Ukuqonda Inkqubo yeeNtloko zoLawulo

Iinkqubo zonyulo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Majornaritarian systems, ezisoloko zibhekiselwa kuzo njenge “ udidi lokuqala- oludlulileyo---obs ” (FPPP) okanye i-#8220;winner-tave-all „ iinkqubo, ziphakathi kweendlela ezindala nezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi zokuguqulela kwizihlalo zomthetho. Le nkqubo ilula: khetha omnye umvotisi, yaye eyona nto ithandwayo kwisithili ngasinye inyulwa.

Iinguqu zobuGawulayo ziquka inkqubo yemibutho emibini ejikelezayo (esetyenziswa eFransi ukwenzela unyulo lomongameli kunye nolowiso-mthetho), apho umjikelo wesibini ubanjwa ukuba akukho mvotelwa ofumana uninzi olupheleleyo kwisangqa sokuqala, kunye novoti (esetyenziswa kwiNdlu yabameli eAustralia), apho abavoti nabavoti abangaphantsi abathathi-nxaxheba bakhutshwayo bagxothwe de omnye akhusele uninzi. Phezu kwako oko, ulwamvo olungundoqo luhlala lunjalo: uloyilo lonyulo lonyulo lugqitywa ngokufumana isabelo esikhulu sovoti kwisithili, kunokuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba amaqela afumane izihlalo ngokwesabelo sawo.

Iinkqubo zoorhulumente abanezigxina zisoloko zinconywa ngokuvelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo kuba betyekele ekubaluleni isabelo sesihlalo somntu omkhulu. Olu lungiso lungadala imigca ecacileyo yokuphendula ngokuchanekileyo kwaye luvumele ukuba kwenziwe inkqubo egqibeleleyo. Noko ke, iindlela ezifanayo ezivelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo zidala ugqwetho olubalulekileyo ekumeleni, oluchaphazela ngqo apho uphuhliso lwezopolitiko lwezopolitiko lunokuvela khona. Ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zezixhobo eziphambili eziphembelela ngayo ulwando, kubalulekile kuqala ukuhlolisisa izisusa zokwakha ezizinzileyo zamaqela, abatsha abatshayeli, kunye nabavoti.

Indlela Iinkqubo Ezikhulu Ezinokukhuthaza Ngayo Ukuhlaziya Izobupolitika

Kukukhanyo lokuqala, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zibonakala zidimaza ukuphambuka kwiqela eliphambili. Ngapha koko, amaqela anethemba lokuphumelela kufuneka abhenele kwi-engile, ngokufuthi, ipesenti, i-odoli. Kodwa ngaphakathi kwesi sinyanzelo, izakhiwo ezikhulu zingenza iprojekthi yophuhliso lwezobupolitika iqhubekeke ngeendlela ezininzi.

Ii-drive ezi-Xhelp eziXhotyiswayo

Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo zolawulo olukhulu zivelisa oorhulumente abanobuchule obucacileyo, abavoti banganika lula ityala okanye ityala kwiziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Oku kuphendula ngqo kuthetha ukuba amaqela athe ngqo kufuneka aqhubeke ebonakalisa impumelelo yawo yokugcina amandla. Kwizithili ezikhuphisanayo, kwimincili, kukhuthazwa ukucebisa ngemithetho etshintshayo eyahlulayo kwii-impikiswano. Umzekelo, eUnited Kingdom, iConservative Partive phantsi koMagaret Leachachaza iinguqu zentengiso ekhuselweyo yentengiso i̬ kuquka ukuququkwa kwemisebenzi yezoshishino-mthetho kunye nedegistrations ̬ ukuba yayinobuchule obukhulu ngexesha. Inkqubo yokusebenza kweqela yavumela iqela ukuba liphumele ngokukhawuleza ezi nkqubo, ngaphandle kokuziququlunqiniswa kwemixosho.

Ngokufanayo, i-United States ’ inyathelo lokufumana lonke inkqubo legunya lolawulo oluphezulu elinamandla ngamaxesha obunzima: uFranklinlin D. Roosevelt ̱ uNew Dec kunye noBarack Obama̱ i-Affordlable Care Act zombini zamiselwa liqela elinye elilawula iKhontekoste kunye ne-desigrafe. Kwimeko nganye, isakhiwo solawulo esiphambili sivumele utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kuba iqela eliphumeleleyo lingatyhalali kwimimiselo yalo ngaphandle kokulalanisa. Ngexa ezo zinto zingasoloko zithandwa okanye ziphumelela, inkqubo ye-̱ amandla okunika amandla okunikela iqonga eliqhelekileyo lokuvavanyanisa.

