamazwe ngamazwe ezibanzi

Iqumrhu lamalungelo abantu laseMntla Ireland laliyinxalenye yegalelo elikhulu lokwenza izenzo zobuGawulayo kwiminyaka yee-1960. Abaxhasi basebenzisa ulwimi lwamalungelo abantu basebenzisa nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zamazwe ngamazwe. Umzekelo, iinkokeli ezininzi zaya kwiingqungquthela zamalungelo abantu, kwaye umbutho wamalungelo abantu wase-U.S. wanika intsebenziswano enamandla nenkqubano yezobuchule. Lo mongo wezizwe ngezizwe wanceda ekuqinisekiseni iimfuno zelizwe nokuxhasa iimfuno zobuzwelo-Irish kunye noorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle. Lo mbutho udibaniselwano wadityaniswa namalungelo amaqela amaqela amaqela alwayo nabafundi, wabangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho olukhoyo kwintlalo. Ngoxa ekuqaleni ukumiswa kwemibutho kunye norhulumente waseBritani kwakujonge ukuhlasela kwesizwe njengohlaselo kwizwe, amalungelo esizwe elungelela ukulingana nokulungana kobulungisa, ngokuthe ngceleleka kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwiimfazwe zecawawolu nxamnye namalungelo amaqela amaqela amaqela angoooooooooooooooorhulumente bonqulo

Imigaqo Yesivumelwano Esilungileyo SangoLwesihlanu Exhaswa Ngamalungelo Abantu

IGood Wesihlanu Agreement ivuma ngokucacileyo imigaqo emininzi abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu ababeyixhase kangangamashumi eminyaka. Le migaqo iquka ukulingana kwamathuba, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, nokuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Isivumelwano sasungula iKhomishoni yamaNgesi yamaLungelo abantu eNorthern Ireland, iKhomishoni yamaLungelo, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo eSiko-onke lamagosa agunyaziso olungqalileyo eemfuno zeli qumrhu.

Ukulingana nokungabikho komahluko

Isivumelwano esingundoqo sesivumelwano singummiselo wokuzibophelela “kumgangatho ophezulu” nokulingana kwabo bobabini abantu. Umbutho wamalungelo oluntu kwakudala wawuphikisa ukuba ucalucalulo kwizindlu nangemisebenzi yingcambu yokungquzulana. ICandelo 75 loMthetho we-Northern Ireland 1998 limisela izivumelwano ezingomthetho kwimibutho kawonke wonke ukukhuthaza ukulingana kwamathuba kunye nolwalamano oluhle. Oku kuguqula iimfuno zengca yemibutho ezifunwayo kwiimbopheleleko ezisemthethweni. Ngaphandle kokuzingisa kokungavumelani kwe-NICRA, iCandelo le-Social Justice, namanye amaqela, akunakwenzekanga ukuba amalungiselelo alinganayo alinganayo alinganayo aqukiwe.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sakha ukwakhiwa kwamalungelo abantu okwakungekho ngaphambili eMntla Ireland. Sagunyazisa iBhili yamaLungelo kuMntla Ireland (nangona ingakawinwa ngokupheleleyo) saza saqinisa iNdibano yaseYurophu yaMalungelo Oluntu kumthetho wekhaya. Amaqela alwela amalungelo amakhaya aye axhakamfule iminyaka emininzi ngokuchasene nokurhoxiswa kwetyala ngabachopheli-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa kokuququzelelwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa (ukuwiswa kwetyala ngo-1971), kunye nenkqubo yokudubula imikhosi yokhuseleko. Ubungqina bawo kunye nempembelelo ye-odvocatacy yaba negalelo ekukhohliseni i-impepho yamatyala ukuba amalungelo abantu ayimfuneko ngenxa yoxolo oluhlala luhleli. Imiqatha le komiti ekwaseMntla-Ireland (njengeKhomishini yeNtlanga yamaLungu) neziphumo zengcinezelo yentlalo-Oudmanman.

