Table of Contents

Ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo liyenye yezona mpawu zisisiseko zoluntu lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Le nkululeko ibalulekileyo inceda abantu bakwazi ukuvakalisa iimbono zabo, ukwabelana ngolwazi, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo karhulumente okanye ulawulo lobucukubhede. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ekhusela nokulawula inkululeko kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokunesidima ngoxa ethobela imida egcina ucwangco lwentlalo nokukhusela abanye ekonakaleni.

Ukutyhubela imbali, umzabalazo wokuzichaza ngenkululeko uye waguqula amazwe kunye nemibutho eguqulayo. Ukusukela kukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lwamandulo ukuya kubunzima bale mihla, imigaqo yomthetho iye yaguquka ukuze ilungelelanise inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokhuseleko olumanyeneyo. Olu hlolisiso lubanzi luhlola indlela imithetho ekhusela ngayo ilungelo lakho lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, imiqathango ekhoyo, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo olujongene nenkululeko engundoqo kweli hlabathi lethu lilungelelanisiweyo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokuchaza ngokukhululekileyo

EUnited States, inkululeko yokuthetha nentetho ikhuselwe kakhulu kwimiqathango karhulumente ngoMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala we-U.S., umgaqo-siseko omninzi, kunye nemithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa kweMpatho-mthetho uthi: "ISiphendu asiyi kwenza mthetho mayelana nokusekwa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yoondaba; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo."

Esi sigwebo sinye kwiBhili yamaLungelo siye saba siseko-siseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, sikhusela abemi kulawulo-mthetho lukarhulumente kwaye senza ukuba kubekho ingxubusho kawonke-wonke enzulu kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo yesizwe. Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko baqonda ukuba ukuchaza inkululeko kwakungelolungelo nje kuphela kodwa yayililungu eliyimfuneko lobugocigoci bobuqu nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Intetho Yezobupolitika: Eyona Nto Ikhuselayo

Intetho yezobupolitika yeyona ndlela igadelwe kakhulu yokuthetha ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwiriphabliki esebenzayo. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokugxeka urhulumente neenkokeli zakhe ekuhleni, mhlawumbi ngentetho erhabaxa okanye erhabaxa. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko ikholelwa ukuba intetho yezopolitiko ifanele ikhuselwe kakhulu ngomGaqo-siseko, iqonda ukuba ulawulo-demokhrasi luxhomekeke kubuchule babemi bokuxubusha ngenkululeko imigaqo-siseko karhulumente, ingxubusho kawonke-wonke, nokuvavanya abo bathathiswa kwezobupolitika.

IJaji uWilliam Brennan, kwimbono yakhe yoninzi ngeNkundla eTexas v. Johnson, 491, U.S. 397 (1998), wagxininisa ukuba "ii] ``if' kukho umgaqo welitye eliphantsi ogunyazisa uHlomelo lokuqala, kungokokuba urhulumente angakuthinteli ukuthethwa kwengcamango kuba nje ibutho labantu lifumanisa ukuba le ngcamango ngokwalo ayithandeki okanye ayithandeki." Lo mgaqo ugxininisa ukuba intsingiselo esisiseko yokuba imele ikhusele kwaneee engayithandi okanye iimbono eziphikisayo ukuze ligcine ingqibelelo yalo.

Umgangatho WeBrandenburg Wokuvuselela

Enye yezona nkqubela zibalulekileyo ezingokwasemthethweni kwintetho ekhululekileyo yesigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yenze isigqibo kwiBrandenburg v.Ohio. Ityala leBrandenburg v. 395, U.S. 444 (1969), limela icebo lokuba intetho inokuthi ithintelwe kuphela ukuba intetho icetyiswe, kwaye inokwenzeka ukuba ivelise, isenzo esingesomthetho esisondeleyo. Le ngxelo ebhaliweyo yamisela isithintelo esiphezulu ukwenzela uthintelo lokuthetha, ifuna zombini iinjongo kunye nomngcipheko wengozi ezikhawulezileyo phambi kokuba intetho ingakwazi ukwaliwa.

Uluvo eBrandenburg lwalahla uvavanyo lwangaphambili lwengozi "clear kunye nekhoyo" kwaye lwenza ilungelo kwinkululeko (yezobupolitika) yokhuseleko lwentetho eUnited States phantse ngokugqibeleleyo. Lo mgangatho uthe waba ligumbi lesiseko lemithetho yokuLandliswa koMphetho wokuqala, ukhusela kwanobugqwetha besenzo esingekho mthethweni ngaphandle kokuba ufikele kuvavanyo oluvaliweyo lweBrandenburg.

Amalungelo Abantu Ehlabathi Asetyenziselwa Ukuzichaza

Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, intetho ekhululekileyo inandipha ukhuseleko phantsi komthetho wamalungelo abantu wehlabathi lonke, ukwenza isiseko sehlabathi lonke salo lungelo lisisiseko. Ilungelo lenkululeko yokuchaza ligqalwe njengelungelo lomntu kwiSindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) nomthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe.

ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu

ISibhengezo soMniversal Solawulo Lomhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR), esavakaliswa yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe-1948 emva kwentshabalalo, savakalisa ukuzinikela kwehlabathi ukukhuthaza nokugcina isiqinisekiso esipheleleyo samalungelo abantu asisiseko. IGatya le-19 leSindululo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu, esamkelwa ngowe-1948, lichaza ukuba: Wonke umntu unelungelo lenkululeko yoluvo nentetho; eli lungelo liquka inkululeko yokuba nenkululeko yokuba neembono ngaphandle kokuphazamisa nokufuna, ukufumana nokudlulisela ulwazi neengcamango ngoomatilo nangaphi na imidaba.

Uxwebhu olubalaseleyo kwimbali yamalungelo abantu, iSindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu saqala ukuchaza, ngokokuqala, amalungelo abantu asisiseko ukuba akhuselwe emhlabeni wonke. Olu xwebhu lungenatyala lumisele ukuchazwa ngokukhululekileyo njengelungelo loluntu lonke, ukudlula imida namasiko ahlukeneyo.

Iingcebiso Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ezikhusela Ukuthetha Ngenkululeko

Ukususela ekuqulethweni kwayo kwiGatya 19 leSindululo soMhlaba saMalungelo abantu, ilungelo lenkululeko yoluvo nentetho liye lakhuselwa kuzo zonke izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezifanelekileyo ehlabathi. Ezi zivumelwano zimisela iimbopheleleko ezisisibophelelo kumazwe atyikityayo ukuze alondoloze amalungelo okuvakalisa inkululeko kwimimandla yawo.

Uninzi lwamazwe luye lwavumelana neNdibano Yezizwe Ngezizwe engokonakalisa zonke zonke iintlobo zocalucalulo (ICERD, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, uCanulo 1965), uMnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Aphakathi Nawabantu (ICCCPR, IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, 2016), iNdibano Yamalungelo Omntwana (CRCR, IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, i - United Nations, neConvention on the Rights of Persons of Personal Dicument (CRPD, United Nations, DIREPT, CHER2006), nganye ekhusela inkululeko nobuchule.

