Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kungucelomngeni olungxamisekileyo lwexesha langoku, olufuna ulungelelwano lomthetho olungelelanisa oorhulumente, imibutho, kunye nebutho labantu. Njengoko imigaqo yomthetho iguquka ukuze ilungise ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu, imilinganiselo yokutshintsha, kunye netyala lomonakalo wemeko-bume, iinkundla ziye zaba ziindawo eziphambili zokucombulula iimbambano, ukunyanzelisa izibophelelo, nokucacisa imisebenzi. Ingqibelelo yezi zindululo zomthetho ixhomekeke kumgaqo omnye, isiseko somgaqo: ukuzimela ngokwezomthetho. Ngaphandle kweenkundla ezikhululekile kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, impembelelo yezoqoqosho, okanye imfuno yezenteleko yezentlalo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu iye yazibeka engozini yokuba sisixhobo sokulibazisa okanye ukuvala imoto. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima ebalulekileyo yokuzimela i-mthetho ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imozulu igqibele, inyani kwiimeko zezenzululwazi, kwaye iziphumo ezihlala zihleli.

Ukuchaza Inkululeko Yejaji Kwimeko Yemozulu

Uzimele-mthethweni yinkululeko yowiso-mthetho emiselwe kunye nempembelelo yobuqu yabagwebi ukumisela amatyala asekelwe kumthetho, kwiinyaniso, kunye nezazela zabo. Iquka imilinganiso emibini: uzimele ngokwabantu [ — inkululeko yomgwebi kwimigaqo yangaphandle okanye kwimpembelelo — yaye inkululeko engokwenkululeko yoluntu [[FLT]] inokuba nenkululeko yoluntu — ukwahlulwa kwemithetho yejaji namasebe aphethe ne-Rognome. Kwimeko yemozulu, oku kuvavanywa ngamatyala aphezulu abandakanyekileyo abandakanya: oorhulumente basenokujongana nemiyalelo engqongqo yokukhupha ungcoliso, imibutho ephantsi ephantsi kolawulo oluzinzileyo, kunye noluntu oluzinzileyo. Xa besenza ingcungcuthe nomthetho womthetho olwwwww

Imigaqo Engundoqo Ebethelelwe Kwimilinganiselo Yezizwe Ngezizwe

IUnited Nations Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary umba obalulekileyo: ukhuseleko lwezikhuseli ezinamandla, ukuzimela ngokwezimali, ukuthintelwa ekunikezelweni kwesigqibo sokholo olulungileyo, kunye nokwalelwa kokususwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Le migaqo ibalulekile ekuchaneni kwemozulu, apho iimeko zidla ngokuqhubeka iminyaka, zibandakanya ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza inzululwazi, kunye nokujolisa amaxhoba anamandla ombuso okanye abadlali babucala. Ijaji eyoyika ukutyunjelwa okanye ukuhlahlela uqingqo-mali ukwenzela ukumisela umthetho ongafanelekanga ngezopolitiko ayinakulindelwa ukusebenzisa umthetho ongo.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkululeko Yezomthetho Iba Luxanduva Ngeengxaki Zemozulu

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kudala ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo oluphakamisa ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yokugweba. Ngokungafaniyo ne-tort yesithethe okanye izivumelwano, la matyala adla ngokufuna ukuba iinkundla zihlole ugcino-lwazi oluntsonkothileyo lwenzululwazi, zingenelele kwizigqibo zemigaqo-nkqubo, zichaze indlela yokuhamba kwemfundiso esemthethweni efana nemfundiso yokuthemba uluntu, ukulingana kwesizukulwana, namalungelo endalo. Iqumrhu elizimeleyo liyinkqubo exhotyisweyo yokusingatha imisebenzi enjalo ngaphandle kokuphenjelelwa yimiqathango yexeshana yezopolitiko okanye amaqela anomdla onamandla.

