Ukusukela amaziko asebenzayo, anokuphendula, naquka izinto ezichazayo lucelomngeni lwenkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe iye yavela njengabadlali abasemaphakathini kulo msebenzi, isebenzisa amandla okudibanisa, ubuncwane obuninzi bemali, kunye nobuchule obunzulu bokuxhasa oorhulumente besizwe kuhambo lwabo lokulawula. Ngaphezu kokuba ngabajoli nje, amaqela afana nenkqubo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iWorld Bank Bank, iNgxowa-mali yeMbali yehlabathi (IMF), iQumbutho lezentele yoNkqubela-mali noPhuhliso lwezemali (OECD), kunye nophuhliso oomatshini abahlukeneyo balungisa izakhiwo kunye nophuhlisolwazi olukhoyo ngokukhutheleyo ukulungiselela ulawulo lwezezolawulo, ulawulo lwezezomthetho, ulawulo lwezezorhwebo, nokuhanjiswa kweenkonzo zikawonke. Umsebenzi wabo uguqule imilinganiselo yomhlaba wonke ukuya kwimekobume bemeko kunye nophuhlisoqoqoshosho oluziweyo.

Olu hlalutyo ludlulela ngaphaya koluhlu olulula lwemisebenzi ukuhlolisisa iziphumo ezincinci zempembelelo, iindlela zobuchule, kunye nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo ezijamelene nezi ziqumrhu ekuqiniseni iinkqubo zolawulo ehlabathini jikelele. Lubonisa indlela ezi ziko ezizixhaso ezisebenzisayo ezikhethekileyo ezimele iindawo zazo zokukhuthaza ukubonakala, zomeleza umthetho, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu kawonke-wonke ayaqhubeka esabela kwiimfuno zabemi bawo. Ukuphumelela kwale nkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe akudibani; kuxhomekeke ekubalaseni okuthanda kwezobupolitika, isikhundla sommandla, kunye nokufaneleka kolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ezibandakanye.

Inkxaso yoLawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe ejikelezayo

Indima yemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ekulawuleni itshintshe ngokuphawulekayo kwitechnocratic, iplani-dvene ezisondela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Namhlanje, kukho ulwazi olunzulu olulawulayo lwezobupolitika kunye nomongo. Le ndale ikhokelele kwizakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo ezigxininisa ubunikazi belizwe, uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, kunye nokufundiswa okulungelelanisiweyo. Uphuhliso lwezinjongo, ingakumbi [FLT][FLD 1616[FLT], luye lwanika amashumi eminyaka angaphambili, lubonelele ukumanyanisa, ukubiza okucacileyo okuseluxolweni, okulula, kwaneentlalo olunamandla. Le ngqungqungquthelaneyo inika imibutho yehlabathi igunya ukuze ibandakanye nomthetho, ulawulo lwezobulungisa, nokufikelela kobulungisa, kwaye iqwa nakumashumi eminyaka ngaphambili kwezobupolitika.

Ukuseka iiNombolo neMigangatho yeNtlalo yehlabathi

Esinye semisebenzi enempembelelo kakhulu yemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe yindima yabo njengoosomashishini abaqhelekileyo. Badala isiseko esichaza imilinganiselo yolawulo olulungileyo. Isivumelwano seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo nxamnye noHlabathi (UNCAC) sisesona sisebenzi esibophelelekileyo ngokomthetho kwindalo yonke, sinika isiseko esibanzi sokuthintela, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokufanayo, i-OECD's [FLT]] [[FLT]] [Anti-Briby Comment [ imisela imilinganiselo esemthethweni yokugweba ngokusemthethweni ukurhwa kwamagosa amazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kwimicimbi yezoshishino. Le migaqo ayishukumili, iguqula iingqungqubano zoontanga, amaqela asebenza ngokuqinisekisa ukuba asebenze ezi zizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, iyakuhlala ingundawe ingulo yomlinganiselo woburhulumente woburhulumente boluntu, ilungelelanisa ulawulo lwawo wonke, ulawulo