Ilungelo libekwe kwiGatya 19 loMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe ngamalungelo amakhaya nawopolitiko, Inqaku le-10 leNgqungquthela yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu, Inqaku le-13 leSivumelwano saseMerika esingomalungelo abantu neGatya 9 leSiqendu saseAfrika kuMalungelo abantu. Olu thungelwano lwezixhobo zengingqi kunye nezizwe ngezizwe lubonisa ukuvumelana kwehlabathi lonke ngokubaluleka kokukhusela inkululeko.

Ukubaluleka Kokusetyenziswa Kwenkululeko Emthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Kumthetho wehlabathi, inkululeko yokuvakalisa iimbono neengcamango igqalwa njengeyimfuneko kumgangatho womntu ngamnye, ngokokuba inegalelo kwinkqubela-phambili epheleleyo yomntu, nokuba litye elisisiseko sebutho ledemokhrasi. Olu lwazi lumbini luyavuma ukuba ukuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo kusebenza kumgangatho womntu ngamnye kunye nolawulo olumanyeneyo.

Inkululeko yokuthetha iyimfuneko ekunandiphekeni kwamanye amalungelo, njengamalungelo okuvota, ukuhlanganisana ngokukhululekileyo nenkululeko yokunxulumana, kwaye ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yokushicilela. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokuvakalisa iimbono kunye nokusasaza ulwazi ngokukhululekileyo, amanye amalungelo olawulo-mpumlo ayangabi naxabiso kwaye angasebenzi. Inkululeko yokuthetha ikwaxhasa amanye amalungelo abantu afana nelungelo lenkululeko yokucinga, isazela nonqulo – kwaye iyawavumela ukuba achume.

Imiqathango Efanelekileyo Yokuthetha Ngenkululeko

Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko kunandipha ukhuseleko olusemthethweni oluqinileyo, akuphelelanga. Ibutho lolawulo-moya liyaqonda ukuba kukho imida ethile efunekayo ukukhusela ezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo nokukhusela ingozi yokwenene. Ukuqonda le miqathango kunceda kucacise imida yokuzichaza ngokusemthethweni.

Iindidi Zentetho Engakhuselwanga

Ezona zinto ziphambili zibangela ukuba abantwana bahlatyelwe, bangcoliswe, bangcoliswe, balwe, basongelwe nangezisongelo.

Iintlobo zentetho ezikhuselwa kancinci okanye ezingakhuselwanga yiMiller Amendment yokuqala ziquka ubungendawo (njengoko kufunyaniswe luvavanyo lukaMiller), ubuqhetseba, amanyala abantwana, intetho engundoqo kwihambo engekho mthethweni, intetho ekhuthaza ukuchas' umthetho okusemnyango, kunye nomthetho wentetho yentengiso efana nezibhengezo.

Ukuchasa kunye neentetho zobuxoki

Ubuxoki bokuxoka (obubizwa ngokuba "libel" ukuba kubhalwe kunye "umlandisi" ukuba uthethwa), ukuxoka phantsi kwesifungo, kunye nokuqhatha kungasohlwaywa. Noko ke, umthetho uyahlula phakathi kobuxoki obuyinyaniso kunye neentetho zoluvo. Okungafaniyo, noko ke, kwalatha kuphela kubuxoki; uluvo alunakohlwaywa kwanokuba uluvo lubonwa ngokubanzi njengoluphosakeleyo ngokokuziphatha.

Lo mahluko ukhusela impikiswano enzima ngelixesha uvumela abantu ukuba bafune ukuzithethelela ukuze bafumane intelekelelo entle ebangelwa ziingxelo ezibubuxoki. Umthetho uyaqonda ukuba nangona iimbono zisenokuba zicaphukisa okanye zingathandeki, zimele iimbono zomntu othethayo kwaye zifanelwe yinkuselo naxa kuthethwa impikiswano.

Izisongelo Zokwenyaniso Nokuvuselela Ugonyamelo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, uMphetho Wokuqala awubakhuseli abantu ekubandakanyekeni kugonyamelo, kwizisongelo zokwenyaniso, ekuphenjelelweni kogonyamelo nokukhathazwa.

Njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabanjwa kwiBrandenburg v. Ohio (11999), urhulumente angakwalela "ukukhuthaza"/_ukukhuthaza" nokuvelisa isenzo esikufuphi solwaphulo-mthetho" kwaye "kunganjalo ukuvuselela okanye ukuvelisa isenzo esinjalo" (njengentetho kwihlokondiba elikhuthaza ukuhlasela isakhiwo esikufuphi). Kodwa intetho ekhuthaza isenzo kwixesha elizayo elingachazwanga isenokungavumelekanga. Le mfuneko yexeshana elifutshane iqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa komcinezelo kuhlala kukhuselekile ngelixa kuthintelwa intetho eyingozi.

Imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe yemiqathango

Phantsi kwe-ICCPR, inkululeko yokuzichaza ingenziwa kuphela ngomthetho kwaye apho kuyimfuneko ukuhlonela amalungelo okanye udumo lwabanye; okanye ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ulungelelwaniso lukawonke wonke, okanye impilo kawonke-wonke okanye ukuziphatha (IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, amanqaku 19(3). Le milinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe imisela imilinganiselo ecacileyo xa oorhulumente benokumisela imilinganiselo ecacileyo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo.

Ngenxa yaloo milinganiselo, ukunyeliswa kwemithetho yentetho nentiyo kungagwetywa njengokukhusela udumo namalungelo abanye, lo gama nje zingagqithiseli. Imfuneko yokuba imiqathango ingagqithisi iqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente abanakusebenzisa inkxalabo esemthethweni njengezizathu zokucinezela ukungavumelani okanye ukulawula intetho yasesidlangalaleni.

Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu

Kwanentetho ekhuselekileyo ingathotyelwa kwimigaqo esengqiqweni malunga nokuba iphi, phi, nendlela eboniswa ngayo. Le miqathango yomxholo-wesithintelo ivumela oorhulumente ukuba balawule izithuba zikawonke-wonke kwaye bathintele ukuphazamiseka ngeli lixa begcina ilungelo elingundoqo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo.

Imithetho engathathi-nxaxheba

Okokuqala, urhulumente unokuthi abeke imiqathango jikelele ngexesha, indawo, okanye indlela yokuthetha, ukuba imiqathango ayidibani noko kuthethwa yintetho kwaye ishiya abantu benendlela ezaneleyo zokuchaza iimbono zabo. Lo mgaqo uvumela ukuba kubekwe umthetho osengqiqweni ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iimbono ezithile okanye imiyalezo.

Ngoko ke, umzekelo, urhulumente angamisela imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwezandisi-sandi kwimimandla yokuhlala ebusuku, anciphise yonke imiboniso evala iimoto, okanye avalwe yonke imiqathango yokuchongwa kwamakhaya abantu. Le mithetho isebenza izilangazelelo ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente zokulondoloza ucwangco nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwendawo yobuqu ngaphandle kokujolisa imiyalezo okanye izithethi ezithile.