Ubungqina Obuntsonkothileyo Benzululwazi

Ukumangalelwa kwemozulu kuxhomekeke kubungqina obusuka kwimozulu, kwezoqoqosho, nakwimpilo kawonke-wonke. Iinkundla kufuneka zivavanye ukuthembeka kobungqina obungoochuru, zichaze iziphumo zeengxelo ze-IPCCC, zigqibe ukuba ukuncitshiswa okuthile kokukhutshwa komphunga kuyenzeka okanye kwanele na. Xa abagwebi bezimele, banokumisela imigaqo engqongqo yobungqina, kwaye baxhase imigudu yokuchasa inzululwazi esemthethweni ukuze kungenelwe inzuzo yezopolitiko. Kwisigqibo senkundla se- urgenda Foundation v. ityala eliphezulu leNkulawula i-Datshi lixhomekeke kwiziphumo ze-IPCC ukufumanisa ukuba ukunciphisa kwe-2020 karhulumente ixhoba le-17%, umgaqo ophantsi wendlela ephantsi kwengu-25%. Inkundla yokuzimela kwezentengoso yenzululwazi.

Ukubamba Urhulumente Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kudla ngokujolisa oorhulumente besizwe ngenxa yokusilela ukumisela okanye ukunyanzelisa iinkqubo zemozulu ezaneleyo. Ijaji elizimeleyo linganyanzela amasebe aphetheyo ukuba ahlonele iimfuno zomthetho okanye imisebenzi yezomthetho-siseko, njengoko kubonakala kwiimeko ezifana Julia v. United States, apho ukhuthazo olucacileyo luthi urhulumente uthe ukukhuthaza izinto zoncedo lwemfuzamfako zaphule amalungelo awo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Nangona loo meko ingaqhubekanga, imibangxubeko emininzi efanayo kumazwe anjengeColombia, iPakistan, kunye neIreland iye yaphumela kwimiyalelo ekhothotho ekwakheni kwemozulu, ukukhutshwa kwemibhobhozo, okanye ukuqwa kokuzimela i-ongondleka okulungileyo, imiyalelo enjalo ingaze ikhutshwe nakukhuselwe phantsi kwemithetho yemithetho yezo esemthethweni.

Ukukhusela Abantu Nezizukulwana Zexesha Elizayo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngokungenakulinganiswa kuchaphazela uluntu olufumana imali eninzi, abantu bomthonyama, kunye nezizukulwana ezizayo — amaqela asoloko enegunya elilinganiselweyo lezobupolitika. Iinkundla ezizimeleyo zingasebenza njengesixhobo sokukhusela la mazwi, ziqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo azo aqwalaselwa naxa iindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye nabalawuli abachaphazelekayo bengenamdla. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseColombia yavakalisa ummandla weAmazon ukuba ungomnye wamalungelo abantu kwaye wayalela urhulumente ukuba anciphise ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, ichaza umsebenzi karhulumente wokukhusela izizukulwana ezizayo. Imithetho enjalo ibonisa indlela inkululeko yokulawula ebangela ukuba iinkundla zijonge ngayo ngaphaya kwemijikelezo zezobupolitika nokukhusela imekobume ekudala kunye namalungelo abantu.

Iingxaki Zemozulu Nendima Yeenkundla Ezizimeleyo

Amatyala emozulu aphezulu aliqela abonisa indlela ukuzimela ngokwamatyala okugweba okuye kwagqibelela ngayo ekuqhubekiseni kwemeko-bume. Ukuhlolisisa la matyala kutyhila amandla kunye nokuchanabeka komngxuma ozimeleyo phambi komoya wezopolitiko nowezoqoqosho.