Ukuzinza Kudala Isiseko Sothumelo Lwexesha elide

Oorhulumente abangoorhulumente abazinzileyo badla ngokuzinza ngakumbi kunoorhulumente abamanyeneyo, abanokugutyungelwa ukuphelelwa ngamandla nakukuwa. Urhulumente ozinzileyo othe wanexesha elide angasebenza kwimisebenzi efuna ukugcinwa kolawulo lwezopolitiko, njengokwenza inkxaso yesiseko senkqubo yezemfundo, okanye uphando kunye nophuhliso. Urhulumente wakwazi ukusukela imigaqo ephuculiweyo ehambela phambili kwimigudu yangaphambili kunokuba aguqulele phambili inkqubo yenkqubo yezonyulo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, unyulo oluthe rhoqo kunye nokungqubana okukwinkqubo yolungelelwano lungaphazamisa ucwangciso lwexesha elide. Ngoxa iminqophiso ingakhuthaza ukuvumelana okubanzi, ikwazisa i-DEN edimanisa utyalo-mali kwimisebenzi emikhulu enokuthi idlulise ixesha elingaphezulu kwelo linye lepalamente. Urhulumente ozinzileyo anganika imekobume ekhuselekileyo yokuvavanya inkqubo, ingakumbi xa iqela elilawulayo linento eninzi elungileyo kwaye lijongenesisongelo esincinane sokuphelisa kwangoko.

Iiplatform ezikhuthazayo kunye ne-Awatch- Zonke izitatistiki

Ukufumana ubuninzi kwisithili esinye, abatshateli kufuneka babhenele kwicandelo elibanzi elinqamlezayo lonyulo, kuquka ii-projekthi eziphakathi, abavoti, kwanabanye abaxhasi bamaqela athethsileyo. Oku kusoloko kunyanzela amaqela ukuba akhule avulekile, aququzeleke amaqonga athetha ngeentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Amaqonga anjalo anokuba lutshintsho kuba afuna ukutshintsha iingcamango kwimiqathango eyahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yokhetho kwinkqubo edityaniweyo. Olu hlelo lubalulekileyo ngumzekelo omnye obalulekileyo yi ̴ Third ” yamkelwa yiUK Labour Party phantsi komdlalo lwamayela uTony Blair ku 1990, oludityanisa iintengiso kunye nemicimbi yezentlalo. Olu hlelo lunceda iLabour wibour kwilizwe elineyo elikwizwe elinobuzwe kwakhona leBritane.

Intshukumisa yokwakha imiQela emikhulu isenokukhokelela ekuthabatheni imigaqo-nkqubo eyayigqalwa njengengenalusini ngaphambili. Umzekelo, imibandela yemekobume yafumana igalelo eliphambili kwiinkqubo zolawulo oluphambili xa amaqela amakhulu efaka iinkqubo eziluhlaza kumaqonga awo ukuthatha inani labavoti. EKhanada, iLiberal Party ̱ ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu yekharbon ngo-2019, nangona inkcaso yokuqala, yanyanzelwa ngokwenxenye yimfuneko yokubhenela kwi-vota edolokhweni ekukhuphiseni. Ngaloo, ngelixa iinkqubo ezinkulu zingamisela inani lamaqela aphilayo, zinokukhuthaza amaqela amakhulu ukuba wona ngokwawo ahlale ekholelekile, efuna ukunyuswa.

Ucelomngeni kunye nokuhambelana nokuTsha kweNkqubo

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo ezinokwenzeka, iinkqubo zolawulo zikwadala imiqobo enamandla ekuphuculeni kwezobupolitika. Le miqobo isekelwe kukhuphiswano olusengqiqweni olunokukhethwa.

Icandelo elinamacala amabini elilawulayo kunye nocinezelo lwezimvo ezintsha

Umthetho iDuverger ’ umthetho, umgaqo wezopolitiko owaziwayo kakhulu, umi ngelithi iinkqubo zoorhulumente zidla ngokuvelisa iinkqubo ezimbini eziyinxalenye. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abavoti kunye nabanikeli batsaleleka kumaqela amabini amakhulu ngenxa yokuba amaqela amancinane abonwa njenge ̴ akhutshelwe phantsi. ” Oku kunamandla kulinganisela inani leengcingo ezijikelezayo kwintengiso yezobupolitika. Iingcebiso ezintsha zenkqubo zisuka kumaqela amabini okanye kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni, kodwa kwisakhiwo esingundoqo, la maqela akhutshwa ngaphandle kokuba anokuqhekeza kwimithetho yowiso-mthetho.