Uvavanyo lweO'Brien lwemiqathango yokuThetha-ethenti ye-o

I O'Brien (1968) yavakalisa, "... ummiselo karhulumente ugwetyelwe ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungaphakathi kwamandla omgaqo-siseko kaRhulumente; ukuba uhambisela phambili inzala karhulumente ebalulekileyo okanye enzulu; ukuba inzala karhulumente ayidibani nonyanzelo lokuzichaza okukhululekileyo; kwaye ukuba ummiselo othe qatha kwinkululeko etyholwayo yokuLandlwa kweMimiselo yokuqala ayinkulu kuneyo efunekayo ukuze kuqhubekiswe phambili umdla.

Olu vavanyo lune luqinisekisa ukuba ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokwahlula imigaqo isebenza iinjongo ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba yinqwelo-mafutha efuna ucalucalulo. Ulwahlulelo lobundilele luyimfuneko ukuhlangabezana ngenxa yokuba ukuba umthetho awunabundilele obunentsingiselo ngenxa yokujolisa imbono ethile okanye indlela yokuchaza, lusoloko luza kwaphula eminye imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, enjengegalelo lokhuseleko elilinganayo.

Isicelo Kumiselo Lwemfundo

Iyunivesithi ingabeka ixesha eliqulethwe yi-injini kunye nembono-yokungangeni nxaxheba, indawo kunye nesimilo semisebenzi ukuqinisekisa impilo, ukhuseleko nentlalo-ntle nokuthintela ukuphazamiseka kokufundisa, ukufunda, uphando, inkonzo kunye nokunyamekela umguli kumagumbi ethu emfundo. Endaweni yoko, imithetho kufuneka isebenze kubasebenzisi besithuba kungakhathaliseki oko bakuquleleyo okanye imbono yentetho yabo.

Le migaqo isebenza kwii-protom ezahlukeneyo zikawonke-wonke, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza kwiimfuno ezisebenzayo ngaphandle kokucalula ngokusekelwe kwisigidimi esidluliselwayo. Imfuneko yembono yokuba yinxalenye yembono iyawathintela amagunya ekusebenziseni imithetho ebonakala ingathathi cala.

Ukuthetha Ngokukhululekileyo Kwixesha Eliqhelekileyo

I - Internet nonxibelelwano lwamanani luye lwatshintsha indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ilungelo labo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, lubangela amathuba neengxaki ezintsha zokukhusela imicimbi esemthethweni. Iinkundla neendlu zowiso-mthetho ehlabathini lonke ziye zazama ukusebenzisa imigaqo yesithethe ekhululekileyo kwimekobume.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko lokuthetha kwi-Intanethi

Kwisigqibo esingu-9-10.0, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yandisa ukhuseleko olupheleleyo loMphetho wokuqala kwi-Internet kwi-Reno v. ACLU, isigqibo esabetha iinxalenye zoMthetho woNxibelelwano wowe-1996, umthetho owalela "ukusetyenziswa" konxibelelwano lwe-intanethi. Isigqibo senkundla sandisa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko onikwe iincwadi, amaphephancwadi, iifilimu, kunye nokuthethwa kwezinto ezipapashwa kwi-intanethi.

Esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo sabonisa ukuba i-intanethi ifanele ikhuselwe ngendlela efanayo nerediyo yesithethe, igatye iingxoxo zokuba iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ze-intanethi zifanelekile ukuba zincitshiswe umGaqo-siseko. Umthetho wavuma ukuba i-intanethi inamandla okulawula umgangatho wenkqubo yolawulo-siseko ukuze isetyenziswe ngokukhululekileyo.

Ukuvunywa Kwamalungelo Onxibelelwano Ehlabathi

Inqaku 19(2) le-ICCPR lichaza ukuba ilungelo lenkululeko yokuchaza liyasebenza nangawuphi na umda nangaliphi na ijelo-lwazi lokhetho lukabani. IGeneral Gqirha No. 34 ngokubhekele phaya ichaza ukuba inqaku 19(2) liquka iindlela ezisekelwe kwi-intanethi. Oku kucaciswa kuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu lwamazwe ngamazwe ludlulele kumanani okuchaza.

Uthungelwano lwe-intanethi lwehlabathi lonke lwenze intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke nemilinganiselo engaguqukiyo ibaluleke ngokukhula. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela kwinkcazelo ye-intanethi zingenza ungquzulwano nocelomngeni kumaqonga nabasebenzisi abasebenza ngaphaya kwemida.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokwamkelwa kwakhona namalungelo oMsebenzisi

Ukuvela kwamajelo eendaba kuye kwabangela imibuzo emitsha ngendlela imigaqo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo esetyenziswa ngayo xa iinkampani zabucala zilawula icandelo loluntu.

Imigudu yowiso-mthetho yakutshanje iye yazama ukuphendula inkxalabo enxulumene namandla eqonga kwintetho yesidlangalala. Ezi zenzo zizama ukulinganisa umgangatho wokuzilawula, amalungelo okubonakalisa komsebenzisi, nokulinganiswa kolwakhiwo olusemthethweni olufunekayo.

Yithiye Intetho Nemida Yokunyamezela

Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho ziye zasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa indlela elungeleleneyo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nokukhusela intetho ethethayo ethetha ngendlela engafanelekanga neyingozi.

AmaMerika Aqalisa Ukuthiya Intetho

Intetho yentiyo ikhuselwa luHlaliso lokuqala eUnited States, njengoko kugqitywe kwiSixeko saseSt. Paul, (1992) apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba intetho ethiyileyo ivumelekile, ngaphandle kwemeko yogonyamelo olusemnyango. Oku kubonisa indlela enzulu yesithethe esisemthethweni saseMerika yokukhusela kwanokuthetha okuhlazisayo ngaphandle kokuba inqumla kwimiba engekho khuselekileyo njengezinto ezisongela ngokwenene okanye ezivuselelayo.

KwiR.A.V. v. neSixeko sikaPaul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992), iNkundla yacacisa ukuba ukuHlaziya kokuqala kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States "ngokungazenzi ukuba urhulumente angayeki ukuthetha, okanye kwanehambo ekhethekileyo, ngenxa yokungathotyelwa kweengcamango ezivakaliweyo. Lo mgaqo uthintela urhulumente ukuba angenzi njengomchasi weembono ezamkelekileyo, kwanaxa iimbono ezo zinto zicaphukisa kakhulu kwabaninzi.

