Ukwazisa

Imithetho yomtshato ibisoloko iyindawo ekulwa kuyo utshintsho lwentlalo, ibonakalisa iingxabano ezinzulu zenkcubeko, ezonqulo, nezezobupolitika. Ukusuka ekunqabeni ukuthatyathwa komtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo ukuya ekususweni kwezibini ezingokwasemgangathweni, imithetho emininzi iye yacelw'ucelwa njengokwaphulwa kwamalungelo asisiseko. Ukuqonda inkqubo esemthethweni yokuvavanya imithetho yomtshato kubalulekile kubaxhasi, abenzi bemithetho, kunye nabemi abafuna ukusebenzisa iinkundla njengenkqubo yokusesikweni. Le nkqubo ibandakanya iimpikiswano ezintlukwano zomthetho ezintsonko, imiqobo ephambili, kunye nokukwazi ukuvelisa iziphumo ezikude. Eli nqaku linika ushwankathelo olucacileyo ngendlela ecacileyo yemingeni eqhubekayo, ekuchazeni izinyuko ezingokwasemthethweni ukusukela ukuqulungela i-agestellate.

Isiseko Sasemthethweni Semithetho Yomtshato Enzima

Ukuvavanya umthetho womtshato ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna ukuba kubekwe phantsi imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko okanye amalungelo omthetho. Abachasi-mthetho kufuneka babonise ukuba umthetho uyawonakalisa ilungelo elikhuselekileyo okanye ubeka umthwalo ongamiselwanga. IiNkundla zize zivavanye umthetho zisebenzisa imigaqo emiselweyo yokuhlola, emisela ukuba imigaqo yowiso-mthetho ithotyelwe kangakanani. Isiseko sikwabeka nemilinganiselo engqongqo yokuba ngubani oza kuzisa ityala na, ixesha.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko socelomngeni

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States unikela ezona zizathu zinamandla zokucel ’ umngeni imithetho yomtshato, ngokuyintloko esebenzisa uMgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine oLawulweyo ’ iSikhuseli Esilinganayo neSicwangciso sikaNombolo.

Ukukhusela u-Claus

I-Acten Protection Claus iyalela ukukhanyela nawuphi na umntu ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwemithetho. Imithetho yomtshato ekhetha ngokukhethekayo ngenxa yohlanga, isini, indlela yesondo, okanye ezinye izigaba ibangela uhlolo oluphezulu. Loveving v. Virginia[ (1967]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalwa umlomo womtshato ochasene nokhuseleko olulinganayo, isebenzisa uvavanyo olungqongqo kuba umthetho owahlulayo ngokohlanga. Ngokunjalo, bergefell v. Hodges[[FLT:] (20)], iNkuwubekelo oluthiweyo oluthiye lwakuwuthintela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo. Uvavanyo oluthe qhosayo lusebenza ekukhetheni ii-procestions, kodwa lusebenzisa imo yophando olubalulekileyo xa kukhangelwa amalungelo.

Ilindelekile Claus

I-System Claus eMssion ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko, kuquka ilungelo lokutshata. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yagqala umtshato njengomdla osisiseko wenkululeko phantsi koMthetho weSinyuso weshumi elinesine. Imithetho ewuthintela ngokungqongqo okanye ewuthintela ngokungqongqo umtshato imele ilungelelaniswe ukuze incede urhulumente afumane umdla onyanzelekileyo. Umzekelo, imithetho emisela amathuba okulinda okanye efuna imvume yabazali kubantwana ingacelw ’ umngeni ukuba ngokungafanelekanga batyekele ilungelo lokutshata ngaphandle kokugwetyelwa ngokwaneleyo.