EUnited States, iGreen Party kunye neLibertarian Party iye yazama ukuphumelela naziphi na izihlalo kumgangatho wesizwe nangona ngamaxesha athile ifumana izigidi zamavoti kunyulo lomongameli. Ngenxa yoko, imbambano enjengengeniso esisiseko yendalo yonke, ukukhutshwa kweziyobisi, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwekharbon enzima iye yathatha amashumi eminyaka ukuze ingene kwingxoxo enkulu, kwaye emva kokuba idityaniswe nguDemocrates okanye amaRiphabliki. Igalelo elibini elinguwongazo lihlisa ukuncitshiswa kweengcamango ezikhoyo, njengoko kufuneka ziqale ziphile inkqubo yangaphakathi yokuziphembelela, kwimibutho emikhulu, ekhuthazayo.

Umngcipheko wokuthambisa ilanga kunye nokwahlukana okungalungelelaniyo

Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe, ingakumbi ezo ezinomjikelo omnye wokuvota, zikhuthaza ukupheliswa kwephulo elibi kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemimandla engaphandle kwemimandla ephakamileyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanaso isibheno sokubhenela kubavoti ngaphandle kwesiseko sabo ukuba bangaphumelela ngobuninzi obumxinwa. Oku kungakhokelela ekujoliseni kwintsokotho yabaxhasi abangundoqo kunokuba baqale ukuvumelana ngezisombululo zokhetho. E-United States, i-gerrymerdering ikhuthaze le mvakalelo, idala imimandla ekhuselekileyo apho isongelo sona sona sona sona siso sona singunoqobo sivela kucelomngeni. Kulo, ubungcathu nobuchule obunjalo bokwenza uphando, bohlwayo, ngexa iindawo ezigqithisileyo zivuzwayo.

Ukwenziwa kwengcaciso kuphazamisa ulwakhiwo ngokukwenza kube nzima ukuzalisekisa imigaqo-nkqubo efuna inkxaso ye-bipartisan. Umzekelo, utshintsho olunentsingiselo lwerhafu okanye utshintsho lwemozulu kwi-US luye lwabonakala lunzima ukubhadula kangangamashumi eminyaka ngenxa yokuba iqela ngalinye elingundoqo lijonga enye i’ njengeencwadi yebhanile. Inkqubo yeNkqutyana, ngokunikela ingqalelo kumaqela amabini ahlukeneyo, ingenza i-gridlock kunokusenza isenzo esinamandla. Ngoxa oorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo kwiinkqubo zokulungelelanisa ngokufuthi bafuna ukulalanisa, nto leyo maxa wambi isenokuvula izisombululo ezintsha ezisuka kwizithethe ezininzi zengcamango.

Ukugxila okufutshane nenkqubo yeMyopia

Ubuchule bomjikelo wonyulo buqatha kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokonyulwa. Ngonyulo olubanjwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine okanye emihlanu, amaqela ajongana noxinzelelo oluthe rhoqo lokunika uncedo oluphathekayo kubavoti ngexesha elifutshane. Utyalo-mali lwexesha elide oluvelisa iingenelo kuphela emva kwemijikelo emininzi ye-̵ olufana nophando lwenzululwazi, ukhuseleko lwezempilo, okanye ugcino lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo oluphantsi kwemiqathango kuba lunika intlawulo oluncinane olukhawulezileyo. I-Protinety ingakhetha ukunqumla irhafu okanye ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo kunokulandela utshintsho oluyingozi kodwa olungenakuthwala iziqhamo de bashiye iofisi yabo.

Le nto ichazwe kakuhle kwi-UK, apho oorhulumente abalandelelanayo begxekwe ngokusetyenziswa phantsi kwemiqathango emide yemisebenzi efana nomjikelezo ophezulu okanye amandla enyukliya. Imbonakalo yexesha elifutshane iqiniswa yinkqubo enzima i̱ ukugxininisa kumbuzo womntu ngamnye: urhulumente omnye ubekek' ityala lonke ityala lokungaphumeleli kodwa unokuthi unconywe ngalo lonke impumelelo. Ukoyika ukubekwa ityala lokuqalisa okungaqinisekwanga oko kudla ngokugqitha umvuzo onokwenzeka.