Imilinganiselo Yezizwe Ngezizwe Yokuthiya Intetho

Nangona imiqathango ethile kwinkululeko yokuchaza isenokuqhutywa yimigaqo yokulingana nokungangqubani, "ukuphembelela ngokungqalileyo nakuwonke wonke ukutshatyalaliswa kwentlalo-ntle" kunye "nobuhlanga, ubuhlanga okanye unqulo oluthiye intluphembelelo, ubutshaba okanye ugonyamelo" igwetyelwe ngokungqongqo phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye ithathwa njengeyona ndlela yokuthetha yentiyo.

Oorhulumente banembopheleleko yokuthintela intetho enentiyo, evuselelayo kodwa abaninzi balisebenzisa kakubi igunya labo lokuphelisa ukungavisisani okuseluxolweni ngokumisela imithetho ephazamisa inkululeko yokuthetha. Olu xinezeleko lubalaselisa ucelomngeni lokumisela imithetho yentiyo ekhusela amaqela angenazikhuseli ngaphandle kokuba zizixhobo zokuphelisa ukugxekwa okufanelekileyo okanye iimbono ezingathandwayo.

Ukulungelelanisa Indlela Yokuthetha Nokukhusela

Imithetho enxamnye nentetho yentiyo okanye enye ikhuthaza ucalucalulo nogonyamelo ayimele isetyenziswe ekucinezeleni ukungavisisani okuseluxolweni. Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kwentetho osuka nje ucaphukise okanye uvakalise iimbono zekhethe nentetho ekhuthaza ugonyamelo okanye ucalucalulo kumaqela akhuselweyo.

"Ukufunda intetho yentiyo akuthethi ukuthintela okanye ukuvala inkululeko yokuthetha. Kuthetha ukugcina intetho yentiyo ingabi yeyona nto iyingozi, ingakumbi ukuphembelela ucalucalulo, ubutshaba nogonyamelo, nto leyo ekwalelwe phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. ” — UNobhala-Jikelele u-António Guterres, Juni 2019. Le mbono igxininisa ukuba ukukhusela ngeyona ndlela iyingozi yokuthetha intiyo kunokuhlala kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha.

Ucelomngeni Lokuhlolisiswa Kwezogwebo NomGaqo-siseko

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko ngokuqwalasela izenzo ze-odoli nemithetho esenokuphazamisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yokugweba inikela uphando kumandla owiso-mthetho nakulawulo oluphezulu, iqinisekisa ukuba imiqathango engokwalathiswa ihambelana nemigangatho yomGaqo-siseko.

Ingcamango Yokunganyaniseki

Xa uthintelo lokuthetha lucetyiswa enkundleni, kucingelwa ukuba alusebenzi yaye urhulumente uthwele umthwalo wokuqinisekisa inkundla ukuba uthintelo lungumGaqo-siseko. Oku kuchaza ukubaluleka kokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo kwibutho ledemokhrasi kwaye ubeka umthwalo kwabo bafuna ukukulinganisela.

Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba imiqathango echazayo ifumana uhlolo oluphezulu kwaye ayinakubekwa ngaphandle kobulungisa obunamandla. Iinkundla zihlola zombini injongo karhulumente echaziweyo kunye nesiphumo sokwenyani semiqathango ukuthintela ukuhlalutyiswa kombhalo kwangaphambili.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Le migaqo iye yamiselwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo ukuze ikwazi ukukhokela iinkundla eziphantsi nokuqonda amalungelo omgaqo - siseko.

Kumatyala okukhusela intetho yokomfuziselo efana nokutshiswa kwendwe ukuze kugcinwe izigqibo zomfundi nenkululeko yokucinezela, iNkundla iye yagxininisa ngokuzingisileyo ukuba inkululeko ifanele ikhuselwe ngamandla naxa intetho ebuzwayo iphikisana okanye ingathandwa.

Ukufikelela kwiiNkundla Nakumatyala

Iinkqubo zomthetho zinika abantu iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya imiqathango enxulumene namalungelo abo. Ezi ziquka iingxaki ezithe ngqo zomGaqo-siseko, ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo abantu, okanye izibheno zolawulo. Ukufumaneka kweengcaciso ezisebenzayo kuyimfuneko ekwenzeni ukukhuselwa ngokukhululekileyo kuveliswe intsingiselo kunokuba kuchazwe nje ngokwengcamango.

Imibutho yoluntu neqela lenkululeko yasekuhlaleni lidla ngokwenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuziseni amatyala avavanywayo nasekukhuseleni amalungelo okuchaza amalungelo enkundleni.

Inkululeko Nezinto Zokukhusela Imiqulu

Iphephandaba elikhululekileyo lisebenza njengesiseko sokuziphendulela kolawulo-mpuma, yaye ukukhusela okusemthethweni kwiintatheli nakwimibutho yamaphephandaba kubalulekile ekulondolozeni abemi abanolwazi.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko loMatshi

Ukhuseleko olucacileyo lweSichibiyelo Sokuqala "lokukhululeka kumaphephandaba" luyivuma indima ekhethekileyo efezwa ngoondaba kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Iinkundla ziye zachaza eli lungiselelo ukulungiselela ukukhusela okunamandla ekuqokeleleni iindaba, ekupapasheni, nasekuzifumaneni kwenkululeko yomhleli.

Umgaqo osisiseko ongowokuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukugxeka okanye ukohlwaya amaphephandaba apapasha inkcazelo echanileyo ngokuphathelele imicimbi yoluntu, awupheleli nje kumaphephandaba aqhelekileyo, aquka amajelo eendaba, iimpapasho neentaphane zekhompyutha.

Imithetho Ekhuselayo Nomthombo Wokhuseleko

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ekhuselayo ekhusela iintatheli ekunyanzelweni ukuba zityhile imithombo eyimfihlo. Ezi zinto ziyaqonda ukuba uphando luxhomekeke kwimithombo ethetha kuphela ngemeko yokungazaziwa, ingakumbi xa kubhencwa izenzo zobungendawo zikarhulumente okanye ukungalawuleki kwenkampani.

Ukulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko lomthombo nezinye izilangazelelo ezingokwasemthethweni, ezifana nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukubekwa kwetyala, kuyaqhubeka kuyinto eyenzeka ngokuzenzekela. Iinkundla zimele zilinganisele umdla woluntu ekukhuseleni imithombo yeendaba kwiimeko ezithile ezikhuphisanayo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuzama Ukuphelisa Inkululeko

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba anamhlanje ijongene nezisongelo ezivela kulwalathiso oluninzi. Amagosa karhulumente asenokusebenzisa uphando oluvuzayo, iipoyinti, okanye ezinye izixhobo ezingokwasemthethweni ukunyanzela iintatheli nemithombo yazo. Iingcinezelo zezoqoqosho ziye zanciphisa imibutho emininzi yeendaba, zinciphisa amandla abo okubandakanyeka kwingxelo yophando nokukhusela kwiingxaki zomthetho.

Ukuguqulelwa kwezixhobo zobugcisa kubangele ukuba kubekho izinto ezintsha eziphazamisayo, lo gama kusenzeka ukuba kubekho iindlela ezintsha zobuncwadi. Ukuqonda indlela inkululeko yokushicilela esetyenziswa ngayo ngexesha lamanani kusoloko kulucelomngeni kwiinkundla nakubenzi bemithetho.

