Imvelaphi yomGaqo-siseko

Isifungo somongameli wesikhundla asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo kodwa singumyalelo wezomGaqo-siseko wokuba i-Melika ime inkqubo yezopolitiko. Icandelo lesibini, iCandelo 1, u-Claus 8 we-U.S. lichaza amagama achanileyo: "Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi yoMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa umgaqo-siseko wam, ndiwugcine, ndiwukhusele kwaye uwukhusele umGaqo-siseko we-United States." Olu lwimi luchanekileyo lwenziwe ngooTata abaFundileyo ukumisela isibopho phakathi komongameli ozayo nohlanga oluza kusebenza ngalo. [[FLT] [FLT:] Antegiontiod [[FLT] [12:1]

Ukufakwa kwesifungo kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo kubonisa ukubaluleka kwaso okusisiseko. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe apho izifungo zeofisi zingumthetho okanye zisithethe, i-United States yafaka le mfuneko ngqo kumthetho wayo ophakamileyo. Esi sigqibo sabonisa inkxalabo enzulu yomlawuli onegunya. Emva kokuba ilwe imfazwe yokuphepha ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo, ayeqonda ukuba umongameli unokuba yinqwelo-mafutha yokufumana ibhongo kunye ne-oreji. Isifungo sayilwa njengenkuselo, isifungo sikawonke-wonke esiya kugcina umongameli exhomekeke kwisakhiwo somgaqo-siseko esilawula lonke elinye isebe likarhulumente.

Ababhali-mbali baphawula ukuba esi sifungo sasikwafeza injongo esebenzisekayo kwirepublic yamandulo: sanceda urhulumente omtsha worhulumente wasekuhlaleni emehlweni kawonke-wonke othandabuzayo. Xa uGeorge Washington wabeka isandla sakhe kwiBhayibhile kwiFederal Hall kwisiXeko saseNew York ngoAprili 30, 1789, wayengazalisekisi nje imfuneko yomGaqo-siseko. Wayeseka isithethe esasizakuza kuchaza ukufuduswa koxolo, okucwangcisiweyo, uqheliso olusaseleyo lwezona mpawu zahlukileyo zedemo-dekhrasi yaseMelika. Ithala leencwadi leBhunga ligcina ii-onele ezibanzi ze-Crieflity ze-precity yeWashington, kuquka iingxelo zalexesha likalomciso.

Undoqo wemibhobho: ILizwi ngeLizwi

`Ndiyazifunga Ndizithuka'

La mazwi okuvula achaza ubunzulu bomzuzu. Igama elithi "ophayo" libom, lahlula esi sifungo kwizithembiso eziqhelekileyo okanye iziqinisekiso zemihla ngemihla. Libonisa ukuba isithethi singena kwimbopheleleko ebophekileyo, ethwala imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, esemthethweni, nobunzima bembali. Ukhetho "lokuqinisa" kunokuba "ifungo" luvumela abo iinkolelo zabo zonqulo okanye izithethe zibathintela ekufungiseni, ukubonisa intlonelo yomGaqo-siseko ngeenkolelo ezahlukeneyo. Olu luluvo lwalungaqhelekanga ngexesha laso kwaye lubonisa ukuzimisela kwabasebenzi befarames ukuphatha abantu abangabantu abangabantu abahlukahlukeneyo.

Ukuba Ndiyisebenzise Ngokuthembeka IOfisi YoMongameli waseUnited States

Eli binzana lithetha ngobubanzi kunye nomoya wamandla obungamongameli. "Ukuphumeza ngokuthembeka" kuthetha okungaphezulu kunokusebenza nje imisebenzi; kuthetha ukunyaniseka kwiofisi ngokwayo, iimbopheleleko zayo, kunye nemiqathango yayo. Umongameli akangomlawuli kodwa ngumphathi-mikhosi, obophelelekile ukwenza ngokwemida yomthetho nesiko. Le nxalenye yesifungo iphikisana ngqo nayo nayiphi na ingcamango yokuba umongameli angasebenza ngaphandle komthetho egameni lobugqhinga okanye ukhuseleko lohlanga.

"Ukuthanda Kwezona Zilungileyo Zobuchule Bam, Ugcine, Ukhusele, Ukhusele, Ukhusele umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States"

Apha isifungo sifikelela kwincopho yaso. Izenzo ezintathu ezigciniweyo, ezikhuselayo, nezikhuselayo zibumba ubathathu egqubuthela imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yobuphathi bomGaqo-siseko. "Umthetho" ucebisa ukugcina umGaqo-siseko njengoko unikezelwe, ngokubhekiselele kwimimiselo yawo yantlandlolo. "Ukhuselo" luthetha ukugada izisongelo zangaphakathi nezingaphandle kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko. "I-Defend" ifuna ukuxhathisa ngokukhutheleyo nakuwuphi na umgudu wokubhukuqa okanye ukuphelisa umgaqo-siseko.