Ukucingwa Kokuqala Kokwenziwa KomHlomelo

Amatyala abonisa ukuba umkhosi womtshato umele ulwelwe. Inkululeko yomtshato ekhululekileyo ikhusela abantu kwimithetho ejolise ikhondo lonqulo ngaphandle komdla onyanzelayo. Noko ke, imithetho yobundilele yokungachani jikelele ethetha ukuba ubhaki umele axhase uthotho lwehambo olunzima yonqulo ngokuqhelekileyo. IMastercationhop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission [2088]), iNkuthetha ukuba umbhaki ungayi kwabek ’ umva inkonzo yomtshato onxulumene nonqulo olunxulumene nonqulo, igqiba kwelokuba ugunyaziso lukarhulumente lubonise ukungavisisani phakathi komtshato nenkululeko yonqulo.

Ukuma Nokusesikweni

Phambi kokuba inkundla ive ucelomngeni, umnqikeleli kufuneka abe nomonzakalo okhoyo: ikonkrithi kunye nomonakalo othile onokulandelwa kakuhle kumthetho ocetyiswayo kwaye obonakala ulungiswa ngumthetho olungileyo. Iimfuno ezimileyo zicoca izikhalo jikelele. Umzekelo, umhlawula-rhafu ocel ’ umngeni umthetho womtshato ngaphandle kokubonisa umonakalo wobuqu. Ukulunga kwakhona kufuna ukuba ityala livuthiwe (hayi ngaphambi kwexesha) kwaye hayi imongo (impikiswano isaphila). Ezi mfundiso zinokudiza ityala phambi kokuba lifikelele kwimfanelo.

Umgangatho wempinda

Umgangatho wokuhlolwa osetyenziswa ziinkundla ucetyiswa kwiziphumo. Ngaphantsi kwesiseko esiqiqayo, umthetho uthathwa njengosebenzayo kwaye uya kuxhaswa ukuba unxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente. Imithetho emininzi yomtshato engafaki kurhano okanye amalungelo asisiseko ihlala ihlola ngokufanelekileyo. Noko ke, xa umthetho uthwele ilungelo elisisiseko okanye ucalucalulo oluchasene nodidi olurhanelekayo (njengoko uhlanga okanye indlela yesondo), iinkundla zisebenzisa uhlalutyo olungqongqo okanye uphando oluphakathi. Uphando olungqongqo lufuna ukuba umthetho ucetyiswe ngokucuthe ngqo ukuze usebenzele inzala karhulumente, imithetho embalwa esesikweni iyadibana nayo.

Isiseko se-rationalian vs. Scrintine Scritine Engqongqo

Ukukhethwa komgangatho kusoloko kumisela isiphumo. United States v. Umoya ohamba kunye (2013), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa uhlobo lohlalutyo olwandisiweyo kukhuselo loMthetho womtshato, ifumana ukuba injongo yayo yokususa icandelo elifanayo lobusela ingenaso isiseko esisemthethweni. Ngokwahlukileyo, imithetho yombuso elinganisela umtshato kwizibini ezithe zaxelwane zaxhaswa ngokwembali phantsi kwesiseko esiqinileyo de [ Oberge waguqula uhlalutyo. Ukuqonda le milinganiselo ibalulekile kwiimpikiswano ezisebenzayo zomthetho.

Iintlobo Zocelomngeni Olusemthethweni

Ucelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni lwemithetho yomtshato luziintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo, nganye kuzo ineengcamango neenkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ucelomngeni LomGaqo-siseko

Olu lucelomngeni oluxhaphakileyo nolunamandla. Abachasi-mthetho baphikisa ngelithi umthetho ungqubana nemiqathango ethile engokomGaqo-siseko, njengoKhuselo olulinganayo okanye uMqathango ka-Celas. Ucelomngeni oluphumelelayo lwemithetho-siseko ludla ngokukhokelela kutshintsho olukhukulisiweyo. Umzekelo, obergefell v. Hodges[ ukunciphisa zonke izithintelo zikarhulumente kumtshato ophakathi. Imiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko ingajolisa irhanela irhafu yemali yomtshato, iimfuno zovavanyo lwegazi, okanye imiqathango yobudala obuqhelekileyo ukuba ziluvo oluzenzekelayo okanye olungenaluvo.

