Indlela Ekhethekileyo EJapan Yokunceda Abasemagunyeni

Iinkqubo zoncedo zamanye amazwe eJapan, ezaziwa ngokusemthethweni njenge-OGroup Development Actricial help (ODA), zilelona siseko somgaqo - nkqubo walo wehlabathi wangaphandle. Ngokungafaniyo neenkxalabo ezininzi zaseNtshona, inkqubo yoncedo lwamaJapan idibene kakhulu nezilangazelelo zayo ze-Phondo, ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho, kunye notyekelo lwengqondo lwamaqela ezobupolitika alawula ilizwe. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela eJapan esizwe abumba ngayo ``````ape'' kwaye ayaqhubeka eqhubeka efumana i-DSDP'. Inqaku lihlola intsingiselo yembali yoncedo lwamanye amazwe, impembelelo yelinye i-Democratic Partioctic Parti (LDLDP), kunye nempembelelo encinane yeshumi eli-10 yesizwe se-Democticism ye-Japan (DP)

Isiseko sembali: Ukusuka ekuvuselweni kwakhona kwasemva kwemfazwe ukuya kwisixhobo sezoqoqosho

Inkqubo ye-ODA yaqalwa ngokuthozamayo ngo-1950 njengeemfazwe eziphinda-phindwayo kumazwe asemzantsi mpuma we-Asia. Intanda-bulumko ekhokelayo yayingumxube wendlela yezoqoqosho yokuzimela [[FLT: 0] kunye kunye nolawulo lweziko-mali-mali] kunye noncedo lwezentengiselwano lobuP]. Ngeli xesha, iLDP yaqinisa amandla ayo kwaye yachaza uncedo lwayo njengendlela yokukhusela ugcino-mali lwendalo, iimarikethe, kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwentengiso. Iqela lezentengiselwano zoshishino labona uncedo njengoncedo lokurhweba iinkampani zamaJapan, ingakumbi kushishino noshishino olunzima.

Ngeminyaka yee-1970, iJapan yaba ngumniki-mnikazi omkhulu, ophezulu phakathi kwabanikezeli be-ODA emhlabeni wonke. Urhulumente we-LDP wasebenzisa uncedo ukuxhasa iinjongo zemfazwe ye-Drium e-Asia, ngexesha elinye ebhekisa phambili iJapan ngokweemfuno zezoqoqosho. Le nkqubo yacaciswa kwi esekelwe kwi-OD-', apho amazwe anokucebisa imisebenzi, kwaye amaqumrhu amaJapan ayaziwaphumeza, ngokufuthi edibanisa uncedo ekufumaneni iimpahla neenkonzo zamaJapan. Le ndlela yagxekwa mazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kodwa yahlala iqinile kwi-LDPP de kwango19909.

ILDP’S Golden Era of Aid (1955-2009)

Umthetho we-LDP ophantse ungaphuki ukususela ngo-1955 ukuya ku-2009 wavumela ukuba uvumelane nentanda-bulumko yoncedo yamanye amazwe nomthetho kunye noqheliselo lwezibonelelo. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziqukiwe:

  • Ulungelelwaniso lokhuseleko lwe-US-Japan Treaty: Uncedo lwasetyenziswa ukomeleza amaqabane kuMzantsi mpuma Asia, njengeThailand, i-Indonesia, kunye nePhilippines, ukuphikisa impembelelo yobukhomanisi.
  • Uthethathethwano lwezoqoqosho: UBulungiseleli be-Economy, Urhwebo kunye ne-Indumasi (METI) kunye noBungameli beMicimbi yaMany (MOFA) basebenzisana ukuqinisekisa iprojekthi ye-ODA ukunyuselwa kwamanye amazwe. Imisebenzi yokwahlula amazibuko enqanawa, iziko lamandla, kunye neendlela zazifuna umatshini kunye nezivumelwano zobunjineli baseJapan.
  • [[NTL:0] Imilinganiselo yobuntu ekhoyo: Ngokungafaniyo nabanikeli baseNordic, i-LDP ngokuqhelekileyo yaluphepha uncedo oludityanisiweyo lokulawula okanye lokwenza amalungelo abantu, ikhetha ulawulo oluzinzileyo, oluneedentiliki oluhambisana nezilangazelelo zokhuseleko lwaseJapan.

Omnye umzekelo ophawulekayo yayingu-ODA eMyanmar (Burma) yaseJapan. Phezu kwako nje ukukhalazela kwezizwe ngezizwe ngenxa yamalungelo oluntu ejaji, i-LDP iyaqhubeka ikhupha uncedo, iphikisa ngelithi ukuganana kwakuphumelela kakhulu kunokuzimela. Oku kujongwa kwalungiswa kuphela emva kotshintsho lonyaka wama-2011 kulawulo lwaburhulumente phantsi koMongameli Thein Sein, kodwa kwanangoko, indlela yokusondela kwe-LDP yahlala ilumkile.