Copicenda v Netherlands (209)

Ityala leCollentia idla ngokuchazwa njengexesha lokupheliswa kwemozulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseDatshi yaxhasa isigqibo senkundla esezantsi esayalela urhulumente ukuba anciphise ubuncinane nge 25% ukusuka kwimigangatho yo-1990 ngo-202020. Inkundla yaqiqa ngelithi urhulumente wayenomsebenzi wenkathalo phantsi kweNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu — eqinisekiswe ngokunzulu kumthetho nakwisithethe — ivumela ukuba ikhutshwe umthetho olawulayo nemali, inkundla yanyanzelela ukuba ijaji yelizwe liphinde lihlole enoba izenzo zalo zinokufikelela kumgangatho omncinane wenkuselo. Inkululeko yephondo lwamaDatshitshi — eqinisekiswe ngokunzulu kwingxelo yemithetho nesithethe — ivumela ukuba ikhutshwe umthetho owiswe ngurhulumente ekuwiseni urhulumente.

UJuliana . . . waseUnited States (2020)

EUnited States, iqela labalawuli abaselula belitsha lathi urhulumente uyavuma ukuba izinto zokubasa zakudala zifumaneke zaphazamisa amalungelo awo omgaqo-siseko obomi, inkululeko, nezinto, kwakunye nembopheleleko karhulumente yokuthemba izinto zemvelo kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Inkundla yesithili yalugatya ulawulo lukarhulumente, ivumela eli tyala ukuba liqhubeke livunywe — ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ejongene nenkcaso ephakamileyo. Noko ke, kamva ityala lapheliswa yinkundla yezorhwebo ekwiziko loluntu, yaye ekugqibeleni iNkundla ephakamileyo yakhankanya ukuva oko. Inkundla ka-Julian ibalaselisa zombini ezinokukwazi ukufumanisa ukuba iinkundla ezizimeleyo zikhomba zezo ezo ngxaki zifuna ukuma kakuhle nokungalawuleka kwemithetho ephambili neempembelelo zezopolitiki.

Amanye Amatyala Aphawulekayo Ehlabathi

EPakistan, iLahore Ephezulu yavuma ilungelo lokusingqongileyo okunempilo phantsi komgaqo-siseko yayalela urhulumente ukuba aphumeze amanyathelo okutshintsha imozulu. Inkundla yazenza ngokwayo emva kwesicelo sabemi, ixhomekeke kubungqina obungochwepheshe nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. EIreland, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagatya iSicwangciso sikarhulumente njengesichazileyo, ilawula ukuba asiphumeleli kwiChunga leMentel Action kunye neLow Carbon Development Act. Kwaye eColombia, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeJaji yawisa umthetho wokuba urhulumente makayeke ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi eAmazongarango, acebe icebe icebe icebo lokukhusela ihlathi, iqonda amalungelo endalo kunye nezizukulwana ezizayo. Zonke ezi zigqibo zale ukuba kugunyazwe igunya lesizwe.

Izisongelo Zenkululeko Yejaji Ngokusikelwa Kwemeko - bume

Kwanezinto ezenza ukuba iinkundla ezizimeleyo zifuneke zizenze amaxhoba. Ukungavumelani nemozulu kudla ngokuvavanya izilangazelelo ezinamandla, kwaye oorhulumente okanye imibutho ekhoyo isenokusabela ngokuzama ukujongela phantsi igunya elilawulayo, ukumisela imiqathango, okanye ukuhlazisa abagwebi. Ukuqonda ezi zisongelo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ingqibelelo yemozulu.

Ukudibana Kwezobupolitika Nokupakishwa Kwenkundla

Kwezinye iindawo, amasebe alawulayo azama ukuphembelela iziphumo ngokumisela abagwebi abalungeleleneyo ngokweengqondo, ngokumisela imiqathango yezomthetho, okanye ngokusongela ukuphelisa iinkundla eziwisa imbambano engafanelekanga. Amaqhinga eNkundla apheka — apho urhulumente wandisa inani labagwebi ukuze ahlasele inkcaso — abeka umngcipheko othe ngqo wokuzilawula. Umzekelo, ePoland naseHungary, iinguqu zezomthetho ezathi zadodobalisa ukuthomalalisa ityala kwaye zabeka abagwebi kwizenzo zokulwa kwemithetho yezopolitiko ze-European kwaye ziye zabangela ukuba ityala le mozulu ibangele ukuba i-EUROS, ngokufanayo, ukususwa kweJaji enguMostice Maria Sere None kuphawula iziphumo ezimanyukuhlayo, ezinokudimazayo ekuthabatheni kwemeko yezomthetho, ezingoko zezopolitiko.