Ibinzana elithi "ukuya kwelona lilungileyo kubuchule bam" lichaza umlinganiselo womntu ngamnye womgudu kunye nokuthembeka. Liyavuma ukuba oomongameli bangabantu kwaye baza kwenza iimpazamo, kodwa lifuna ukuba banikele umlinganiselo wabo opheleleyo wenkuthalo nokholo olulungileyo. Eli binzana licatshulwe kwiingxoxo ezingacaciyo kunye neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni, ngokufuthi njengophawu lokuhlola enoba umongameli usebenzise ngokwenene uMgaqo-siseko okanye wenze ngokuzityeshela ngabom imiyalelo yawo.

Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Zembali Nezifundo Zabo Ezihlala Zihleli

UGeorge Washington, 1789: Ukuseka Isiqalo

I-Washington yokuqala yayikukwenza isifungo ngendlela ezininzi. Wongezelela ibinzana elithi "Undincede uThixo" emva kokucengceleza amagama omgaqo-siseko, ulwandiso oluye lwaba yisithethe kodwa luhlala luyinto edityaniswe. Okubaluleke kakhulu kunomzekelo ochanekileyo wawungumzekelo obekwe yiWashington: wafika kumsitho wesinxibo esithobayo, wabeka isandla sakhe kwiBhayibhile, wanika idilesi emfutshane egxininisa ukuthobeka, umanyano, kunye nesidima soburhulumente. Umongameli ngamnye ukususela ngoko ulinganiswe ngokuchasene nomgangatho ohloniphekileyo wenguquko.

UAbraham Lincoln, ngowe - 1861 nowe - 1865: Isibhambathiso ngexesha lodimazeko

Unikezelo lokuqala lukaLincoln ngoMatshi 1861 lwenzeka njengoko amazwe aseMazantsi ayesele enqabile. ICapitol dome yayingekagqitywa, yayingumfuziselo wemeko yokwaphuka kwesizwe. ULincoln wasebenzisa idilesi yakhe yokusungula kungekhona nje ukukhupha isifungo kodwa ukukhupha isibheno ngqo kumazwe aseMazantsi, ebiza "izithunywa zezulu ezingcono zendalo yethu" isithi "ezingcono" indalo yethu yesibini kwiwaka elinamakhulu asibhozo, enikelwa iiveki nje ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe, iqwalaselwa ngokuba yidilesi enkulu kwimbali yaseMelika. Ukuthetha nge "mayela nanganye" kwaye "Umgalelo lwawo onke" kwaguqula isifungo sawo, uLincoln saguqula isifungo sawo onke sisenza ukucamcingisisa ngesono sesizwe, umbingelelo, nomanyano. [FLD]

I-Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933: IOath During Economic Collapse

Xa uRoosevelt wafungayo ngoMatshi 1933, uhlanga lwalusemazantsi oKudodobala Okukhulu. Iibhanki zazisilela, ukungasebenzi kwakusisisiqaqa, kwaye uluntu luphelelwe yintembelo. Idilesi yokuvula i-Roosevelt, nomgca wayo odumileyo wokuba "akungasoyiki kodwa uyoyike," yayiyindima engqalileyo yesifungo ngokwaso. Wayengafunga nje ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko; wayefunga ukubuyisela ithemba kunye nokusebenzisa urhulumente ofefefe. Ukusebenzisa kwakhe isifungo njengenqaku lokuqala le-New Fare Deal ngokusisiseko kwaguqula ulwalamano phakathi komongameli noluntu lwaseMelika, yayiyindima ecacileyo yorhulumente woqoqo wezoqoqosho ngoxa wayesasebenza ngaphakathi kwemidabi.

UJohn Kennedy, wowe - 1961: IOath njengesicelo sokuya Kukhonza

Kennedy uhlala engomnye weyona nto iphawulekayo kwimbali yaseMelika. Lo mongameli uselula wanikela idilesi yakhe ngaphandle kwejazi nangona ibanda kakhulu, isenzo sobungqabavu nonyamezelo. Isibongozo sakhe sokuba "ungasiceli into elinokukwenzela yona ilizwe lakho, buza oko ungakwenzela ilizwe lakho" ukuphinda ufake isifungo esisuka kuvumelwano lomongameli kwintsontela yesizwe. Kennedy wadibanisa ngokucacileyo umsebenzi wakhe womgaqo-siseko nembopheleleko yesizwe ebanzi, ecebisa ukuba esi sifungo asiso sisenzo sobugqeba kodwa sisenzo sokudibani esiqhutywa yindawo yelizwe lonke lobumi kwisabelo solawulo lolawulo-demokhrasi nedini.