Ucelomngeni Lokweyisa Isiseko Senkqubo

Imithetho isenokuchasana nemimiselo karhulumente. ISihloko II soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 silwalela ucalucalulo kwiindawo zoluntu zokuhlala, kodwa ukugada umtshato akugqunywa. Noko ke, eminye imimiselo karhulumente ifuna unyango olulinganayo ngaphandle kwembonakalo yesondo okanye ubufanasini. Imingeni-mthetho ihlasela inkqubo eyamiswa ngayo umthetho, njengomgaqo womthetho ongafanelekanga okanye ukungavumelani neemfuno zomvoti. Umzekelo, umthetho womtshato udluliswa njengomlinganiselo wokufumana i-bolothi ungacelwa ukuba uchasene nomthetho omnye olawulwayo.

Inkululeko Yonqulo

Abantu okanye amaziko onqulo asenokucel ’ umngeni imithetho yomtshato ngezizathu zokuba baphule amalungelo abo okusebenzisa inkululeko. Ezi ngxelo zidla ngokuvela xa imithetho yokulingana komtshato ifuna ukuba imibutho yonqulo iqaphele okanye iqinisekise imitshato efanayo. IReligious Freedom Renation Act (RFRA) kunye nee-RFRAs zomgangatho karhulumente zinikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo, zifuna urhulumente asebenzise iindlela ezingqongqo kakhulu ukuze afikelele umdla onyanzelisayo. Iingxaki ziquka ukungavumi ukwenza imibhiyo yomtshato omnye okanye ukulungiselela iingenelo kumtshato omnye osisitshatozo.

Amanyathelo Kwinkqubo Yocelomngeni Lomthetho

Ukuzisa ucelomngeni lomthetho womtshato kubandakanya ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo ukusuka kuphando lokuqala ukuya kwisibheno sokugqibela. Inyathelo ngalinye lifuna ukulungiselela kakuhle nokwenza izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Uphando lwangaphambili kunye nobuchule

Phambi kokuqulunqa ityala, amagqwetha aphengulula umthetho okhethekileyo, achaze abamangali-mthetho abasenokuba banokuchanabeka, baqokelele ubungqina bobubi. Bakwahlalutya imizekelo, imibandela yemithetho, kunye nezikhuseli ezinokwenzeka. Isigqibo esicwangcisiweyo senziwa malunga nayiphi inkundla efuna ukuqulunqwa, enoba ngurhulumente okanye ngurhulumente. Imingeni emininzi yomtshato igcinwa kwiinkundla zesithili kuba ibandakanya iimfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Amaqela asemthethweni asoloko enxibelelana nemibutho ye-advocacy, njenge-American Liberation Union ([FLT: 0]] ALLU]) okanye i-Lambda esemthethweni, ephethe iziphumo.

Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo

Le nkqubo iqala ngokukhupha isikhalazo, uxwebhu olusemthethweni oluchaza izityholo eziyinyaniso nezityholo ezingokwasemthethweni. Isikhalazo sibiza amagama abamangaleli nabamangalelwa (ngokuqhelekileyo amagosa karhulumente ajongene nokumiswa komthetho) kwaye sicela isiqabu esingqalileyo, njengomgwebo wokungavumelani nomthetho okanye isiqinisekiso esigunyazisa ukugcinwa kwawo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sithunyelwe kubamangalelwa, abathi ngoko banexesha elilinganiselweyo lokuphendula.

Ukuvakala Kwangaphambili Neemvakalelo

Ekuqaleni kwemeko, abalawuli bangafuna umyalelo wokuqala wokumisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ngexa ukumangalelwa kuqhubeka. Ukufumana umyalelo, amatyala kufuneka abonise ukuba kunokwenzeka impumelelo kwimfanelo, ingozi engalungisekiyo, ulungelelwano lwemithetho eluncedo kubo, kwaye umyalelo unika umdla kawonke-wonke. Imiyalelo ephambili zizixhobo ezinamandla, njengoko benokuguqula ngokukhawuleza umhlaba osemthethweni. Umzekelo, emva OGberge wehle [[[FLT: 1]], amagosa amaninzi esizwe afuna ngokukhawuleza kwaye afumana izigunyaziso zomtshato afuna iimvume zomtshato ezifuna iimvume zomtshato ezigunyazisa izibi ezitshatileyo.