IDPJ Interregnum: Indawo Efutshane Efuna Uluntu Oluza Kuqala

IDPJ, ekhiwe ngokudityaniswa kwamaqela amaninzi aphikisayo, yathembisa inkqubo ezimeleyo yamanye amazwe kunye nokugxininisa kakhulu kwi [[FLT:] uphuhliso lobuntu [[FLT: 1] kunye no nokunciphisa [FLT].

Ngaphantsi kweDPJ AbaPhathiswa Abakhulu uYukio Hatoyama, uNaoto Kan noYoshihiko Noda, kwacetywa utshintsho oluninzi lwe-ODA:

  • Inkxaso yokudibanisa: I-DPJ yatyhalela ukususa imfuneko yokuba imisebenzi ye-ODA-efakiweyo mayisebenzise izakhiwo zokwakha zamaJapan, ijolise ukwandisa ukhuphiswano kwaye icuthe iindleko.
  • Ukufikelela kobuntlola bomntu: Ugxininiso olutsha lwabekwa kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye nolawulo, ngokuhambelana noMbali woPhuhliso lweMinyaka Eliwaka (MDGS).
  • [[NTL:0] Ukudibanisa uluntu: I-DPJ ivula incoko kunye nemibutho engeyoyaburhulumente (NGOS) kwaye yabakhuthaza ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba ekucebeni inkqubo/ukushiya ukusuka kwisimbo se-LDP esivaliweyo, esibureaucratic.

Noko ke, ukuphelelwa kwe-DPJ kudala ixesha elifutshane. Intlekele yenyukliya yonyaka ka-2011 eMpuma Japan kunye neFukushima eyalandelayo yaphelisa ingqalelo noqingqo-mali lukarhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, ukunqongophala kwamava e-DPJ kwimigaqo yamanye amazwe kwakhokelela ekudibaniseni uluvo lothumelo. Umzekelo, ngoxa i-DPJ yagxeka i-LDP ngenxa yokuba iphantsi kakhulu kwe-US, urhulumente we-Hatoyama wasebenzisa i-Futenma ukuzama ukubuyisela kwakhona umkhosi warhoxisa umanyano, kwaye uncedo kumazwe aphenduliswayo e-US ayancitshiswa njengoko amalungu athile e-DPJ aye athethelelwa.

Ngo-2012, i-LDP yatshayelwa yabuyela kumandla phantsi kwe Shinzo Abe, kunye noninzi lweziguqulo ze-DPJ zadamba ngokuzolileyo. Inkqubo yoncedo yabuyiselwa kugxininiso olunamandla lwesakhiwo esikhoyo kunye no-[FLT]] "umgangatho" [ umanyano, oludityaniswe nombono ka-Abey'inkululeko ne-Pice."

Imikhosi Emitsha Neyamanyeneyo Yezobupolitika

Inkqubo yamatheko aseJapan iye yaqhekeka kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, yaye iqela elincinane liye lanempembelelo. impembelelo yalo kwiODA iye yabonwa kwimimandla ethile, nangona kungekho namnye oye wakwazi ukucel ’ umngeni ulawulo lweLDP kuncedo lwamanye amazwe.

IKomeito: ISebe elisebenzisanayo neNtsebenziswano

Komeito, umbutho onemvelaphi kumbutho wamaBhuda iSoka Gakkai, ibiliqabane elincinci le-LDP ukususela ngo1999. i-Komeito’s platform igxininisa ulwakhiwo loxolo , isisombululo se-OFLT , , kunye [FLT:]] izinyuso zokhuseleko zoluntu [[. Ngelixesha i-LDP igxininisa kwisakhiwo esinzima, iKomeito iphumelele ekunyuseni iinkqubo zempilo, ulwando lwesikolo, ukuxhasa, nokuxhasa iimbacuwama. Umzekelo, iKometo yayiluncedo ekuqhubeleni indima yokhuseleko lokhuseleko lwamanyuko lwe-Unizwe loxolo lwe-Unitton.

Nippon Ishin (Iqela leNtshukumo yoMkhosi waseJapan): IPragmatic kunye neFusion-Facked

Iqela le-Innovation laseJapan (ngaphambili iIshin no Kai) lingumbutho wasekunene, umlungisi oxhasa ukungaphumeleli kunye nobuchule bokwenza iprojekthi ye-. Igxeke oko ikugqala njengelahleko ye-ODA eninzi, ingakumbi kwimisebenzi emikhulu enezibuyelo zezoqoqosho ezithandabuzekayo. Amalungu e-Ishin abiza uhlalutyo olungqongqo lwexabiso le-ODA kunye nokubonakala okuninzi. Nangona iqela lingakhange libekho kwigunya lesizwe, impembelelo yalo inikele ulungiso oluncinane kutshintsho kwinkqubo yokuhlola ye-JICA.