Uhlalutyo lwetheko: Iinkqubo ze-Majoritharian v.Proportion

Ukuvavanya ngokupheleleyo unxulumano phakathi kwenkqubo zokhetho kunye nophuhliso lwezopolitiko, kuluncedo ukuthelekisa iinkqubo zoorhulumente kunye neenkqubo zokulinganisa (PR). Iinkqubo ze-PR zabela izihlalo ezikumlinganiselo orhabaxa kwiqela ngalinye i̱ ivotis, ngokwezininzi zeziqithi. Amazwe anjenge-Sweden, i-Norway, iNetherlands, ne-New Zealand asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-PR, kwaye ezi nkqubo zidla ngokuvelisa iipalamente kunye noorhulumente abanqonqobileyo.

Ukubuyiselwa ngempumelelo: Izifundo ezivela kwiinkqubo

Iinkqubo zepropotigal zivumela amaqela amancinane ukuba angene epalamente, andise iinguqu zeengcamango kwiingxoxo zowiso-mthetho. Amaqela amaqela aluhlaza, umzekelo, afumana izihlalo zepalamente kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambili eJamani naseSweden kunaseUnited States okanye eUnited Kingdom, kwaye ngenxa yoko iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo zasetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kula mazwe. Ukubakho kwamaqela amaninzi kukhuthaza ukuqhamisa okunqamlezayo: ukunyusa ngasekhohlo nakumacala asekhohlo angabolekisa isiseko sawo, ekubeni ingxubusho yemibangxube ibandakanya ukuthengiselwa ngaphandle kwemibutho ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ngokubhekele phaya, iinkqubo zePR zingakhuthaza ulwakhiwo olutsha kwimithetho ngokwayo. ENew Zealand, ukuveliswa komelo oluxubeneyo lwe-modemokhrasi (MMP) ngo-1996 kwakhokelela ekudalweni kwemibutho ezimeleyo yemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho efuna ukuxilongwa. Imfuneko yokwakha imibutho emininzi edibeneyo ikhuthaza uvavanyo ngezixhobo zedemokhrasi ezinokususwa, ezifana nabemi abahlala kwi-’ iindibano ezikwizinguqu-nkqubo zokhetho nemozulu. Ezi ziqululo zizinto ziqheleke kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zolawulo, apho iqela elilawulayo lingawatyeshela amazwi amancinane.

Inqanawa emileyo ekwazi ukuhlangula urhwebo-Off

Inkqubo yezikhulu ezingundoqo i’ uncedo lunamandla ajolisekileyo, avumela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwenkqubo xa iqela elinye libambe uninzi. Oku kungayinceda ekuphumezeni ulwakhiwo olunamandla olufuna isenzo esigqibekileyo. Kwinkqubo zokulungelelanisa, uthethwano lwento enye lungalibazisa okanye lubangele iingcebiso ezilula. Umzekelo, iSweden ̱ amaxhoba emozulu anomdla aphunyezwe ngothotho lwezivumelwano ezinqamlezileyo, kodwa inkqubo ibiyiyo ebangela ukuba ithathe inyathelo elipheleleyo kwaye icothayo xa ithelekiswa nemimiselo yemekobume ekhukulingeneyo emiselwe ngu-UḴ icandelo elinye lorhulumente ekuqaleni kowe-1990.

Ngoko, ukuzinza kweenkqubo zolawulo lungaba yimfanelo: ukuba iqela elilawulayo lixhathise ukutshintsha, uhlaziyo luvalwa ngokupheleleyo de unyulo luzise iqela elitsha kulawulo. Kwinkqubo yePR, nokuba umanyano olulawulayo lulumkile, amaqela alwayo kunye namaqabane amancinane anganyanzela inkqubo etshayo esuka ngaphakathi. Oku kuyabonakala eNetherlands, apho urhulumente aye wamkela khona inkqubo yeziyobisi eziqhubela phambili kunye novavanyo lwentlalo-ntle olungenakuba lucingelwa ngokwezobupolitika kwinkqubo yokuphumelela kwendlela.