Ukumiswa kwemali nobuchule

Umlinganiselo wenkxaso yemali ejoliswe ekulawuleni utshintsho lukhulu. IBhanki yehlabathi Lonke Yophuhliso (IDA) inikezela ngamashumi ezigidi zeerandi ngokwemali ebonelelwa ngayo, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo enikezelwe ukuqinisa amacandelo kawonke-wonke. Le mali ixhasa yonke esukela ekwakheni iinkqubo zolawulo lwerhafu ukuqokelela umhlaba ngokuphinda ubhaliso. [FLD][1] IBHANGE LWZWE LOLUME] Imisebenzi [ [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] idla ngokudibanisa ukuboleka ukuxhasa imali ngeminyaniswa kwemibutho yemibutho yezolawulo yenkqubela efuna inkqubo kunye neenguquko njengemeko zokususwa kwemali. I-IMFF inikeza uncedo lobugcisa kumbini weebhanki, ukukhuthaza ukubonakala kwemali, ukubonakala koondleka kwemali, ukubonakala kooooorhulumente bemali, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali ephakathi kwemibutho yezizwe ngezo yezizwe ezixhasa yezizwe zomhlaba. Lezizwe ezixhasayo kunye

Ukujongwa, uvavanyo kunye nokuxelelwa koontanga

Ngaphandle kokunikela izimali kunye nokumisela imigaqo, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe isebenza njengeengqikelelo ezichaphazelekayo zenkqubela. Inqaku le-IMF le-II linikela uhlolo lwempilo oluthe rhoqo kumgangatho wezoqoqosho kunye nezoqoqosho lwamazwe angamalungu, ngokufuthi kuquka ulawulo lwezihlolo ezinxulumene nobuqhetseba kunye nokusebenza. I-Financial Active Task Force (FATF) idwelisa amazwe anamazwe aneenkcaso ezingenamandla ezilwa nemali, edala ulawulo olunamandla olunezikhundla lwemali olunezo lweziphembelelo zemali olunezonyango. I-OECD isoloko inikela inkqubo yoontanga yokuhlola i-Anti-Bribyry Commentation enxulumene neenkcukacha zemigudu yelizwe ngalinye, epapashwa kwiingxelo zikawonke. Lo msebenzi "nam kunye ne-sham, lokuphikiswa kwempikiswano yetyala elingundoqo, loburhulumente lasekhaya ngokwalo.

Imimandla engundoqo yokuhlola iziphumo zonobumba

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe iye yagxininisa inkxaso yayo yolawulo kwimimandla emininzi ekhethekileyo apho iye yavelisa khona iingenelo ezinzulu zokulinganisa. Uhlalutyo lwale mimandla lunika ingqiqo ecacileyo yendlela eziphunyezwe ngayo iziguquko neziphumo eziye zafikelela kuzo.

Ukuqinisa uLawulo lwezemali lukawonke wonke

Abaphathi boovimba boluntu ngumsebenzi wolawulo olusisiseko. IBhanki yehlabathi, nge-Promance Global Practice, ibiyinkokeli ekuxhaseni uLawulo lwezemali zikawonke-wonke (PFM) izichazi . [FLT]] PULT[1] PULTILIC kunye nokungagunyaziswa kwemali (PEFA)[[FLD] [2] inkqubo [[FLT]], inkqubo exhathisa inkqubo yorhwebo oluninzi, inikeza isiseko somgangatho sokusebenza kwenkqubo yePFM. Esi sixhobo sokujonga ukuchaphazeleka kwemali sinceda oorhulumente baphawule umgangatho obalulekileyo kwifomu yoqingqohlahlolo, ukunikezelwa kolawulo, ukuhlolwa, nokuvelela, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwenkqubela kwenkqubela-mali, ukuveliswa kweeprojekthi yemibutho yemibutho yemibutho yemali, i-PFFF ixhaswe ngokuneka koncedo oluthe ukusetyenziswa kwemali, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkxaso kwemali, ukusetyenziswa kwenkxaso kwemali, uku

Imigudu yokubonisa ngaphaya kunye nokulwa nokusebenza

IUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ibiphambili ekuxhaseni iindlela zokulwa nokonakala kwesizwe. Umsebenzi we-UNDP usoloko ugxininisa ekuthinteleni ingqiqo yenkohlakalo, unceda amazwe amisele iinkqubo ezizimeleyo zokulwa nokunganyaniseki, amisele ukufikelela kwimithetho yolwazi, kwaye akhuthaze ukuvela kokufumana nokuphatha izibonelelo zendalo. Umzekelo, i-UNDP ixhase ukuphunyezwa kogcino-lwazi lukarhulumente oluvulekileyo kumazwe aphesheya kwe-Latin America ne-Afrika, inika abemi ithuba lokufumana imali kawonke nokugcina amagosa ephantsi komsebenzi. IBhange yehlabathi limele ukusetyenziswa kwe-Asbeevectorat (SAR), ukuquququzelelana nolawulo lwe-UN kwiziyobisi neCRIM (UNDC), isebenza ukubuyisela izinto ezibiweyo, i-mode yokuzikhusela nokukhuthaza urhwashobon, i-okss, ingumsebenzi osezantsi, ingumsebenzi owenziwa ngabasebenzi abasebenzi bezezomthetho, kunye nezigunyaziwe, kunye nezigunyazo zomthetho, kunye nezigunyazo