Umanyano lwezobupolitika kunye noXhosa-Mandla

Umgaqo wesivumelwano wokuvuma .ukugxininisa kweNtlanga-ntle ye-Iriland kumele kuvunywe luninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba abanobuzwe abalungeleleneyo kangangamashumi eminyaka. Iinkokeli zamalungelo abantu, ezazisoloko zivela kwisiqalo esingekho mdlalwano nasekhohlo, ziqhutyelwa phambili kwisivumelwano sezopolitiko esiza kuquka zonke imimandla. Ukugxininisa kwentsebenziswano yengxoxo kunokusetyenziswa kogonyamelo kwanceda iimfanelo ze-republic (ezifana neSin Féin) kunye nee-aststings. Ngaphezu koko, igunya elilawulayo, nombutho onyanzelelwano-mthetho, wacetyiswa, wacetyelelwa ukuthintela “itshanane. intlundlonke iinstrums ekwayithis. Eli lungiselelo linceda ekufuneni amalungelo esizwe nokuphathana.

Uxolelwaniso Nolwalamano Loluntu

Ngaphezu kwemibutho esemthethweni neyopolitiko, umbutho wamalungelo abantu wakhuthaza impucuko yokuxolelana. Abaxhasi abaninzi basebenza kwimisebenzi yokuququzelela ukunqamleza, ukwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProtestanti. Amaqela afana neLuntu loThula (owasungulwa nguMairead Corrigan noBetty Williams ngowe 1976, owaphumelela kwi-Nobel Peace Prize) kunye nemibutho eyalandelayo enjengeCorrymeela Community ikhuthaza incoko kunye nokuphilisa. IGood Wearver Progrectal iquka amalungiselelo amalungelo amaxhoba, imfundo ehlangene, kunye nolwimi (irrish no-Ulster-Scots), konke okubonisa umsebenzi wexesha elide okhuthaza ukuguqula izimo zengqondo.

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Abantu Kwinkqubo Yoxolo

Ngoxa uthethathethwano loxolo olusesikweni lwama-1990 lubandakanya amaqela ezobupolitika, isiseko sabekwa ngamashumi eminyaka ezenzo zoluntu. Iindlela zale nkqubo ezingekho gonyamelo zanika enye indawo kugonyamelo lomkhosi, ibonakalisa ukuba iinguqulelo zinokuphunyezwa ngokuqhankqalaza nangokuxoxisana. Kwanangamaxesha anzima eMixokelelwano, imibutho yamalungelo abantu yalondoloza umbono wobulungisa nowebutho labantu abangenabuzwe.

Abantu Abaphambili Neendima Zabo

Amanani afana noJohn Hume, umsunguli weNtlalo-ntle ye-Democratic kunye ne-Labour Party (SDLP), asuka ngqo kumbutho wamalungelo abantu. Ukhokelo lukaHume kwi-SDLP kunye nomsebenzi wakhe ongakhathaliyo ekwakheni iibhulorho noorhulumente bamaBritane nama-Irish kunye ne-United States, zazichasa kakhulu kwinkqubo yoxolo. Wayephikisa ukuba imfazwe yayingekuyontiyo yamandulo kodwa ngamalungelo, kwaye isisombululo sezobupolitika kufuneka sithethe nokungalingani. Ibhaso loxolo lukaNobel ngo1998 (oklonye noDavid Trimb) yayiluphawu olukusondelayo kumalungelo abantu. Abanye abaxhasi bezomkhosi, njengoBernad Declin (Mlikey) baphuma nakumaqela aphambili eepolitio-omthetho-mthetho-ntlalonke, nangona abanye abangoluye bahlala behleli.

Indima Yamaqela Amabhinqa

Amabhinqa adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu kunye nenkqubo yoxolo. I-NiwC yaseMntla Ireland Women’s Coalition (NIWC), eyasekwa ngowe-1996, yayiliqela elinobuhlanga elalilwela ukumela amabhinqa kwaye libandakanyeka kwiintetho. Amalungu ayo amaninzi ayenemvelaphi kwisenzo soburhulumente kunye namalungelo abantu. I-NIWC yakwazi ukuxhasa ukuqulukwa kwamalungelo amabhinqa, amalungelo abantu, kunye nemfundo edityaniswe nawoMgaqo-siseko weGosa. Umsebenzi wawo wabalaselisa ukuba imigaqo yokulingana nokungalingani nokwangahlangani yayisebenza kungekuphela nje kumanyano olunobuhlanga kodwa kwanabo nako nakolunye uhlobo lobufana nako.