Indima Yenkqubo Yeqela Nezithethe Zezobupolitika

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho isebenza kwi-athom; iziphumo zayo zikhokelwa yinkqubo yeqela elikhoyo, impucuko yezobupolitika, kunye nomongo womgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, i-Indiya̱ inkqubo yezoburhulumente iFPP; isebenza kunye nenkqubo yamaqela ahlukeneyo kumgangatho wezwe, ikhokelela kwibala lepalamente elininzi kuneDaverger Ù umthetho uzakuxela kwangaphambili. Kwimekobume, uphuhliso lwezobupolitika lungavela kumaqela akwimimandla echaza iimfuno zasekuhlaleni. IBhariya Congress yeSizwe neBharaya ifumene iimbono zombini ezisuka kumaqela amancinane, njengakuthuthwalelwa kwemali ngokuthe ngqo kwentlalo kunye nomgangatho wempilo yezonyango.

Ngokufanayo, iKhanada’ inkqubo yoovimba bezempilo ayikuthintelanga ukuvela kwelungu lesithathu eliphilayo kwiNew Democratic Party (NDP), eliye lanolungelelwano lwamandla koorhulumente abaliqela abambalwa kwaye laphembelela ulwandiso-nkqubo kwiindawo ezifana nenkcubeko yendalo kunye namalungelo abasebenzi. I-NDP̱ amandla okusinda phezu kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo yonyulo ibonisa ukuba oothunywa bequmrhu bodwa abakwazi ukugqiba iziphumo. Izithethe zepolitiki, kuquka ukuvuma kwamaqela amakhulu ukudibanisa iingcamango ezingaphandle kunye nobukho bemibutho engabantu, idlala indima ebalulekileyo.

Ngokuchaseneyo, kumazwe anembali yokuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika, iinkqubo zolawulo olukhulu zinganyusa iqhina legridi. I-United States ̱ ukwahlulwa kwamandla okulawulwa komgaqo-siseko kudityaniswe ne-FPTP kudala izalathisi ezininzi ezinokuthi zithintele ukuvela kwamaqela xa elinye lilawula omagumbi omabini. Ngokuchaseneyo, iUḴ ulawulo lwepalamente luvumela iqela elininzi ukuba lidlulise umthetho ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ukunqongophala komgatho okusesikweni kungakhokelela kwizinto eziyenziwe ngokungafanelekanga eziye zalungiswa kwakhona kamva, njengokuba kwenzeka ngerhafuthelo yonyulo kwi1990.

Utshintsho Olunokwenzeka Ukuze Kuvuselelwe Imisebenzi Yefreyim Ephakathi KweMajorithari

Ngokuqwalaselwa ukuba iinkqubo eziphambili zifakwe ngokunzulu kulawulo-melo oluninzi, ukubuyiselwa okungqalileyo nokumelelwa kolwahlulo kusoloko kungenakuchaphazeleka ngokwezobupolitika. Noko ke, utshintsho oluninzi kwisakhiwo esiphambili lunganciphisa imiqobo yaso kuphuhliso lwezopolitiko.

Ukwazisa i Voting eshicilelweyo eChoice (Alterntive Vote)

Uvoto olunendawo ejingayo lugcina isithili esinye kodwa luphelisa iziphumo ezithintela ukuvota kwabathathi-nxaxheba besithathu. Ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bafake amacandelo ngokwendlela yokukhetha, i-RCV inciphisa intshukumisa yokuphembelela iphulo elingalunganga kwaye ikhuthaza abatsha ukuba babhenele kwingingqi yokhetho olubanzi. Ekwenzeni oku, Australia ̱ iNdlu yabameli isebenzisa i-RCV kwaye ibone ulwando olulula kumelo lweqela elincinane oluthelekiswa neFTPP. RCV iyakwazi ukukhuthaza amaqonga amaninzi aguqukayo kuba abaxhasi benkundla eencwadi eencwadi eencwadi eencwadi ebhaptilisiweyo kubaxhasi beqela ngaphandle kokoyika uklovoti.

Imimandla engekho kwicala lesizwe neBhunga

Ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yokuzimela utshintsho kuninzi lwamazwe ase-US kunye nokungabikho kolwakhiwo kwindlela ezingundoqo. Xa izithili zitsalelwa ukuba zikhuseleke kwiqela elinye, ii-'cuant's' azinazimvoko zokuzimisela ukutshintsha. Ukumiselwa kweekhomishini ezizimeleyo zokulungisa, njengoko kwenziwa kumaphondo amaninzi ase-US nase Canada, zingenza imimandla ekhuphisanayo engakumbi. Imikhosi edibanisiweyo efuna ukucebisa imigaqo ekhuthaza umgangatho obanzi wabavoti, ikhuthaza ubungcathu nobuchule obuthile bokuzinzisa. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniaṉ iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ezibomvu ezikhokelele kwimincintiswano zezindlu zemiqonga ezikhuphisanayo kwaye inconywa ngamalungu akhuthaza ukuqwalasela imithetho ye-pragmatic.