IQela lamaKomanisi laseJapan (JCP) kunye neZizwe zeNtlalo: Izakhono zoBuKomanisi

Amaqela asekhohlo atsalayo njenge JCP asoloko echasa nawaphina amaODA axhasa iinjongo zomkhosi okanye ezicwangcisiweyo. Axhasa uncedo ukuze athunyelwe kuphela kumaziko eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kwaye iJapan imisele amazwe akhula kancinci (LDC) angenazo iintambo zejiyografi ezidityanisiweyo. Ngelixesha la maqela enqabileyo achaphazela inkqubo yokwenene, ii-critiques zawo zinika indawo ephikisanayo yokuba i-MOFA ne JICA kufuneka zinike intetho kwiintetho neengxelo zikawonke-wonke-wonke, enyanzelela ukusetyenziswa kolwimi oluninzi lwentlalo lwasemthethweni.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Indlela Ekwakuphenjelelwa Ngayo Kwezobupolitika Kweqela Lezo Zizwe Ziye Zazenza Izigqibo Zoncedo

UPhuhliso lwezibonelelo eAfrika (LDP-Dominated, 2013-2020)

I-LDP phantsi kwe-Abe indulule inyathelo elingundoqo eAfrika, iNgqungquthela yezizwe nge-ToKLO yeNkcubeko yoNyaka yase-Afrika (i-AD), eyaba yinqanawa ehamba noomatiloshe yoncedo lwaseJapan. i-TICAD V (20133) ne-TICAD VI (20) yabona izibophelelo zezigidi zeerandi zamawaka eedola, amazibuko enqanawa, kunye nemisebenzi yamandla. I-carculo ye-calculus yacaca: iAfrika yanikela amathuba obuncwane obuninzi kunye nempembelelo ekhulayo kwimisebenzi yezizwe ngezizwe. I-LDP yasebenzisa njengesixhobo sokulwa no-Belt ne-Fritive (B) ngokukhuthaza “ubukhulu bexabiso eliphezulu” ngokulawula nokuxhasa amatyala. I-Kometo inkxaso yemali elungele ukuxhasa inkxaso yempilo neyokuba yempilo e-Afrika.

IMyanmar: Ikhatho Loorhulumente Ababini

I-Myanmar inikela umzekelo ocacileyo wokutshintshana kweqela lenkxaso. Ngexesha leminyaka ye-LDP phantsi kwe-Abe (2-2021), iJapan yanika i-ODA eMyanmar, kuquka i-OD eninzi, kuquka ii-R22 zezigidi zemali ekhethekileyo ye-Thilawa Yombini---Ia, kunye neprojekthi eyenzelwe ukunyusa ubukho bequmrhu laseJapan kunye nempembelelo elinganayo yamaTshayina kummandla. Emva kokufumana ulawulo lwamajoni omkhosi, noko, nakuba, uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lugwetyiwe yi-junta. Urhulumente we-LDP, ngoku phantsi koMphathiswa we-Pricida, ekuqaleni waxhonywa uncedo olutsha kodwa waqhubeka noncedo olunobuntu, ubonakalisa uncedo lweqela lweqela elizinziwayo oluziphephayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, u-DPJ (oxa ebeluhleli kumandla)

COVID-19 kunye neVaccine Diplomacy (LDP-Komeito Coalition, 2020-2022)

Ngexesha lesifo esingubhubhani, i-ODA yathatha inyathelo elibukhali lokunceda abantu. I-LDP, ngokhuthazo olunamandla lukaKomeito, yabelwa ngaphezu kwama-33 ezigidi zezigidi zemali eMeyito ukuze ifumane impilo yomhlaba wonke, kuquka imithi yokugoma kunye nezibonelelo ezibandayo. Oku yayikukukunduluka kwi-LDP eqhele ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-port. Isigqibo saqhutywa ngokhuphiswano lwezopolitiko eTshayina, eyayiqhuba “ulawulo olucacileyo..." Urhulumente ongquzulane waqonda ukuba ukuphendula okubonakalayo koncedo olubonakalayo kuzakuxhasa amandla athambileyo eJapan. Utshintsho lwalubonisa okomzuzwana kodwa lubonisa indlela amandla aqhelekileyo asetyenziswayo angaphaya kwezinto eziphambili zeqela elilawulayo.