Ukuxhasa Umthetho Nenkululeko Yomthetho

Imithetho esebenzayo nemigaqo-mthetho ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni izivumelwano, ekukhuseleni amalungelo empahla, nasekuqinisekiseni ubulungisa obulinganayo. I-European Union (EU) iye yenza umthetho wokuguqula intsika ephakathi yenkqubo yayo yokwandisa. Amazwe anokudadidlulwa kufuneka abonise ingxelo ebhaliweyo yenkululeko yomthetho, amanyathelo asebenzayo okulwa nokunganyaniseki, kunye nokuhlonipha amalungelo asisiseko ngaphambi kokuba avume ukungenela kwe-Union. Lo mqathango ube ngumqhubi wesi wesivukelo esinamandla wotshintsho kuMbindi neMpuma Yurophu kunye neNtshona Ntshona Yurophu. I-EUU inikela iinkqubo ezithe kratya ezithe zanda, apho amagosa asekuhlaleni asuka kumazwe akhoyo asebenza ngokuphandle kunye namaqabane awo, aphumele imigaqo emitsha esemthethweni, abagwebi, abagwebi, nabalungiseleli benkundla. Ngoxa le nkqubo ingekho imingeni eninzi yemiqatha yemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukukhuthaza ukubonakala ngaphaya kombane nolawulo lwamatyala

I-IMF ithathe indima ephambili ekukhuthazeni ukubonakala kwemali eninzi, iqonda ukuba imali ekhazimlayo yindawo yokuvelisa urhwaphilizo kunye nokungalawuleki. [FLT]] I-IMF'S Fiscal Translate code [[[[FLT]]] inika iseteko ebanzi yemilinganiselo kunye nemigaqo yemali. Imisebenzi yobugcisa inceda amazwe afumane izithuba ekunikeni ingxelo yawo kunye nokuphuhlisa icebo lokuphucula ukuphucula ukubonakala, kuquka ulawulo olungcono lweziimali ezinkozo zemali ezizimeleyo kunye nolawulo lukawonke-wonke. Kummandla wolawulo olunempumelelo, i-IMF neBrantsho neBranki esebenzayo kusetyenziswa amazwe asebenza ngokuqinisa amatyala awo nokuphatha. Oku kusebenze ngokungxa kumazwe amaninzi athe kka.

Ukujamelana Nocelomngeni Olungapheliyo Neengxaki Zezobupolitika

Naphezu kwegalelo elibalulekileyo lemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, ulawulo lwezi inguqulelo lunzima ngokwemvelo kwaye lusoloko ludibana nemiqobo enzulu. Ukuvuma ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuyileni iindlela ezisebenzayo nezizokwenene zokuxhasa.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho Lokuthanda Kwezobupolitika Nobunini

Utshintsho lolawulo lusoloko lusongela izilangazelelo eziqinileyo. Abo bangenelwayo kwiinkqubo ezingekho ngqiqweni, ulawulo olubuthathaka, okanye ulawulo olucacileyo lwezibonelelo badla ngokuxhathisa utshintsho. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe inganika icebiso lemali kunye nobugcisa, kodwa abanako ukwenziwa kolu tshintsho lwezopolitiko. Olona lunempumelelo zezizo ezibuzo ngokwenene zilawulwa ziinkokeli zasekhaya kunye nabaguquleli. Xa utshintsho lubonwa njengezinto ezinyanzelekileyo, babonakala benobuchule bangaphandle, basengozini yokusetyenziswa ngokuphandle okanye baphenduliswa emva kokuhla koxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Ukuguqukela kulwa "kwenkqubela ekhoyo" kunye "ukuguqula-inteleko olunentsingiselo" nokubonisa ukuqondwa kotshintsho oluzinzileyo oluzinzileyo oluzinzileyo lumele luqhutyeke ngaphakathi kwaye lulumkelwe, kunye namaqabane amazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe adlala indima ephambili kunokuba akhokela.