Ubhaki Obama, 2009: IOath njengeNtloko noTshintsho

Ubhama wokuqala wakhupha izihlwele ezibhaliweyo zaze zaphawula incopho kwimbali yobuhlanga baseMerika. Noko ke, umsitho wonakaliswa kancinane kukucengceleza isifungo, esakhokelela kwiJaji enkulu uJohn Roberts no-Obama ukuba basiphinde ngosuku olulandelayo ngenxa yobuninzi bolumkiso. Eli thutyana lincinci libethelela inyaniso enkulu: isifungo sichanekile kwaye kufuneka sithathwe nzulu. Nasiphi na isifungo, kwananeso esincinane, siphakamisa imibuzo ngokubaluleka komgaqo-siseko. Ulawulo olunenkathalo lwesifungo lubonisa ukuthembeka kohlanga oluthetha ngaso ngesithethe, kungakhathaliseki okokuba liphi na iqela lezobupolitika okanye ixesha elingokwembali.

Ingxowa Nokugqwethwa Kobuntu Bezobupolitika ZaseMerika

Ukwaziwa kwezobupolitika eUnited States akusekelwanga kubuhlanga, unqulo, okanye inzululwazi yelizwe kuphela. Kusemzimbeni wayo, iingcamango, kunye nemvelaphi. AmaMelika afana nomGaqo-siseko, umthetho, kunye nenkqubo yokuzilawula kwedemokhrasi. Isifungo somongameli sesinye sezithethe eziphambili ezixhasa oku. Ngayo yonke iminyaka emine, uhlanga lubona ukunxibelelana okuphilayo noxwebhu lwalo olusunguliweyo, isikhumbuzi esibonakalayo sokuba umongameli ukhonza umGaqo-siseko, hayi enye indlela ejikelezayo.

Esi siko sinempembelelo enamandla emanyanisayo. Kwanabo bavota ngokuchasene nomongameli ozayo bangawubona umsitho kwaye bawugqala njengowahlukileyo iUnited States, izithethe ezidibeneyo zibalulekile ukuze bagcine imvakalelo yokuba nomanyano lwesizwe. Isifungo sinika ithutyana lokuqwalasela ingqwalasela, ukunqumama kwingxolo apho abemi banokubona ukufuduswa koxolo kwegunya. Kwanabo bavota ngokuchasene nomongameli ozayo banokuwubona umkhosi kwaye baqaphele ukufaneleka kotshintsho. Le asiyonto encinane kwihlabathi apho iintlanga ezininzi zinokufumana khona ungquzulwano, okanye ukuphikisana.

Isifungo sikwabumba amagama abo ngokwabo oomongameli. Abaninzi ababesakuba ngoomongameli baye babhala okanye bathetha ngexesha lokuthabatha isifungo njengesitshintshayo, ingongoma apho ubunzima beofisi buba yinto yokwenene. Amazwi abawathethayo ayaqhubeka evakala ngoomphathi babo, esebenza njengephawu eligwetywayo kwizenzo zabo. Xa oomongameli betyholwa ngehambo evakalala, isifungo sisoloko sibheniswa njengomgangatho abawuchasileyo.

Isithethe, Umfuziselo Nonqulo Oluyindawo Ethile

Iingcali zezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko zichaze ukunikezelwa komongameli, kuquka isifungo, njengohlobo "lonqulo lwesizwe" lohlobo lweenkolelo, izithethe, kunye nemiqondiso oluthi ngayo uhlanga luziqonde njengesizwe esinemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Isifungo siboleka ulwimi lonqulo olubalulekileyo ("Ndifunga ngokunzulu"") kwaye ngokufuthi sibandakanya iBhayibhile, kodwa sibhekiswa kulungelelwano lwehlabathi. Oku kuxubaniswa kweenkolelo ezingcwele nezonqulo kudala amava anamandla angokweemvakalelo nangokomfuziselo angaphaya kwezobupolitika eziqhelekileyo.