Inkxaso Nentsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Le nkqubo yasebenzisana nomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe. I-Ireland, elungelelaniswe ngamaqela afana ne-Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) kwaye kamva ngolawulo lweClinton, yasebenzisa ingcinezelo kurhulumente waseBritani ukuba athethe. Umlawuli wase-U.S. uGeorge Mitchell, owalawula iintetho, waphenjelelwa ngamalungelo abantu. Imali ye-ethoni ye-European yeSizwe kunye neenkqubo zoxolo zalungiselela inkxaso kwimisebenzi enqamleza amaqela asekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi elawulwa ngamalungelo abantu kunye namaqela abantu. Oku kuxhasa oku ngaphandle kokunyuka iimfuno zombutho kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba i-Gosavementation iquka amalungelo anamandla abantu kunye namalungiselelo omanyano.

Ilifa Nempembelelo Eqhubekayo

Kwiminyaka engama-205 emva kwe-Good Wear Agreement, iLifa lembutho yamalungelo abantu lisabonakala. Amalungiselelo eyawalwelayo ngenxa ye-$names Commission of Human Rights, iKhomishini yamaPolice, i-Police Ombudsman, kunye nenkonzo yamapolisa eguquliweyo (iNkonzo yamapolisa yaseNorthern Ireland, eyathatha indawo ye-RUC). Ngokunjalo, imingeni eqhubekayo. Isivumelwano seBhili-Lungelo lwamalungelo abantu sisamele siphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye amanye amalungiselelo olwimi nenkcubeko aseleyo. Imibutho yamalungelo amakhaya eKomiti eHlamkelo yoLawulo loLugwebo (CA) neNyakatho lwamantla Ireland iyaqhubeka ixhasa ukufezeka nokuvavanya amalungelo abantu.

Izahlulo zamahlelo Nemfuneko Yokuqhubeka Kuqheliselwa

Phezu kwako nje ukunqongophala koxolo, i-Ireland yaseMntla ihlala yahluleke kakhulu ngenxa yamahlelo. Izindlu ezicalucalulwe ngokweecawa, imfundo, kunye neendawo zoluntu zisaqhubeka. Umbono webutho lamalungelo abantu elimanyeneyo usengumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Imibutho emitsha iye yavela, njengaleyo ikhuthaza ukulingana komtshato (osemthethweni ngo-2020) namalungelo abantu abambalwa nabemi abavela kwamanye amazwe. La maqela atsala kwiindlela ezifanayo kunye neempikiswano zokuziphatha okuhle njengabasunguli bawo. Ilifa leGoo beGovern Frivement libonisa ukuba amalungelo ahlala ekhuselekile; afuna ukuhlala ephaphilekile nakuthatha inyathelo.

Izifundo Kweminye Imimandla Echaseneyo

Amava asemntla Ireland anika izifundo kwezinye iimfazwe ehlabathini lonke. Ukubaluleka komsebenzi wobuhlanya, amandla okuqhankqalaza okungenabundlobongela, nemfuneko yokuxhobisa amalungelo abantu kwizivumelwano zoxolo kukhe kwachazwa kwiinkqubo zoxolo eColombia, eMzantsi Afrika, naseBalkans. IGood Wear Apligition ayiluxwebhu oluzimeleyo; luyinkqubo ekhoyo exhomekeke kwibutho lasekuhlaleni ukubeka ityala koorhulumente. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu unika isiseko sokuziphatha nesopolitiko, kwaye iindlela zayo zisasebenza naphi na apho kuphikiswana ngetyala nangokulungele.

Isiphelo

IGood Wear Agreement ngeyayingenakuphunyezwa ngaphandle komsebenzi ozingisileyo, onemigaqo wemibutho yamalungelo abantu eNorthern Ireland. Le migaqo yaguqula ummandla wezopolitiko ngokususa imfazwe njengamalungelo kunye nocalucalulo, kunokuba ibe yeyohlanga kuphela. Yakha ityala lokulingana, amalungelo abantu, kunye nokulawulwa ngokuquleneyo kwingingqi yoxolo. Ilifa lawo libonakala kwimibutho nemithetho ekhusela abemi ngoku, kodwa kwakhona nakulo msebenzi oqhubekayo wamaqela ahlolayo afumana kwaye anyanzelela inkqubela phambili. Njengoko isivumelwano singena kwikota elandelayo ye-centurry, ukukhumbula indima yamalungelo abantu asiyo nje engokwembali ukuqheliswa komsebenzi wokusebenza.

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