Izixokelelwano zecebo kunye nogcino-lwazi lwemeko

Kwanaxa kukho ukhuseleko olusemthethweni, olungapheliyo oluphantsi kwemithetho egwetywayo lungaphelisa ukuzimela ngokuzenza iinkundla zixhomekeke kwintsebenziswano yegunya elilawulayo yoqingqo-mali, nangokudala izivumelwano ezinkulu ezibambezelayo ezibangela iimeko zemozulu kangangeminyaka. Inkundla engakwaziyo ukulawula izibuko layo ngokunempumelelo isenokungaqiniseki ukuba abalawuli abangakwazi ukuqokelela, okanye isenokuphumela kwizigqibo zoshwankathelo ezingaqinisekiyo ezinokudibana nobungqina obuntsonkothileyo. Izityholo ezinjengeIndiya neBrazil ziye zazenza iinza imigca eqinile ekusunguleni iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zemeko zemozulu, kodwa inkxaso nenkxaso yezolawulo ihlala ingekho ngqinibo engafanelekanga. Imali efunekayo ingumbandela efunekayo yokuzimela ngokwazimeleyo okanye ukufikelela kobuchule obuthembekileyo kwinzululwazi ayinakukhupha intembelo kwi-oigemblageageage.

Ukungachazi Nemibutho Yokucinezelwa Nguwonke - wonke

Amatyala emozulu adla ngokutsala iingxubusho ezinkulu zosasazo kunye nengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Amaphulo ookhestra namashishini asenokubonisa ukumangalelwa kwemozulu njengezigwebi ezigwebayo okanye njengesisongelo kwimpumelelo yezoqoqosho. Kumazwe apho abagwebi banyulwa okanye bakhunjulwayo, ingcinezelo enjalo ingaphembelela izigqibo. Kwanakwinkqubo ezikhusela ngamandla, ukugqunywa kwengxelo engafanelekanga kwabantu kusenokuphelisa ukukholosa kwenkundla yezakhono zenkundla zezakhono ezingathandwayo. Iinkundla ezizimeleyo zixhomekeke kwisithethe sokuhlonela izigqibo zezahlulelo-mthetho nakukulungela ukuthobela isebe eliphetheyo. Xa impucuko ijongelwa phantsi kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, ukusebenza kwemeko yemozulu kubangela ingxaki.

Ukuqinisa Inkululeko Yogwebo Ngemeko Yezulu

Ukukhusela nokukhulisa inkululeko yenkundla kufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngamabomu ngamanqanaba amaninzi — ukususela ekuguquleni komgaqo - siseko ukusa ekukheni amandla kwinkundla yezomthetho. La manyathelo alandelayo anokuba luncedo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iinkundla ziyakwazi ukudlulisela imithetho yemozulu entle nephumelelayo.

Utshintsho Oluye Lwasekwa Ukuze Kukhuselwe Iinkundla Kwingcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Amazwe kufuneka amkele okanye aqinise imigaqo-siseko yokukhusela ngokwezomthetho, emvuzweni, kunye nokususwa. Amabhunga eejaji azimeleyo, kunokuba ajonge amaqumrhu okumiswa kwemibutho elawulayo, angavelela ukumiswa nokuqeqeshwa, akhusela abagwebi kwimpembelelo yabalawuli. Imithetho ecacileyo yokuziphendulela nemithetho yemigaqo yemigaqo yezomthetho iphinde iqinise ingqibelelo. Ukubekwa kwemeko yehlabathi lonke — njengaphambi kweNkundla yezobulungisa yezizwe ngezizwe zonke okanye i-International Tribunal yoMthetho wolwandle — iinkqubo zokukhetha ezicacileyo kunye nenkxaso ekhuselekileyo zibalulekile ngokufanayo.