Indawo yokufunga ingundaba-mlonyeni. Ukususela ngo-1 1981, umsitho uye wenziwa kwiNtshona yoMkhosi weCapitol, neSizwe samaMall sokwehlisa intshona ngakwisikhumbuzo seWashington, iLincoln, neJefferson. Esi sicwangciso sibonakalayo sidibanisa umongameli ozayo kwisazinge sembali seriphabliki. UCapitol ngokwakhe ngumqondiso karhulumente wabameli, ngelixesha iMall isebenza njengendawo yokuhlanganisa abami. Imbonakalo yomongameli othabatha isifungo phambi kwamakhulu amawaka abemi, kunye neWashington Monument kumgama, yenzelwe ukuvuselela ukuthobeka kunye nokuqhubeka kwembali.

Kwanezo zinto zinxulumene nesifungo zinemiqathango. Oomongameli abaninzi basebenzisa iBhayibhile yentsapho okanye imiqulu ebalulekileyo yembali. UAbraham Lincoln wasebenzisa iBhayibhile egcinwe kwithala leencwadi leeKholamente. Barack Obama wasebenzisa iBhayibhile efanayo neyasetyenziswa nguLincoln ekunikezeleni kwakhe ngonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asibhozo anamashumi asibhozo ananye. Ezi zinto ziba zizinsalela zokholo lwamaMelika, ezidibanisa umongameli ngamnye omtsha kwiminombo yabo babekho ngaphambili. I-Smithsonian Institution's [[[FLT:]] iquka izinto ezininzi eziluncedo nezikhoyo eziluncedo nezi zithethe.

Iingxaki Neendawo Ezihlala Abantu Ezingqonge Ioli

Nangona ingumgangatho wayo ongcwele, isifungo somongameli asithintelwanga kwimpikiswano. Enye ingxubusho eqhubekayo isekelwe kwibinzana elithi "Undincede uThixo" ekuthiwa iWashington yongezwe, nangona ubungqina bembali bungadibani. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ulwandiso loMgaqo-siseko luchasene nentsingiselo yomthetho wonqulo owenzelwe isikhundla. Abanye bayavuma ukuba yisithethe esingenabungozi sokuthetha ngokobuqu. Le ngxoxo ibonakalisa inkxwaleko enzulu kwibutho lamaMelika ngendima yonqulo ebomini babantu bonke.

Ngokungathi kukhulu, isifungo siye saba sisiseko ekumangalelweni kwemicimbi. Inqaku lokungavumelani noAndrew Johnson laliquka izityholo zokuba wayesiphule isifungo sakhe ngokuzama ukususa unobhala wemfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho. Kutshanje, ukunyanzelisa kukaDonald Trump wathetha izityholo zokuba wayewasebenzisa kakubi amandla akhe kunye nemithetho yakhe ephazamisayo, izenzo abagxeki ababeziphikisa ngesifungo sakhe sokuphumeza imithetho ngokuthembeka. La matyala abonisa ukuba esi sifungo asingomthetho nje kuphela kodwa sinamandla okwenyaniso engokoburhulumente njengomgangatho wehambo.

Olunye ucelomngeni lukukuqikelelo lokuba isifungo siye saba yinto eqhelekileyo okanye esingekho ngqiqweni, ingakumbi kwixesha lokuthatha inxaxheba enkulu. Abahlalutyi baxhalatyiswa kukuba oomongameli babo bobabini baye bafaka imida yamandla olawulo ngendlela elula ukuphelisa injongo yantlandlolo yesifungo. Ukwanda kwemiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo, ukusetyenziswa kwezivakalisi zotyikityo, kunye nokwanda kwesenzo somthetho owenziweyo kuphakanyiswe yonke imibuzo yokuba ngaba isifungo sisasebenza njengempumelelo kumandla omongameli. Abaphengululi bemibutho enjenge [[FLT: 0] Brenan Center yeJanut yeJanual short yeJanual [ kuqhubekela ukuhlolisisa indlela umthetho omelezwa ngayo kwimeko yangoku.

Ingxolo Ephakathi

Ukuqonda isifungo somongameli waseMerika kuphuculwa ngokusithelekisa nemisebenzi yezinye izizwe. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente, intloko yorhulumente okanye intloko karhulumente ithatha isifungo esibhekisele kukunyaniseka kukumkani okanye kuhlanga lonke. Isifungo saseMerika sigxininise ngokupheleleyo kumGaqo-siseko sahlukile. Sibonisa inkolelo yamaMerika yokuba umGaqo-siseko ngumthombo opheleleyo wegunya lezobupolitika, kungekhona umntu, umbutho, okanye ingcamango.

