IKhomishini yeUnited States ime njengesiseko senkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kweMerika, isebenza njengequmrhu eliyintloko lowiso-mthetho elilawula amandla phakathi korhulumente norhulumente worhulumente. Oku kulungelelwaniso olucekethekileyo, olufakwe kumGaqo-siseko, kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe okanye urhulumente akanako ukulawula omnye, ukulondoloza zombini iziqu zoluntu kunye nomanyano lwesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga eligcina ngayo olu lungelelwano, kubalulekile ukuhlolisisa isakhiwo salo, igunya lomgaqo-siseko, kunye nesixhobo esinempembelelo solawulo lolawulo.

Isiseko Sengqungquthela: Isiseko Sebhameral

Ingqungquthela yenziwa ngabom njengendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bankaral enezigodlo ezimbini ezahlukileyo ``indlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Eli cala libonakalisa ulwahlulo phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko kwaye lisebenza njengeseko lokwakha amandla owiso-mthetho. Igumbi ngalinye lizisa uluvo olwahlukileyo kwaye lineembopheleleko kwisenzo sokulungelelanisa sorhulumente.

Indlu Yabameli: Ikomkhulu Labantu

Le ndlu inamalungu angama-455 okuvota, ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kuluntu njengoko kumiselwe kubalo-nyaka onyaka. Abameli basebenzisa amabinzana aneminyaka emibini, bewenza aphendule kakhulu ekutshintsheni uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye namaxhala asekuhlaleni. Eli gumbi liqalisa onke amatyala okuhlawula ingeniso (“amandla esipakente”), isixhobo esinamandla esinyanzela ukuba iCante kunye noMongameli bathethe ngemicimbi enzima. Ngaphezu koko, iNdlumganeyo iphethe igunya elipheleleyo lokungaqeqeshwa, njengelungu eliyintloko lejaji eliphethe ityala elinokuzisa izityholo kumagosa orhulumente, kuquka uMongameli nabagwebi.

  • Imali yengeniso kufuneka ivele kwiNdlu (IArticle I, Icandelo 7).
  • Ukuzimisela kufuna uvoti olulula oluninzi.
  • Le ndlu ineekomiti ezinamandla ezivelela amasebe namalungiselelo karhulumente.

INdlu yeeNtlanganiso: Umanyano Nokulingana KwamaMerika

IBhunga liquka ii-senantars ezili-100, ezimbini ezivela kwilizwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Amagama abo eminyaka emithandathu (ajikijelweyo ukuze igumbi elinye lesithathu linyuselwe kunyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini) libonelele ukuba kuqhubekeke kunye noluvo olude. Amagunya eNdlu yeeNdlu ezocawa aquka ukuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli (abameli, abagwebi borhulumente, abameli) kunye nokubophelela izivumelwano ngenani elizii-3 ezimbini.

  • Ukuqinisekisa nokuvuma ukudibana nezivumelwano.
  • Ibamba izilingo eziqinileyo; ukususwa kufuna ivoti yesibini sesithathu.
  • Umthetho we-filibuster (ekulungisweni) ungacotha okanye uthintele umthetho, unyanzelisa inkxaso enkulu.

Kunye, la magumbi mabini avelisa imithetho emele idlule zombini iziqu ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba zifike kuMongameli. Le mfuneko inyanzelisa ukuvumelana phakathi kweNdlu yeNdlu ePhokotho kunye neNdlu yeNtlanganiso eLawulayo eLawulayo, iqinisa umlinganiselo womanyano.

Umanyano nendima yeeBhunga

Umanyano lwahlula igunya lokulawula phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente besizwe. Ingqungquthela inendima ephambili ekuchazeni loo candelo ngocalulo lwalo, olujoliswe kulo, olunentsingiselo, kunye namandla alo emfuza. UmGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga elikhethekileyo amagunya ombuso, kodwa i-Active neThe system Claus (ISiqendu I, Claus 18) ivumela ukuba yenze imithetho efunekayo ukuqhuba loo magunya . //ukunikela ulungelelwaniso lweBhunga ukucomputha okucombulula iingxaki ezintsha ngoxa ibhekisele kwimimandla yorhulumente.