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo (2020 nangaphaya)

Ukubuya KweODA Ephantsi KweKisida

Umphathiswa wePrime Femio Kisida, owaphumelela kwiAbe ngo 2021, wakhupha i “ Inkululeko kunye neVula i-Indo-Pacific” (FOP) imbonakalo yenqanawa yekomkhulu yelizwe laseJapan njengesiseko sesiseko somgaqo wamanye amazwe. I-ODA ngoku idityaniswe ngokucacileyo kukhuseleko nothintelo. Ngo-20222, urhulumente wavakalisa itsha [ i-DVP iCharter yeNCOP" edibanisa izibonelelo ezidityanisa ukhuseleko, ukwakhiwa kokhuseleko lwaselwandle, kunye nozinzo lwezoqoqosho. I-LDP iqinisekisa ukuba le mbonakalo yeqela liqhubeke, nangona iqela lengxoxo liqhubeka, nangona iqela le-'injini yoncedo.

Indima Yeembono Zabantu Nabemi

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lwamaJapan nge-ODA ludibene. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abaholi-rhafu abaninzi balujonga njengoxanduva, ngokukodwa belunike ityala elikhulu likawonke-wonke eJapan. Amaqela e-Populist, kuquka uRewa Shinsengumi u-Rewa Shingumi] ngasekhohlo nangamanye amaphulo azimeleyo, aye anyanzelela abepolitiko ukuba bathethelele i-ODA ngokucacileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyuseni iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle. Noko ke, i-LDP neKomeito ziye zakhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe nempumelelo yezoqoqosho. Ukuvela kwamaphulo melo oluntu olufuna ukuthethelela i-A-A enyanisweni, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyuseni kweempumelelo ku-JIC.

Amathuba Okuguquka Kwexesha Elizayo

Ukuba i-DPJ okanye iqela elifanayo lolungiso belinokubuyela ebukhosini, iJapan ingabona ukutyhalela okutsha ukuze kukhululwe uncedo nokuludibanisa nosukelo lophuhliso oluSuselayo (SDGs). Umbutho othe wasekhohlo othe wanceda ukunciphisa uncedo lwemikhosi kwaye wandise iminikelo kwimali eninzi. Kwelinye icala, urhulumente oluthe tye ngakumbi. "okanye umbutho owenziwe ngokulandelelana ngokunyusa ngasekunene [[FLT:]] Japhanol Party

IGatya 9 lomGaqo-siseko waseJapan elilahla imfazwe, imbali ye-ODA iye yanyanzelisa ukuba i-ODA ingasetyenziswa kwiinjongo zomkhosi kuphela. Noko ke, ukutolikwa kwakhona kwakutshanje phantsi kwe-LDP kuye kwawufiphaza umtya phakathi kwenkqubela nokhuseleko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugxekweni kwamaqela achasayo. Ulungelelwaniso lwezopolitiko lwexesha elizayo luza kugqiba enoba lo tyekelo luyakhawulezisa okanye luyakutshintsha.

Isiphelo: Imikhosi yezobupolitika njengemibutho Yokwakhiwa Kwehlabathi Lonke EJapan

Iinkqubo zoncedo zamanye amazwe eJapan azingomaphepha angoomatshini abagunyazisa intsebenziswano nokhuseleko abhalelwe ngubureaucrates; ziphuma kumashumi eminyaka e-politiki yokuthelekisa, iingcamango, kunye nee-volotal calculus. ILiberal Democratic Party, ngokusebenzisa kwayo ende, iye yabumba i-ODA ukuba ibe lisixhobo esisebenzayo esixhasa izoqoqosho nokhuseleko lwamaJapan ngelixa igcina imbonakalo entle yobuntu. I-DPJ i-DPJ ibonakalisa ukuba iqela elilawulayo ngokwahlukileyo lingabuyisela uncedo kwinkqubela-phambili nempembelelo yabantu e-US. Amaqela amancinci afana noKomeito, i-In, kunye ne-JCP udiacref, ekhuthaza iinvoluvo olungqalileyo lokuba ngamanye amaxesha abe yinkqubo elk

Njengokuba iJapan ixabana nabantu abalupheleyo, ukulwa okukhulayo kwengingqi neTshayina, kunye neziphumo zobhubhani we-COVID-19, inkqubo yayo ye-ODA iza kuhlala isisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokukhuthaza impembelelo. Abafundi nababukeli bezobupolitika baseJapan kufuneka bajonge ukuba ziziphi iingcamango eziphuma kula maqela ezifumana igalelo kunyulo lwexesha elizayo. Indima yelizwe kwinkqubela yehlabathi lonke iya kuqhubeka ibunjwa yinkqubo ephakathi kwemikhosi yezobupolitika kunye neengcinezelo zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuqonda le mpembelelo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofunda indawo yeJapan ehlabathini.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwe-ODA yaseJapan kunye neempembelelo zayo zezobupolitika, bona i-accessian [[FLT: 0] i-Monistry of Foreign Affair iphepha], i- ye-International Cooperation Agency (JACA), kwaye uhlalutyo olusuka kwi- Iqumrhu le-ECONTY, i-TRACTY ne-ICTY (RIETI).