Ukwakha ngokufanelekileyo noqeqesho olukhethekileyo

Abagwebi abanakulawula ngobulumko kwinzululwazi yemozulu ukuba abanayo isiseko sokufunda kwintsimi. Iinkqubo ezininzi ngoku zinika abagwebi uqeqesho lwemozulu, kuquka amanyathelo okusungula enkqubo yeNkathi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (UNEP), i-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), kunye ne-arhente yesizwe yezomthetho-odoli yezomthetho-mthetho. Ezi nkqubo zigubungela imibandela enjengeyokufuzisela imozulu, ukukhutshwa kwenzululwazi, ukukhutshwa kwemibhobho, kunye nokucaciswa kwamaxhoba emozulu phantsi kwe-Paris Aunimentation. Iinkundla zezemoyezulu ezikhethekileyo, njengalawo akwiNew South Wales (Australia) kunye namazwe amaninzi amaIndiya, zingavelisa ubuchule kunye neemeko ezinzulu ngoxa zihlala ngokuzimela ngokuzimelayo kwimiqatha kwimiqatha yookanye norhulumente.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonakala ngaphaya kweliso neNkxaso kaRhulumente

Ukuzimela ngokwamatyala koluntu kuxhaphakile xa uluntu lukuqonda kwaye lukuxabisa. Iinkundla zinokunikela iinkcukacha, iimbono eziqiqekelelwa kakuhle ezinxibelelanisa ngokucacileyo izigqibo zazo nomthetho nenzululwazi, zikwenza kube nzima ukulahla izigqibo njengezopolitiko. Ukwenziwa kweenkqubo, ukwenza kube lula ukushwankathela imigwebo yemozulu, kunye nokudityaniswa kwamajelo eendaba kungenza ukuzimisela ukuzimela ngokwamatyala. Imibutho yasekuhlaleni, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, iinxulumani zamalungelo abantu, kunye namaqela alwela amalungelo abantu, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni izisongelo zokuzimela ngokwaselulweni kwejajinga. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe inikela ingxelo yenkululeko yokulawula imekobume, ilungiselela izibhedlele zokuphucul.

Isiphelo: Indlela Engaphambili

Indima yokuzimela ngokwayo ekusingatheni inguqulelo yemozulu ayinakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Ukusukela ekuphukeni komhlaba uUrgenda isigqibo sokuzilolonga okuqhubekayo eUnited States nangaphaya, iinkundla ezizimeleyo zifumanise ukuba zinganyanzelisa ukuphenduliswa kwemozulu, zikhusele amalungelo abantu ababuthathaka, ziqinisekise ukuba ubungqina benzululwazi buphumele inkqubo yezomthetho. Kodwa olu zimeleyo luhlala lubuthathaka — lusongelwa kukuphazamisananento yokwenza izinto, ukuswela kwemali, kunye nephulo lokuxoka. Ukuqinisa ukuzimela kwekomiti akuyo into emnandi; kuyimfuneko yokuba naliphi na ibutho labantu elifuna ukuphatha imeko yemozulu njengemeko esemthethweni neyokuziphatha okufanelekileyo. Iinkundla zimele zinikwe igunya lokugqiba ngaphandle koloyiko, zinyanzelele oorhulumente bomthetho, zize zixhase nawu omnye womthetho ongaphezulu.

[[FLT: 0] Ukuqhubeka ufunda, bona iNgxelo yeKwehlo yeNtlanganiso yehlabathi lonke yeKwesimo ([[FT:1]] UNITP]), iIPC Synthesis Report ([ IPC[FLT]][4]]), umgwebo kwi [[FLT:] u-Urgenda v.[[[FTLT:]] Netherlands [[6] [[FLT:] F[F:8]], iKhomishini yezizwe ngezizwe ye-JURP [F] ixela ingxelo yozimele neyobume bemeko-meko.[FFF] [12]] [12]