Inkululeko Nentetho Yemfundo

Amaziko emfundo anesikhundla esikhethekileyo sokuchaza iingcamango ezizizo, ukulungelelanisa iimfuno zezeziko kunye nokuchaza amalungelo abafundi, abafundisi nabasebenzi. Imigaqo yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni iyaqonda ukuba ukuphanda ngengqiqo kufuna ukukhuselwa kwiingcamango eziphikisanayo neembono ezingathandwayo.

Ukubonakalisa Amalungelo Omfundi

Kubafundi ukunxiba iingalo ezimnyama esikolweni ukuqhatha imfazwe ("Abafundi abawachithi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwisango lesikolo."). Lo mgaqo we-Tinker v. Des Moines wamisela ukuba abafundi bawagcine amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngoxa besesikolweni, nangona loo malungelo esenokuthotyelwa kwimigaqo esengqiqweni.

Izikolo zingalawula indlela abafundi abathetha ngayo ukuze bathintele ukuphazamisana okukhulu kwemisebenzi yemfundo, kodwa azinakukwazi ukuthintela ukuthetha ngenxa nje yokuba abalawuli okanye abanye befumanisa ukuba akuyompikiswano okanye akuthandeki. Ulungelelwano phakathi kokulondoloza ucwangco nokukhusela intetho luyaqhubeka luvelisa ingxubusho nengxoxo.

Inkululeko Yobunyani

Inkululeko yokuzibandakanya ichazwa eyunivesithi eFaculty Umthetho 3335-01 njenge "Inkululeko yabaqeshwa ukuba: (1) Fundisa, qhuba uphando, uze upapashe oko kufunyaniswe kuko; (2) Thetha kwiiklasi, ngendlela yazo, nayiphi na into enxulumene nombandela njengoko uchazwe kwisifundo se-sllabusis; (3) Sebenzisa amalungelo abo esiseko somgaqo-siseko njengabemi ngaphandle kohlalutyo okanye uqeqesho lwequmrhu; kunye (4) nenkqubo yemfundo kunye nemigaqo yeziko loburhulumente ngendlela esemthethweni neyoxolo."

Le migaqo ikhusela iyavuma ukuba imfundo ephakamileyo ixhomekeke kubuchule bamakhono okusukela ulwazi nokufundisa ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela kwiingcamango eziphikisanayo okanye izinto ezifunyenwe kuphando ezingathandwayo. Inkululeko yoluntu inceda izilangazelelo zomntu ngamnye nomnqweno othe kratya woluntu ekuqhubeni phambili ulwazi.

Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo Neembopheleleko

Inkululeko yokufundisa ihambisana neembopheleleko ezifanayo. I-Faculty kufuneka ihlangabezane neembopheleleko zayo zobuchule, yahlule phakathi kwezikhundla zequmrhu neembono zobuqu, kwaye ihlonele amalungelo abafundi kunye nabantu abasebenza nabo. Ucelomngeni lukukulondoloza ukhuseleko olunamandla lophando lwemfundo ngoxa kuqinisekwa ukuba inkululeko ayingeni kwimvume yokukhathazwa okanye yocalucalulo.

Iinkampani zemfundo kufuneka zisebenzise imibuzo entsonkothileyo xa iintetho ezikhuselweyo zingena kukuphathwa kakubi okanye ucalucalulo. Imigaqo ecacileyo kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zinceda ekuxhaseni ezi njongo zikhuphisanayo.

Intetho karhulumente nokusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi

Urhulumente uyathetha, yaye abasebenzi bakawonke wonke banesikhundla esikhethekileyo phakathi kommi nomdlali wemidlalo karhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela imigaqo ekhululekileyo esebenza ngayo kule meko kubalulekile kwabasebenzi bakarhulumente nakuluntu.

Imfundiso Yokuthetha Karhulumente

Xa urhulumente ethetha, akathotyelwa zimfuneko ezifanayo zobundilele ezisetyenziswa xa elawula indlela yokuthetha yobuqu.

Le mfundiso iyaqonda ukuba urhulumente wedemokhrasi umele akwazi ukuthetha ngokunempumelelo. Noko ke, ikwabangela ukuba urhulumente asebenzise amandla akhe okuthetha ukuphelisa ukungavumelani okanye ukutshintsha intetho yasesidlangalaleni.

Amalungelo omqeshwa karhulumente

Abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke banelungelo lokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo, kodwa loo malungelo asenokuba mancinane xa intetho inxulumene nemisebenzi yabo esemthethweni okanye iphazamisa imisebenzi karhulumente. Iinkundla zilungelelanisa umdla womqeshwa ekugqabazeni ngemicimbi yoluntu nxamnye nomdla karhulumente kwimisebenzi elungileyo nemvisiswano yomsebenzi.

Umahluko phakathi kokuthetha njengommi kwimicimbi efuna inkxalabo yoluntu nokuthetha njengomqeshwa owenza imisebenzi yaseburhulumenteni ubalulekile. Abaqeshwa bafumana ukhuseleko olungakumbi xa bethetha njengabemi kwimicimbi engahambelani nomsebenzi wabo.

Ukukhusela Abavuthuzi Beentaka

Amaziko amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ekhusela abasebenzi bakarhulumente abachaza izenzo eziphosakeleyo okanye ukulahlwa.

Ukukhusela abavuli-mlozi ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukukhuselwa kwasemthethweni kunye nenkqubo esebenzisekayo yokunyanzelisa. Ngaphandle kokuzikhusela ngokufanelekileyo ekuziphindezeleni, amalungelo asemthethweni asenokungawakhuseli nyhani abasebenzi ababhenca izenzo eziphosakeleyo.

Intetho Yezorhwebo Nezibhengezo

Intetho yezorhwebo ifumana ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, kodwa kumgangatho ophantsi kunenkcazelo yezobupolitika okanye yobugcisa. Le ntetho iphakathi ibonisa imbono yokuba nangona inkcazelo yezorhwebo isebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo, ayiyonto iphambili kwidemokhrasi kukuzilawula kunentetho yezobupolitika.

Uvavanyo OlukuMbindi Hudson

Iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo lwezandi ezininzi ukuvavanya imiqathango kwintetho yorhwebo, zihlola enoba intetho inxulumene nomsebenzi osemthethweni okanye ayilahlekisi, enoba umdla karhulumente uyinto ekhoyo, nokuba umthetho uqhubele phambili ngqo na loo mdla, nokuba uthe walungiswa ngokumxinwa.

Esi sakhiwo sivumela umgaqo omkhulu wentetho yezorhwebo kunamazwi ezobupolitika ngoxa usafuna urhulumente ukuthethelela imiqathango. Imithetho kufuneka ifezekise iinjongo ezisemthethweni kwaye ingabi nkulu kakhulu kunokubaluleka.