Ukuvula Izindlu zangasese Nokungathathi Ngqo

I-primial evaliweyo, elinganisela ukuba nenxaxheba kumalungu eqela, ityekele ekuveliseni abathathi-nxaxheba abalungiselela ukugqithisa iingcamango, behlisa isithuba sobuchule bokuvula iipesenti. Ukuvula iprojekthi, apho bonke abavoti banokuthatha inxaxheba kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangamalungu eqela, bakhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba ukwakha imidibaniso ebanzi ukususela ekuqaleni. Kumaphondo afana neWashington neKhalifoni, inkqubo ephezulu-2 ephambili (engekho kwicala lamalungu aphezulu apho ukuvota okuphezulu okuphambili) kukhokelela kunyulo lwabatsha abatsha abaqeqele ukuya kunqamlezo bemiqonga. Aba bathatyathe qho bavula ngakumbi kwiinkqubo ezivelayo ukusuka kwi-Greasterim.

Ukukhuthaza Idemokhrasi Yeqela Langaphakathi

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwamagosa zidla ngokudala ingqeqesho enamandla, enokuthintela ingxubusho yangaphakathi kwaye idimaze ii-MPs zangaphakathi ekufakeni umthetho omtsha. Utshintsho olunika izindululi nganye inkululeko engakumbi yokuzisa amatyala okanye yokuvota ngokuchasene nomgca weqela lungenza iindlu zowiso-mthetho ziphendule ngakumbi kwiingcamango ezintsha. I-UK iye yazama ukukhetha utshintsho lwekomiti olwandisa amandla oovimba ben, kwaye ininzi imigaqo yase-US inemithetho evumela amalungu ukuba agqithe ukhokelo lweqela kunye neenkokeli ezifanelekileyo. Ngoxa ezi nguqulelo zingayitshintshi inkqubo yokhetho ngokwayo, zinokuphelisa utyekelo lwayo lokucima utshintsho.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zivelisa ulwalamano oludidayo nohlaziyo lwezobupolitika. Kwesinye isandla, zigxininisa ngamandla, zidala ukubuyiselwa okucacileyo, kwaye zingenza isenzo esigqibeleleyo esizisa iinkqubo zobuchule ebomini. Kwelinye icala, zifaka icandelo ezimbini zolawulo, zikhuthaza ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle, kwaye zinika umvuzo wokucinga okufutshane, konke okunokuthi kuthintele ukukhutshwa kweengcamango ezintsha. Impembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi yesixokelelwano esingundoqo iyahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kwezinye iziko kunye nemeko zenkcubeko. Amazwe afana ne-UK neIndiya aye afumana utshintsho olunamandla kunye namaxesha amade ee-epartria.

Isitshixo sokuthatha indawo yabafundisi-mfundo nabafundi sisokuba akukho nkqubo yokhetho engokwemvelo i-#8220; i-̵ engcono; iintshukumisa nganye ezizimo ezizizo ngezindlela ezingafaniyo. Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kuvumela abemi kunye nabenzi benkqubo ukuba bayile amaziko asebenzisanayo i̬ njengangoko kuxhomekeke ngokwabo, ukuvelisa iprojekthi, okanye ukubekwa kwe-coractation ephezulu iR okunokubopha amandla obukhulu bobukhenkqesholo ngexesha lobuthathaka bawo. Njengokuba i-democracrafics ehlabathi lijongene nemingeni entsokothe ukusuka kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuya kukuphazamiseka, amandla okuvelisa nokuvelisa iprojekthi yezobupolitika aya kuba maxoki. Iinkqubo zeMajorianarian, kunye nezikhuseli ezifanelekileyo, zinokuba yinqwelo-oyile yokulungisa iprotoliki, kodwa zimele zisuke iingcambu ezintsha.

ngokuphinda-phinda ufundo: Kuhlalutyo olunzulu lweziphumo zenkqubo yonyulo, bona iprojekthi: Electoral Systems kunye ne[FLT] eCetal Reform Society[]. Kuphando oludityanisiweyo lwenkqubo, ibhekisa kuhlolo lwenkqubo, ibhekisa ku [] EECD Uqwalaselo lwePhondo yoluntu .[FLT:]