Umlinganiselo wombhalo obhaliweyo nokwekuphepha iMishicilo eluhlaza

Akukho mzekelo mnye wolawulo olulungileyo osebenza kuyo yonke indawo. Utshintsho oluphumeleleyo kwilizwe elifumana imali ephakathi e-Asia lungasilela kwingeniso ephantsi, imfazwe-ngquzulwano kwiphondo laseNtshona Afrika. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe iye yagxekwa ngokukhuthaza izisombululo ezisezantsi ezingachananga zezopolitiko, inkcubeko, inkcubeko, kunye nembali. Utshintsho lokungenisa uhlobo olutsha loLawulo loLuntu lokufumana nolawulo lomsebenzi, umzekelo, luye lwaneziphumo ezidityanisiweyo kwizicwangciso zomsebenzi wamakhaya nobuchule obubuthathaka bobugqwebenewu. Inkxaso esebenzayo yezizwe ngezizwe namhlanje igxininisa ubugocibo, ukuvavanyaza, nokufunda ngoko kusebenza ngokwemeko engqalileyo. Oku kufuna ukuba imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ivelise umgangatho wolwazi olunzulu, idibanise ukulungele ukufikelela ukulungele ukufikelela kwiminqamlezo, ukufikelela kwixesha layo.

Umanyano nokwahlulwa-hlulwa

Ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo yinani elikhulu labadlali bezizwe ngezizwe ababandakanyekileyo ekuxhaseni inkxaso yolawulo. Ilizwe elinye lingafumana imisebenzi emininzi eyahlukeneyo exhaswa ngamasebe eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, abanikeli bemali, iibhanki zophuhliso oluninzi, kunye nemali yomhlaba wonke. Olu lwahlulo lungaphelisa iinkqubo zesizwe, ukwenziwa kwemigudu, kunye nokwenza izinto ezingqubanayo. Imigudu yokuphucula ulungelelwaniso, njengokusetyenziswa kwemali edibeneyo, ukuhlisa iindleko zentengiso nokuqinisekisa indlela elula ngakumbi yokuqhubana. Noko ke, izihlolo ezizikongelwano zemibutho eyahlukeneyo zingakunzima ukudibanisa. Ulungelelanisa amazwe amanqanaba angundoqo kufuna ukhokelo olunamandla kurhulumente besizwe, abamele bakwazi ukumisela izinto eziphambili kunye nokuphathana amaqabane ezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngeenxa-mali ukudibana nawo.

Iziphumo zokuzinzisa kunye nokulinganisela umlinganiselo wexesha elide

Ulawulo lweenguqu ludla ngokuthatha ishumi leminyaka okanye ngaphezulu ukubonisa iziphumo ezibonakalayo. Imijikelo yeprojekthi kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe idla ngokuthatha iziphumo ezifutshane, ezihlala iminyaka emithathu ukuya kwesixhenxe. Oku kungahambelani kudala uxinzelelo lokubonakalisa iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, ezinokuthi zibangele inkxaso elula yeziphumo ezinokukhutshwa, iinguqu ezitshintshayo zophuhliso. Ukuqinisekisa ukuxhaswa kotshintsho emva kokuphela kwemali yangaphandle kukungaguquguquki. Inkqubo entsha yolawulo lwemali isenokuwela ekungasebenzini ukuba ubuchule bokuyigcina ayikhuthanga. Ukuphumelela kweziphumo ezithengwa kukukhutshwa kwenkqubela phambili kweziphumo zobuhlwempuzeko okanye ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo eziphucukileyo kunzima kakhulu. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ingenisa iziphumo eziqinileyo kunye noxinzeko olude, kodwa ihlala ikho kulo mmandla apho kufuneka khona ubungqina obusisiseko.

Imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo kunye nemimandla edityanisiweyo

Ukukhangela phambili, indima yemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ekulawuleni kufuneka iqhubeke iguquka ijongene nokutshintsha kwemeko-bume yomhlaba. Imizekelo emininzi ecwangcisiweyo kunye nemida evelayo iza kuchaza ukusebenza kwayo kwixesha elizayo.