Izibhengezo Zobuxoki Nezilahlekisayo

Urhulumente usenokungakuvumeli ukuthetha izinto ezibubuxoki okanye ezilahlekisayo ngaphandle kokwaphula umthetho osemthethweni.

Umahluko phakathi kokukhukhumala (ukuzibanga okuphantsi nokugabadela) kunye neengxelo zenyaniso ezingeyonyani zibalulekile kumthetho wentengiso. Ngoxa ababhengezi benobandakanyeka kumlinganiselo othile wokhuthazo, abanakwenza iingxelo ezibubuxoki ngemveliso okanye iinkonzo.

I-droware yezorhwebo eqhutywayo

Urhulumente usenokufuna abathethi bezorhwebo ukuba batyhile inkcazelo ethile, njengezilumkiso zempilo okanye uludwe lothako. Ezi zimfuno zinyanzelekileyo ziqwalaselwa lula kunemiqathango yokuthetha, njengoko zidibanisa inkcazelo kunokuyicinezela.

Ubuchule bokukhusela iintetho zorhwebo nokukhusela abathengi buyaqhubeka busibakho njengoko kuvela iindlela ezintsha zokuthengisa.

Intetho Yomfuziselo Nehambo Ebonakalisa Isidima

Ukuzikhusela ngokukhululekileyo kuquka ukuthetha okufuziselayo nehambo ebhaliweyo. Izenzo ezilungiselelwe ukudlulisela umyalezo zinokukhuselwa ngomGaqo-siseko, nangona uhlalutyo lwahlukile kwiimeko zokuthetha.

Ukutshiswa Kweflegi Nophawu Olufuziselayo

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yakhusela iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zentetho yokomfuziselo, kuquka ukutshisa iflegi, njengendlela efanele ikhuselwe kwiSihlaziyo Sokuqala.

Uvavanyo lokuthetha ngomfuziselo lubonisa enoba umdlali uzimisele ukudlulisela umyalezo nokuba ababukeli bayawuqonda kusini na lo myalezo.

Isinxibo neNkangeleko

Iimpahla ezikhethwayo nendlela umntu akhangeleka ngayo zisenokubonisa indlela ekhuselekileyo xa kufikelelwa isigidimi. Izikolo nabaqeshi basenokumisela imithetho yokunxiba, kodwa imiqathango ethetha ngesigidimi okanye iimbono ezithile isenokungawachaphazeli amalungelo okuchaza.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwezilangazelelo zolawulo ekulondolozeni imigangatho kunye namalungelo okubonakalisa umntu ngamnye luxhomekeke kumongo ochaziweyo kunye nendlela ebekwe ngayo. Ikhowudi yokunxiba okudibeneyo idla ngokufumana ulibaziseko olungaphezulu kunaleyo ijolise kuyo imiyalezo ethile.

Intetho Yomzobi

Urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuphengulula okanye ukohlwaya intetho esekelwe kwinkcazelo ebhalwe kuyo, nangona esenokubeka imiqathango esengqiqweni, ixesha, indawo, nendlela elungeleleneyo.

Iinkampani ezixhasa inkxaso-mali ngenxa yezobugcisa ziphakamisa imibuzo ecacileyo yokuba urhulumente umele asebenzise indlela yokuchaza echasanayo na. Ngoxa urhulumente engenakubusebenzisa ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ajonge ubugcisa, unokuba nenkululeko engakumbi ekugqibeni oko anokukonga.

Imilinganiselo ePhambili kunye noLawulo

Ngaphambi kokuba inqandwe ``isenzo sikarhulumente sithintele ukuboniswa kwentetho phambi kokuba kwenzeke'. Isenzo somthetho-siseko sijongene nemeko echasene nokuzibamba. Imbono echasene nokuzibamba phambi kokuba ipapashwe ibeka iingozi ezinkulu kunesohlwayo esiqhelekileyo.

Ityala lePentagon

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sivumela ukupapashwa kwePentagon Papers phezu kwako nje ukuchaswa ngurhulumente samisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo yokuthintela ukuthintelwa kwangaphambili. Uxanduva lukarhulumente lokuthethelela ukunqanda ukupapashwa luphezulu kakhulu, lufuna ubungqina bokuba ingcwaba liza kwenzakala ngokukhawuleza.

Lo mgaqo ukhusela inkululeko yokushicilela yaye uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukukucinezela lula ukuphoxeka kolwazi kumagosa okanye ukutyhila ukuziphatha okubi koorhulumente. Ukungathotyelwa kwemithetho ngaphambi kokuba ithintelwe kuluncedo kakhulu ekuphendulweni kwedemokhrasi.

Iimfuno Zokuhlawuliswa Nezokuvunyelwa

Urhulumente usenokufuna imvume yokwenza imisebenzi ethile echazayo, enjengemiboniso ebonisa umboniso okanye imiboniso emikhulu, kodwa iinkqubo zokulungisa kufuneka ziquke imilinganiselo ecacileyo, izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo, kunye nokuhlola okugweba. Amagosa akanakuba nengqiqo engalawulekiyo yokunika okanye ukukhanyela imvume esekelwe kwinkcazelo ecetyisiweyo.

Iinkqubo ezilungiselelwe kakuhle ziphumeza iminqweno esemthethweni ekulawuleni iindawo zikawonke-wonke nasekuthinteleni ungquzulwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa okukhuphisanayo. Noko ke, azimele zibe zizithuthi zokuvavanya okanye ucalucalulo lwembono.

Ukungahambelani Kwamatyala

Iinkundla zisenokuwisa imiqathango ethintela ukuthetha kwiimeko ezithile, njengokukhusela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo empahla okanye ukukhusela amalungelo afanelekileyo okuchotshelwa kwetyala.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kokukhusela amalungelo asemthethweni nokugcina ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko lufuna uhlalutyo-kuchongwa-ngetyala. Iinkundla kufuneka ziqwalasele ukuba ezinye izinto ezingezimbi kangako zingasebenza iinjongo ezifanayo ngaphandle kokucinezela ukuchaza.

Ukuba Wedwa, Ukukhutshwa Kwamagama Obuqu Nokuthetha Ngenkululeko

Ukungavisisani phakathi kwenkululeko kunye nokuzimela wedwa okanye amalungelo odumo kubangela iingxaki eziqhubekayo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ukulungelelanisa ezi zinto zikhuphisanayo kufuna ukuba uqwalasele ngenyameko uhlobo lwentetho, imeko yamaqela, nomdla woluntu kwinkcazelo.

Umthetho ochasayo kunye neMithetho kaRhulumente

Amagosa karhulumente ajongene nemithwalo ephezulu kumatyala okunyelisa kunabantu ngabanye, ebonakalisa imbono yokuba intetho yesidlangalala ngabantu abadumileyo isebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi. Umgangatho wobundlobongela kufuneka uluntu lubonise ukuba abamangalelwa abaziyo bathetha bubuxoki okanye benza ngokungakhathaleli inyaniso.