Umthetho Ongachananga KaClaus: UMthetho WesiQhagamshelanisi njengoMthetho Ophakamileyo

Inqaku le-II. Le mithetho yezomGaqo-siseko imisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente yenziwa iwulungelelanisa, kwaye le zivumelwano “nguMthetho ophakamileyo weLizwe.” Lo Supremacy Claus ithetha ukuba xa iBhunga limisela umthetho osemthethweni karhulumente, likhulula imithetho engqubanayo yorhulumente. Noko ke, iBhunga lingakhetha ukuvumela iindawo apho linegunya khona, okanye ukumisela imilinganiselo encinane (ukukhulula) ngoxa livumela ukuba lidlule. Umzekelo, imithetho yemongomhlaba isoloko imisela imilinganiselo yongcoliseko kodwa imisela abalawuli bomhlaba wonke kodwa ke ngokokuba bamisele abalawuli bemeko-mthetho.

Igunya Elisetyenzisiweyo: UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

Amagunya eBhunga adwelisweyo adweliswe kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8, kwaye aquka ukuboleka irhafu, ukulawula imimandla yezorhwebo yangaphandle, ukusungula imali, ukusungula ii-ofisi zeposi, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi. La magunya enza ukuba iKhomishini ifikelele kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho neyokhuseleko lwesizwe. Amandla akhutshwe, athathwe kwiNkqubano ka-Inion ne-Dintelliance Claus, aye enza ukuba iBhunga likwazi ukwenza amaqumrhu afana neFederal Reserve, ukulawula imipu, kunye nokumisela imithetho elawula amalungelo abantu. Ityala yesizwe MCULLLLOch v. Maryland[FFFLD:19] [1819]) iqinisekisa ukuba iBhungane namandla athenjiweyo, kwaye ithetha ukuba urhulumente we-omatilamu yesizwe alawula.

  • Ikhommerce Claus – Isiseko somgaqo omninzi wezoqoqosho zozwelonke; yande ngokuphawulekayo emva kweNew Deal.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukunika inkxaso kunye nokusebenzisa amandla okusebenzisa imali – Ivumela iKhomishini ukusebenzisa iintshukumisa zemali ukuseka inkqubo karhulumente (umz., inkxaso-mali edityaniswe kwiminyaka yokusela).
  • Amandla emfazwe [-iNgqungquthela kuphela ingavakalisa imfazwe, nangona oomongameli bale mihla besoloko bebophelele imikhosi ngaphandle kwesigqibo esisemthethweni.

Iingqiniba Nolungelelwano: Zijongile Kumphathi noMqulu Onegunya

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ayiphelelanga kwisakhiwo sangaphakathi seBhunga; ikwalawula nendlela iBhunga elisebenzisana ngayo namanye amasebe amabini. Ngolawulo lowiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa, iBhunga lithintela ukuphatha isebe eliphetheyo kunye nokuphamba, ngaloo ndlela likhusela umlinganiselo wamandla karhulumente.

Ulawulo loMthetho: Ukubukela Abalindi

IBhunga linegunya − kwaye linembopheleleko yokulawula ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ngesebe eliphetheyo. Oku kwenziwa ngokuchotshelwa kweekomiti, uphando, i-depoenas, kunye ne-ofisi yokuphendula kaRhulumente (GAO). Ulawulo olunempumelelo luqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente awagqithi igunya lawo lomthetho okanye angene kwiindawo ezibekwe kumazwe. Imizekelo iquka ukuphengululwa kobukrelekrele kwiKomiti yeCawa yowe-1970 kunye nokungamela okusetyenziswa kwengxoxwa kwemiba.

  • IiKomiti ezinjengoKhuselo Lwasekhaya, Umculo, nooOomongameli zigcina iindlebe rhoqo.
  • I-ofisi yoHlahlo lwabiwo-mali (CBO) inikela uhlalutyo olungeyonxalenye yemigaqo-nkqubo.
  • Abahloli jikelele kwisebe ngalinye elingundoqo banikela ingxelo kwiNgqungquthela.

Amandla Okuzincama: Uphando Olupheleleyo

I-Scorme iqhuba ityala kunye nokuvota ukususwa (ii-3-3) kweBhunga. Le nkqubo isebenza njengendlela yokuthintela kunye nesicombululo nxamnye nokuziphatha okubi okugqithisileyo okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla okuchasene nomgaqo-siseko. Nangona inqabile ukusetyenziswa, igxininisa ubukhulu beBhunga ekubekeni ityala (iisithathu esibini). Le nkqubo isebenza njengendlela yokuthintela kunye nesicombululo sokulwa kokungaphathisi kakuhle okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla okusongela umgaqo-siseko.

Icebiso neMvumelo: Ukurhoxisa Isebe

Ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi kunika indima engqalileyo ekuxoliseni amagosa aphezulu eejaji kunye namagosa aphezulu aphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakukwazi ukuvala amatyala nge-ideolhooms anokuthoba uburhulumente okanye andise amandla alawulayo angaphaya kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Ukungavumi ukuqinisekisa ukuba oomineya baye bakhokelela kwizithuba ezithe kratya kunye namadabi ezobupolitika, okubonisa uxinezeleko phakathi kwamasebe nokubaluleka komthetho owe-Rhulumente.