Utshintsho lwamanani oluhlahlelayo ukwenzela ukuphendula

Iinguqu zamanani zinika izixhobo ezintsha ezinamandla zokubonisa nokuziphendulela. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ixhasa oorhulumente ekusebenziseni iinkqubo zokuzichaza ngamanani, i-e-projecting, kunye nee-portals ezivulekileyo zedata ezenza imisebenzi karhulumente icace kwaye isebenze. Umsebenzi weBhanki yeWorld eGovtech kunye ne UNDP zinceda amazwe atsibe phambili, iinkqubo zekhompyutha ezisekelwe kumanani. Noko ke, utshintsho lwamanani lukwaneengozi, kuquka i-electenecreccorency, kunye nezisongelo zekhompyutha. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe idlala ekumiseleni imigangatho nemigaqo eyingozi ekusebenziseni ubugcisa bobugcisa bobugcisa boluntu kwicandelo likawonke, iqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulo lwemichiniyo yemichini esekelwe kwizixhobo zekhompyutha kunokuba inciphise ukuthemba korhulumente.

Ukwandisa uMzantsi-Mzantsi noNxulumano oluBanzi

Imodeli yesithethe yenkxaso yolawulo ekhutshwa ukusuka kumazwe asakhasayo ukuya kumazwe aseMzantsi-ntshona ipheleliswa yintsebenziswano. Amava otshintsho oluphumelelayo kumazwe anjengeBrazil, iIndiya, kunye noMzantsi Afrika anika izifundo eziluncedo koontanga kuMzantsi wehlabathi jikelele. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ingenza njengeenqanawa ezibotshelelweyo kunye nezichaphazeli zolwazi olukhoyo, ukutshintsha ii-globhusi zobuntu kunye nentsebenziswano yesithethe apho inkqubelano yemali kunye nokuxhasa ukutshintshisana koMzantsi Mzantsi ntshona. Le ndlela isoloko inandipha ubuchule obuninzi nolwamkelo lwezobupolitika kuba ibonwa njengezinto ezincinci ezikhoyo nezingqinelanisayo zelizwe elandayo. I-OCD idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuquluni kwenkcusahlulo yendlela phakathi kwamazwe angenayo i-OCD, ukuqanda kwezobu buchule obuninzi.

Ulawulo Olunempembelelo Nendlela Esebenza Ngayo Imozulu

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kungucelomngeni olukhulu. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe iya iqonda ukuba inkqubela yemozulu ifuna amaziko anamandla, ulawulo lwemali olucace gca, kunye nomthetho. INgxowa-mali yeGreen Green Climate, elawulwa yiWorld Bank kwaye ilawulwa yi-UN, ifuna imilinganiselo eqinileyo enxulumene nemeko-bume kunye nemigaqo-bume nentlalo-ntle ethintelayo yokusebenza kwamaqabane ayo. Ukuxhasa oorhulumente ukulawula imozulu ngokucace gcaba, ukulawula ngokunempumelelo, nokunyanzelisa imithetho yemekobume yemeko-bume kungummandla okhula wokuxhasa inkxaso yolawulo kunye nemimiselo yemozulu elungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kwemeko-mente nokuhambelana kwemeko-bume nokuhambelana kwemeko-bume kusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo, kwaye abantu basebenzisana kwizigqibo ezilawulayo izigqibo ezichaphazela imeko-bume.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kweentlangano zezizwe ngezizwe kunye noorhulumente bezizwe kwinkalo yokulawula luntsonkothile, lunamandla, yaye lunentsingiselo enzulu. Lubandakanya ukudluliselwa kwezithethe, ilungiselelo lezemali, ukwakhiwa komsebenzi, nokusetyenziswa kolawulo. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba olu ncedo lunokuba lusebenza kakhulu xa luchaphazeleka, lwezobupolitika, kwaye lulawulwa ngenene ngabadlali bezentengiso. Impumelelo kulawulo lwezemali, ukulwa nolawulo lwemali, ukulwa nolawulo lomthetho kumazwe amaninzi lubonisa ixabiso elibonakalayo lokuganana kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Ngaxesha elinye, iingxaki ezingapheliyo zokuchasa kwezobupolitika, ukwahlukana, nokuxhasa, ukugxininiswa kolawulo kwempembelelo yangaphandle kunye nokuzinziwa kwemeko ezihlala zihleli kakuhle. Njengoko ihlabathi lijamelene nesizukulwana esitsha seengxaki ezikhoyo, ukufunwa nokusetyenziswa kwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, ziya kubonakalisa ukuphumelela, kwaye ziya kukhuthatyaniswa kwemibutho yezizwe ezifanelekileyo.