Ukufumana iPase

Xa kufunyaniswa, omabini amacala anikana inkcazelo, amaxwebhu, kunye nobungqina. Ukupheliswa, ukuncitshiswa kwezicelo zoxwebhu kusetyenziselwa ukwakha ingxelo eyinyaniso. Kwiingxaki zomthetho womtshato, ukufunyanwa kwenjongo yomthetho (umz., enoba umthetho uphenjelelwe yi-amitus), impembelelo yomthetho kwizinto ezicacileyo, kunye nenkcazelo egqwethekileyo ngomtshato. I-Discovery inokuba yeyokunyanzela okanye yenze imiyalelo yokukhusela.

Intshukumo yomgwebo yesishwankathelo

Imingeni emininzi yomthetho womtshato iconjululwe kwisigwebo esifutshane, ngaphandle kwetyala elipheleleyo. Umbutho ungafaka isikhalazo sokuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo kwaye inelungelo lokugweba njengombandela womthetho. Iinkundla ngoko zivavanya iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni zize zigqibe ukuba umthetho ungumGaqo-siseko. Ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba umthetho uphuthile umgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuhlola, unganika ugwebo olufutshane ngabachasi-mthetho. Umgwebo woshwankathelo uyakuphepha ukuhlawula indleko kunye nexesha lokuchola ityala yaye usoloko ukhethwa kwiimeko ezibandakanya imibuzo enyulukileyo yomthetho.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba kukho izibakala eziphikiswayo, ityala liqhubekela ekuvavanyweni. Kwizigwebo zebhedi, ijaji iyabuva ubungqina ize yenze iziphumo. Amatyala ka Jury awaxhaphakanga kwiimeko zomGaqo-siseko kodwa asenokubakho kwezinye iinkundla zelizwe. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa, amangqina, kuquka amatyala acacileyo, amangqina olwazi (njengababhali-mbali, iingcali zentlalo-ntle, okanye iingcali zezoqoqosho), kunye namagosa karhulumente. Amatyala afumana abumba isiseko sesambheno samva. Amatyala omtshato aphezulu-propati, anjenge-PT Pregger v. Schwarzegger [igleg] [ignow:1] (imeko yezentlalo yezoqoqosho), kunye namagosa aseburhulumente eNtshona Yurophu eNtshona Koloni], athetha ngezonga) amanani abonisa ukuba abonisa ukuba avavanye amapolisa abonisa ukuba anyanise enyaniswe ngezobuGenethika.

Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Emva komgwebo, iqela eliphulukana nentlanganiso lisenokufakela iintshukumo zasemva kwetyala, njengentshukumo ebhaliweyo yokuvavanya amatyala amatsha okanye ukuguqula umgwebo. Ukuba ezo zinto aziphumelelanga, isibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo zilandela. Izibheno zisekelwe kwiimpazamo ezisemthethweni, hayi kwisigqibo sobungqina obulandelayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ihlola ingxelo yamatyala kunye neempikiswano ezisemthethweni. Inkqubo ye-appellate idla ngokubhala izimvo. Kwimeko zikarhulumente, izibheno zenkundla yezibheno, yaye ekugqibeleni kwinkundla ephakamileyo yeNkundla. Inkundla ephakamileyo inelungelo lokuva amatyala; inika i-certoriari kuphela kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo yorhulumente. Inkqubo ye-appellatte ithatha iminyaka, njengoko ibonwa kuhambo olusuka kumtshato wokuqala olude ukuya kuxandulo olude [FT.1]

Ityala lophawu lwelizwe kunye nempembelelo

Imimiselo emininzi ephawulekayo iye yalolonga umthetho womtshato eUnited States, ibonisa amandla nemiqathango yocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni.