Imeko kunye naMagunya aloMqobo: Ummandla ogciniweyo

Kuphantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi leSihlazo, amagunya angenzelwanga iUnited States okanye awalelweyo kumarhulumente angoorhulumente okanye abantu. Oku kulungisa kudala iqumrhu elikhulu legunya likarhulumente kwimimandla enjengemfundo, impilo kawonke-wonke, ukugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle. IBhunga limele lihlonele le miqathango, nangona imigaqo idla ngokufihlwa.

Ulawulo lweRhulumente kunye nomgaqo ochasene nomthetho

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele imfundiso echasene nomthetho: IBhunga alinakunyanzela iindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye amagosa aphezulu ukuba anyanzelise imithetho karhulumente. Prentz v. United States (1997), iNkundla yagawula inxalenye yeBrady Handgun Polition Prevention Act eyafuna ukuba umthetho karhulumente uqhube uvavanyo lwemvelaphi. Ngokufanayo, amaxwebhu anga “kuphuma" kwiinkqubo ezithile zorhulumente (umz., Mdid wandisa phantsi koMthetho we-Afford Carence wawenziwa ukuba ucelwe ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yamazwe). Lo mgaqo wesigqeqeqesho u-II-Integlo xa uvumela ukunyaniswa komthetho wesizwe.

Impembelelo yoMthetho woManyano eMadolobheni: IiCarrots Ne-Spot

IKhomishini isebenzisa amandla ayo okusebenzisa ukuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente. Ingadibanisa iimeko kwimiqathango yemali enikwa urhulumente − `imithetho evumela imali ehambelana neemfuno zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, uMthetho weSizwe woMgaqo-nkqubo wokuPhulisa ngo-1984 warhoxa isithintela imali engazange imisele iminyaka yokusela ngeminyaka engama-21. Le ndlela yenza ukuba iKhomishini ikwazi ukuxhasa ummandla oshiywe ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo ezininzi zemekobume kunye nezothutho zifuna ukuba kufikelelwe kwiimeko ezithile ngokwemiqathango yemali.

  • Iinkqubo zokunikezela ezilungiselelwe urhulumente: IMedicaid, iCHIP, inkxaso-mali esetyenziswa kwiinqanawa ezinkulu, inkxaso yemfundo (Isihloko I).
  • Imiqathango engagunyaziswanga: iimfuno zikarhulumente ezibekwa ngamathuba athile kumazwe ngaphandle kokuxhasa ngemali epheleleyo (umz., iinxalenye zeNkqutyana Engekho Ekhohlo Bend).
  • Intlawulelo: imithetho karhulumente ehlala kwimimandla yonke (umz., umthetho wenyukliya) inyathelo lorhulumente ngokupheleleyo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kufuneka zisoloko zisebenzisa izikhuthazo neenqobo zikarhulumente, zilungelelanisa ezona zinto zibalulekileyo neziphambili kunye nemiyalelo yesizwe.

Ukuqalisa Kwamandla Engqungquthela Ekuhambeni Kwexesha

Indima kaRhulumente ekuqulunqeni urhulumente ayikatshitsha, kuba iziganeko ezinkulu zembali nezigqibo zenkundla ziye zanda okanye zagunyazisa igunya lazo kumazwe athile.

IMithetho ePhambili ePhambili

  • I-New Dec (1930s-40s): INkundla ePhakamileyo ekuqaleni yawisa phantsi iinkqubo ezininzi ze-New Defere, kodwa emva “kokuthakathisela ngexesha elasindisa ithoba,” iNkundla yawuchaza ngokubanzi uMphathi-mashishini, ivumela iBhunga ukuba lilawule umsebenzi wezoqoqosho (kuquka umlimo, ezolimo, kunye noshishino) kumlinganiselo wesizwe.
  • UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi wowe-1964: Wasebenzisa iClaus yezorhwebo kunye noMthetho weshumi elinesine wokuLawula ukunqanda ucalucalulo kwizindlu zoluntu kunye nomsebenzi, imithetho yokwahlula urhulumente.
  • Umthetho weAffordible Care Act (2010):[FLT] Ijongwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo njengokusetyenziswa okusemthethweni kwamandla okurhafisa (ugunyazo loluntu) namandla okusebenzisa inkcitho (ulwando lweMedicaid), kodwa amandla eNkundla alinganiselweyo okusongela ukulahleka ngokupheleleyo kwemali ekhoyo yeMedicaid.
  • Umthetho woluvo wangonyaka ka-65: iBhunga leNgqungquthela lacela amandla alo phantsi koLawulo lweshumi elinesihlanu ukunyanzelisa amalungelo okuvota, kuquka ukucalucalula kwamalungelo angaphambili asekuhlaleni kunye nembali yocalulo-calulo-calulo----magama ka-2013 isigqibo seShelby County saphelisa igalelo lokunikezela.