Lo mlinganiselo unyuliweyo ukhusela impikiswano enzima ngemicimbi kawonke-wonke ngoxa usavumela ukubuyiselwa kwangabom okanye ngobungakhathali. Umahluko phakathi kwamanani abantu, kunye nemicimbi yenkxalabo kawonke wonke neyobucala, ichaphazela imilinganiselo esemthethweni esebenzayo.

Iitoyi Zabucala Nentetho

Iindawo ezifihlakeleyo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokutyhilwa kwasesidlangalaleni kwezibakala okanye ukungenelela kwimicimbi yokwahlukana, kungangqubana nezilangazelelo ezikhululekileyo. Iinkundla zilinganisela amalungelo e-obuqu nxamnye nomdla woluntu kwinkcazelo kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lwentetho eyinyaniso kwimicimbi exhalabisa abantu.

Ukunyuka kobugcisa bezobugcisa kunye namajelo eewebhusayithi entlalo kuye kwabangela inkxalabo engakumbi eyimfihlo ngoxa amathuba okwazi ukuchazwa. Umthetho uzama ukuhambisana nokutshintsha kobugcisa nokutshintsha kwezithethe zoluntu xa kuthethwa ngecala naxa kuthe kwanda.

Unelungelo Lokulityalwa

Amanye amagunya aqaphele "ilungelo lokulityalwa" ukuvumela abantu ukuba bacele ukususwa kolwazi oluthile kwiziphumo zokukhangela okanye kwimigangatho ye-intanethi. Le ngcamango idala uxinezeleko ngemigaqo yokuchaza ekhululekileyo kwaye iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuba ngubani omele agqibe ukuba ngoobani na omele afumaneke.

Ingxoxo ngelungelo lokulityalwa iphakamisa imibuzo ephangaleleyo malunga nenkcazelo ehlala ikho kwixesha lamanani kunye nokulingana phakathi komntu ngamnye ozimeleyo nomntu wonke ofumana inkcazelo. Iinkqubo zomthetho ezahlukeneyo ziye zasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela le miba.

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe Nendlela Yamahala

Ngokwembali kuye kwasetyenziswa imibandela yokhuseleko lwesizwe ukuze kuthethelelwe imiqathango echazayo, kodwa imiqathango enjalo ijongene nemiqathango yomgaqo - siseko. Ukulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko kuyaphikiswa, ingakumbi ngamaxesha okucingwa ukuba sisisongelo.

Ukuchazwa Nokufihla Imfihlelo

Urhulumente angahlulahlula ulwazi olunxulumene nokhuseleko lwesizwe, kodwa iinkqubo zokuhlela azinakusetyenziswa ukuphelisa inkcazelo ebangela iintloni kumagosa okanye ukufihla ububi bukarhulumente. Uxinezeleko phakathi kokufihla nokubonisana lufuna incoko eqhubekayo.

Abavuli-mali abatyhila inkcazelo yodidi basenokujamelana nokuchotshelwa, kodwa ingxubusho kawonke-wonke ngezenzo zabo idla ngokugxininisa enoba inkcazelo etyhila ububi obungaphezulu lee kwimfuno zomsholo. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lwabavuli bempempe luyahluka kuxhomekeka kwindlela ekuyiyo ukutyhilwa kwayo nemijelo esetyenziswayo.

UMthetho we-Espionege kunye nokutshutshiswa

Ukusetyenziswa kwale mithetho kwiintatheli nabavakalisi kuphakamisa inkxalabo yokuHlakulelwa koMphetho-nkqubo weSindululo soQoqo, kuba ukuchotshelwa kwengxelo nokupapashwa kwenkcazelo kunokubangela ukuba abantu bafune ukuvalelwa kwengxelo.

Nangona imithombo ekhupha inkcazelo nentatheli eziyipapashayo ibalulekile kodwa isenokuphikisana nayo.

Ubunqolobi Nonyanzelo

Imithetho ejolise kwintetho yabanqolobi okanye engoontamo - lukhuni kufuneka yenziwe ngocoselelo ukuze kuphetshwe ukukhuselwa kwentetho ekhuselekileyo. Umgangatho weBrandenburg wokukhuthaza uyasebenza, ufuna ukuba intetho ijoliswe ekuphumezeni izenzo ezimandundu zokuchasa umthetho kwaye mhlawumbi iphumeze eso senzo.

Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe echasene nezobuphekula iphakamisa imibuzo ngendlela eyahlukileyo iinkqubo zomthetho zokunxibelelana. Imithetho yenkxaso yezinto enqanda ukuthethwa okuthile ekuxhaseni imibutho emiselweyo yabagrogrisi iye yabangela iingxaki zomGaqo-siseko nengxoxo.

Ucelomngeni Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Umthetho okhululekileyo uyaqhubeka utshintsha ngenxa yeenguqulelo zobugcisa, intlalo nempembelelo yezobupolitika ezitshintshayo. Ukuqonda iingxaki ezivelayo kunceda ukhangele kusengaphambili indlela ezinokuvela ngayo izinto ezisemthethweni.

Ubuntlola obenziweyo kunye nomlinganiselo ozenzekelayo

Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obungebobobobo bokuzimela ukuze uhlale uthe ngcembe kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuchanekileyo, ukujija nokuziphendulela. Iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zingenza iimpazamo okanye zibonise ucalucalulo lwabadali bazo, zisenokuthintela ukubonakaliswa okukhuselweyo ngokomlinganiselo.

Ulwakhiwo olusemthethweni kufuneka luthethe ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba ubungcathu bokubonakalisa amalungelo ngeli xesha kusetyenziswa iqonga elifanelekileyo kunye nolawulo olusemthethweni. Ukubonisa ngaphaya komthetho, ubuchule bokubhenela, kunye nokuphatha kwabantu kusenokuba lukhuseleko olubalulekileyo.

Izixhobo Ezinzulu Nezidibanisi

Ubugcisa obunzulu bunceda ukudalwa kwesandi esisengqiqweni kodwa esibubuxoki kunye nevidiyo, iphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngendlela yokuthetha ngesixhobo sobugcisa esiyingozi ngeli lixa ikhusela imisebenzi esemthethweni yokuyila nokuchaza. Imithetho ejolise kubunzulu bomphantsi kufuneka yenziwe ngobuchule ukuze kuphetshwe ukucinezela isandi, i-parody, okanye intetho yobugcisa.

Ingxaki isekuchacheni iingozi zokwenene ezivela kwimiba yemichiza ekhohlisayo ngaphandle kokwenza izixhobo zokuhlola okanye ukuphazamisa. Imithetho eyahlukeneyo izama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula.

Ukwenziwa kwengxelo yeNkcubeko kunye nokuQhubelana

Ingxoxo emalunga neqonga ejongene nokuqulathwe komsebenzi iyaqhubeka iguquka. Icandelo 230 loMthetho woNxibelelwano eUnited States linika ukhuseleko olubanzi kumaqonga, ngelinye ixesha amanye amaziko amkele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthatha ityala elinomxholo.