Virginia (1967) enothando

[[NTLT:0] i- Virginia, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngamxhelo mnye yawisa imithetho ekwalela umtshato wobuhlanga. Inkundla yathi imithetho enjalo yayaphula iSikhuseli Sokulinganisa ne-Currect Clauses. IJaji enkulu uWarren wabhala, & #8220; Inkululeko yokutshata iqwalaselwe njengenye yamalungelo obuqu abalulekileyo abalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni ngocwangco lolonwabo. ” Ityala lisiseko lokumisela bonke umlinganiselo womtshato olandelayo. (Funda uluvo olupheleleyo [[FLT:]][FLT]]]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

.Obergefell v. ukwandisa ukulingana komtshato kwizibini ezingokwasemgangathweni kwilizwe lonke. IJaji Kennedy ’ uluvo loninzi luxhomekeke kuzo zombini iimfuno zombutho ofanelekileyo noMgangatho ka-Mani no-Fanity Claus, lugxininisa ukuba umtshato unelungelo elisisiseko. Inkundla yathi ukuvalwa komtshato omnye akuyiyo imo-yo eyomtshato. Isigqibo sasineziphumo ezikhawulezileyo nezibalulekileyo, ezifuna ukuba zonke iingxelo zemali zinikezele izibini ezithenezo ze-ex nemtshato ziqonde izivumelwano zazo kwamanye amazwe. Ukungavumelani kwezomthetho yaphikisa ukuba iNkuwugqitha umsebenzi wazo, kodwa umthetho olawulayo uyaqhubeka umthetho welizwe. (Imbono ye-FT.[2]]]]

IKomishini yaMalungelo e-Colorado

Eli tyala lalibandakanya umbhaki wezonka owayengavumi ukwenza ikeyiki yomtshato kunye nesibini esingokwasemtshatweni ngenxa yeenkolelo zakhe. Inkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa umthetho ngokuxhasa umbhaki ngezizathu ezimxinwa, ifumanise ukuba iColorado Civil Rights Common Commission ibonise ukungaluthandi unqulo kwiinkqubo zayo. Isigqibo asizange simisele lungelo libanzi lokungavumi inkonzo esekelwe kumtshato osekelwe kulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo lobuhlanga. Endaweni yoko, sabalase imfuneko yokuba kubekho ubundilele nokuphathwa ngentlonelo kwiimfuno zonqulo. Eli tyala ligxininisa ingxabano eqhubekayo phakathi kwemithetho elwa nohlanga kunye nenkululeko yonqulo. Ukuhlalutya, bona isishwankathelo se-

Ucelomngeni Lwakutshanje Noluqhubekayo

Kwanasemva owehlayo, imingeni esemthethweni iyaqhubeka. Abanye bajolise kulwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni kubathengisi bomtshato, njengooflorist kunye nabafoti. Eminye imithetho yephondo evumela umtshato wabantwana okanye ukubeka imiqathango yobudala obudala esekelwe kwi-scritial spenial. United States v. Imouse [2013]], iNkubethwa kweCandelo le 3 leDOMA, ifuna urhulumente ukuba aqaphele imitshato esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni. Kutsha, imingeni ekhoyo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo esemthethweni yokuvavanya imithetho yomtshato enzima kodwa ibalulekile ekuqhubeni phambili amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yabo. Ukusuka ekuchazeni ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko nokusetyenziswa kwemiqobo ekwindawo ethile nokusukela izibongozo, iqonga ngalinye lifuna ubuchule obusemthethweni. Iimeko zophawulo olufana Luluvokova[ kunye no-Oberge wawa [[]] [ukufumana inyathelo elithenjiweyo lokulungisa inyathelo lomthetho [ukulawula iprojekthi] libonisa ukuba ukuzinzisa okusemthethweni kunokuguqula izithethe zobuso nokhuseleko zenkululeko. Noko ke, inkqubo ayikho ngaphandle kwemiqobo, kuquka nezimfuneko ezifanelekileyo, ukucaphula-qhinga. Kubo obuceliweyo ekulungiseni ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esebenzayo kwimithetho elawulayo yokuqala, ukulingana, nokulunga, ukulingana kothando, nokulunga kothando.