Ingcaciso Yezogwebo: INkundla Ephakamileyo NjengoArbhiner

INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ishwankathela impikiswano ngemida yamandla karhulumente kunye norhulumente. Amatyala emali yelizwe aquka United States v. Lopez (1995], okwesihlandlo sokuqala ukusuka kwiNew Development Recongress Claus (ulwaphula uMdama weSikolo Esikhululekileyo). [FLT:] uNxulumaniso we-National of Independent Business. Sebelius[FLT] [[FLT] [202], iNku.[5] (20:2], iNkuvolu yaxhasa igunya lomntu ngamnye phantsi kwegunya lerhafuthelo kodwa eviwe yimeko efuna ukuba i-Mdid okanye ilahlekelwe yinkxaso ekhoyo. [FULT]

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Nekamva Lokulungelelana

Namhlanje, iBhunga lijongene neengcinezelo ezintsha ezivavanya umgangatho wemeko-bume. Ukuthambisa, iingxaki zemali, kunye nokuvela kobugcisa kubangela ukuba yonke le ngxoxo iphinde iphele.

Umanyano lwePhondo neMatyala

Umanyano lunika ingxelo malunga netyala lemali yesithathu yorhulumente. Njengoko ityala lesizwe likhula, iBhunga lisenokumisela iimeko ezithe kratya kwinkxaso-mali okanye linciphise uncedo olupheleleyo, linyanzelisa urhulumente ukuba aphakamise iirhafu okanye abeke iinkonzo. Oku kuphakamisa uxinzelelo kulawulo lukarhulumente kwaye kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokugcinwa kwexesha elide kwentsebenziswano yolawulo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye norhwebo lwangaphakathi

I-Internet, i-data, kunye ne-commerce iye yasithe shwaka imida engokwesithethe. IBhunga liye laphikisana ngomthetho wequmrhu elibanzi wesizwe oya kuphelisa ukukhula kwemithetho yezobucala (umz., iCPA yaseKhalifoniya). Ngokufanayo, ukulawula i-technoloji, ukufihla, kunye nobuchule bokuyila bungafuna imigangatho yesizwe efanayo, inciphise uvavanyo lukarhulumente kule mimandla.

Inkcitho nenkcitho

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabonisa amandla kunye noxinzeleleko lorhulumente. IBhunga ladlulisa uMthetho weCanters kunye nezinye iimpahla zoncedo ezathumela amawaka ezigidi ukuba alawule ngemeko ezithile, ngelixa amazwe emisela eyawo imiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke. Inkcazo phezu kwemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kunye nemiyalelo karhulumente (umz., iimfuno ze-gam) zibalaselisa ukhuthuko oluqhubekayo phakathi kwe-Washington namakomkhulu karhulumente. Ukuqhubela phambili, iBhunga kufuneka lilungelelanise imfuneko yokusabela kohlanga ngokulungelelana ngentlonelo ngegunya likarhulumente.

Isiphelo

IBhunga lihlala lingumsebenzi oyintloko wokulungelelanisa amandla phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wesizwe. Isakhiwo salo se-baobaral, sibala kwaye sichaza amandla, igunya, kunye nendima ekuhlolweni nasekulinganiseni ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mgangatho karhulumente uba ngumlawuli olawulayo. Ngomthetho ophawulayo kunye nokucaciswa okuqhubekayo kwemithetho yezomthetho, imigca yegunya iyaqhubeka itshintsha, kodwa umgaqo osisiseko uhlala uhleli: iBhunga kufuneka ngalo lonke ixesha lilinganise umanyano lwesizwe nxamnye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Njengoko kuvela ucelomngeni olutsha, olulugcina olulu hlobo lunengcekeleleko luya kufuna umthetho, ulawulo olunamandla, kunye nokuzinikela kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko esiye sakhokela iUnited States kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini.

Ukuqhubeka ufundo, bona i Incompotion Anenotenced: Iyimfuneko ne Nkosi Efanelekileyo Claus , i-ofisi yoHlahlo-mali yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] ukwenzela uhlalutyo lomhlazo, kunye ne-Government Accodetic Office [] ukwenzela iingxelo zobuvelelo.[[FLT:]]