Izindululo zotshintsho zifuna ukulungelelanisa iqonga ngokuziphendulela ngokhuseleko lophuhliso lomsebenzisi kunye nophuhliso lweqonga. Ucelomngeni lukwenza izicwangciso ezithetha ngengozi yokwenene ngaphandle kokwenza iqonga libe yimfuneko kubo bonke abasebenzisi, nto leyo enokuthi ikhokelele ekucucweni kakhulu.

Uchazo lomda ophakathi komda neNkxaso

Ubume behlabathi bonxibelelwano lwe-Internet budala ungquzulwano xa imithetho yamazwe ahlukeneyo isebenza kumxholo omnye. Umthetho osemthethweni kummandla omnye ungangqubana nemithetho yesinye, udala imingeni yokuthobela kunye nobuchule bokuhlola okusekelwe kwimigangatho engqongqo yolawulo.

Imigudu yokusebenzisana nokuvisisana kwezizwe ngezizwe ifuna ukucombulula ezi ngxabano, kodwa ukwahluka okusisiseko kwiindlela ezisemthethweni zokuzichaza kwenza ulungelelwaniso olupheleleyo lube olungaqhelekiyo.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Akhululekileyo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asemthethweni linyathelo lokuqala lokuwasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo. Ulwazi olusebenzisekayo ngendlela yokuqinisekisa nokukhusela ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekileyo kwamalungelo omntu lunika amandla abantu ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwintetho yedemokhrasi.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho

Ziqhelanise nemigaqo ekhethekileyo ekhoyo kulawulo lwakho. Amalungiselelo oMgaqo-siseko, imimiselo, kunye nomthetho wetyala konke kunegalelo kwisiseko somthetho sokukhusela intetho. Amaqumrhu asuka kwimibutho yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, kunye namaziko emfundo anokukunceda uqonde amalungelo akho.

Umahluko okhoyo ngezantsi kwemeko-lwazi. /iindawo zobucala, iindawo zomsebenzi, izikolo zenza imilinganiselo eyahlukileyo yomthetho. Ukuqonda umongo ochaphazela amalungelo akho kukunceda wenze izigqibo ezithe ngqo malunga nokuba umele uthethe nini kwaye njani.

Ukudibana koxwebhu nabasemagunyeni

Ukuba amagunya azama ukuyithintela indlela othetha ngayo, bhala ngobuchule. Qaphela ixesha, indawo, kunye ne-screens zamagosa abandakanyekileyo. Ukuba kuyenzeka, bhala ingxubusho (apho kuvumelekile ukwenza oko). Le ngxelo inokuba yeyona ibalulekileyo ukuba ufuna ukuvavanya uthintelo kamva.

Waqonde umahluko phakathi kwesicelo nomyalelo osemthethweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo unelungelo lokungavumi izicelo kodwa usenokujamelana nemiphumo yokungathobeli imiyalelo esemthethweni. Ukuba ungaqinisekanga, unokuvumelana nokuqhankqalaza ngoxa ulondoloza ilungelo lakho lokucel ’ umngeni eso sicelo kamva.

Funa Uncedo Lwasemthethweni

Ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwayo, khawufune uncedo olusemthethweni. Imibutho emininzi yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni inikela uncedo olusemthethweni ngokukhululekileyo kwiimeko zokuchaza amalungelo abantu.

Ukwenza ngokukhawuleza kusoloko kubalulekile, njengoko ezinye iindlela zomthetho zinokugqiba ixesha elifutshane. Ukubuzana negqwetha kunokukunceda uqonde ukhetho lwakho kunye nokuphumelela kwimiqathango enzima kwindlela othetha ngayo.

Inkxaso yohlobo lokuthetha olukhululekileyo

Iintlangano ezizinikele ekukhuseleni imbonakalo yenkululeko zixhomekeke ekuxhaseni uluntu ukuze luqhubeke nomsebenzi wazo. Qwalasela amaqela axhasayo achaza amalungelo abantu, afundisa uluntu ngemibandela yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, amele imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela.

Ukuthetha ngentetho yesidlangalala ngemibandela yokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo kunceda ekulungiseni izithethe zoluntu kunye nenkqubela-phambili yomthetho. Abemi abanolwazi abawaqondayo nabawaxabisayo amalungelo abo ayimfuneko ukuze balondoloze ukhuseleko olunamandla.

Isiphelo: Iphulo Eliqhubekayo Lokuzithethelela

Ilungelo lokuzimela lisengundoqo kwaye lixhatshaziwe. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni luye lwavela kangangamakhulu eminyaka, lubunjwe zizigqibo zenkundla, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho, nemibutho yentlalo. Kodwa ezi zinto zifuna ukuhlala ziphaphile kwaye zikhuselekile ekukhukuliseni.

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ekhusela ngayo inkululeko yokuthetha kunika abantu amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokufanelekileyo ngoxa kuhlonelwa iintsilelo ezifanelekileyo. Ukulungelelana phakathi kwenkululeko nocwangco, phakathi kwendlela umntu athetha ngayo nentlalo-ntle yabantu, kufuna ukuba baqhubeke bethethana yaye belungisa.

Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha indlela esinxibelelana ngayo kunye neengxaki ezintsha ezivelayo, imigaqo esemthethweni kufuneka ilungelelaniswe ngexesha igcina imigaqo engundoqo. Ukukhetha ukubonakalisa ngokukhululekileyo, imfuneko yokuba imiqathango incede izilangazelelo ezinyanzelisayo kwaye ilungiswe ngokunqamlezileyo, kwaye ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo lwentetho yezobupolitika luhlala luziintsika eziyimfuneko.

Ukuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo kusebenza kulawulo lomntu ngamnye nolwedemokhrasi. Kusenza sikwazi ukuvelisa nokubelana ngeengcamango, ukuba nenxaxheba kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke, ukuphendula ngegunya, nokulandela inyaniso. Le misebenzi yenza ukuba ichazwe ngokukhululekileyo kungekuphela nje ilungelo elisemthethweni kodwa nemfuneko esebenzayo yoluntu olukhululekileyo.

Imithetho ekhusela ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko ibonisa uloyiso olunzima nozibopheleleko oluqhubekayo kwinkululeko. Ngokuqonda ezi zikhuseli, sisebenzisa amalungelo ethu ngenkathalo, size siwakhusele ekungeneleni, siyababeka abo babelwela inkululeko yaye beyigcinela izizukulwana zexesha elizayo.

Ulwazi oluninzi olumalunga namalungelo enkululeko kunye nocelomngeni lwangoku, tyelela i iSibonelelo sobuni saseMelika , Inkululeko yezizwe ngezizwe yenkululeko yephepha leNkqutyana, [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] Article 19 [, [FLT]], [FLT]] Inkululeko yezizwe ngezizwe yenkululeko yephepha leMiboniso[FLT], ne [FLT]