Amanye amazwe afuna izifungo eziquka izithembiso eziquka ukuxhasa ubusoshiyali, ubukumkani, okanye isithethe esithile sonqulo. Ukuba negalelo kwemiba yezopolitiko eMelika kuyo yonke imibuzo yezopolitiko encinci kuvumela ukuba ihlalise oomongameli balo naliphi na iqela, unqulo, okanye imbonakalo yehlabathi. Oku kungathabathi cala kunamandla, kodwa kwakhona kuthetha ukuba isifungo sinika ukhokelo luncinane kwimicimbi ephikisanayo enjengemfazwe, inkqubo yezoqoqosho, okanye amalungelo abantu. Sisifungo sobuhlanga kunokuba sivumele nayiphi na enye i-astritan, sishiya oomongameli bekhululekile ukusukela uludwe lwemithetho-mthetho ngokokuba bahlonela inkqubo yemithetho ngokokuba isebenza.

Kumazwe apho amaziko edemokhrasi ebuthathaka, isifungo sinokuba yindawo yokukhuphisana. Uqhaqho ludla ngokuqala ngokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko nokutshintshwa kwezifungo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuguqulwa kwedemokhrasi kudla ngokuquka ukubuyiselwa kwezifungo zomGaqo-siseko njengomqondiso wokubuyela kulawulo olusemthethweni. Amava aseMerika, kunye netyathanga lawo elingenasiphelo lokuguquka koxolo, abonakala njengemodeli yozinzo lwesiseko, nangona engenazo izifungo ezingekhoyo ezingqondweni zawo kunye namaxesha obunzima.

Ukugcina Amandla Ooath Kwisizukulwana Sexesha Elizayo

Njengokuba iUnited States isondela kwisikhumbuzo sayo sonyaka wama-50, isifungo somongameli sihlala sibalulekile, kodwa amandla ayo axhomekeke kwintlonelo eqhubekayo nokuganana kwabantu ngokubanzi. Xa abemi beyiqonda imbali nentsingiselo yesifungo, baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba bagcine iinkokeli zabo zinokuphendula. Izikolo, amajelo eendaba, kunye nemibutho yezentlalo yonke inendima ekufuneka isetyenziswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba isifungo asiyonto ingcengcezwano engenanto kodwa siyinto ephilayo.

Icebiso elinye elisebenzayo yimfundo ephuculiweyo yezentlalo-ntle malunga nokuqulethwe kwesifungo nokubaluleka. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba amaMelika amaninzi akanakuwathiya amagama amasebe amathathu karhulumente, ingasathethi ke ngokukhumbula amagama achanileyo esifungo somongameli. Ukuqinisa ulwazi loluntu kuya kunceda abemi basekuhlaleni bahlolisise ukuba iinkokeli zabo ziphila ngokwemgangatho womgaqo-siseko. AmaZiko logcino-lwazi olufana noMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unika oovimba kunye neenkqubo ezenza ukuba imfundo yesiseko ifikeleleke kuzo zonke isizukulwana, kunceda ukulondoloza intsingiselo yentsingiselo yezizukulwana ezizayo.

Enye ingqwalasela kukusetyenziswa kobugcisa ne-media. Kwixesha lokuqukuqela nokungena kwezentlalo, ukunikezelwa nokufungela ukufikelela abaphulaphuli behlabathi lonke. Oku kunika ithuba lokuchaza intsingiselo yesifungo kubemi behlabathi lonke abasenokuba abaqhelene nezithethe zomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Kukwavumela ukunqanda nokuphengulula kwenyaniso yexesha, okunganyusa ukuqonda kodwa okungazisa ukujikeleza komoya. Ucelomngeni kukusebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukukhanyisa, hayi ukululaza, ukubaluleka kwesifungo.

Isiphelo: IOath njengeSithembiso sikaMelika Kuyo

Isifungo sikamongameli sesikhundla singaphezulu kakhulu kunento ebhalwe phantsi eyenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine. Sisifungo somGaqo-siseko, isithethe somanyano, umlinganiselo osemthethweni wokuziphendulela, kunye nonxibelelwano olukhoyo kwiinjongo ezisisiseko zeriphabliki. Ngamaxesha oxolo nempumelelo, imfazwe nodandatheko, ulwahluko noxolelwaniso, isifungo siye sasebenza njengesikhumbuzo esiqhubekayo sokuba umongameli uthembekile, akangomkruso. Sibophelele ngamnye ohlala kwi-Oval Oofisi yesiseko esinye esilawula wonke ummi waseMerika, siqinisa umgaqo wesiseko wokuba akukho mntu ungaphezu komthetho.

Isifungo sibumba uchazo lwezopolitiko lwaseMelika ngokugxininisa oko kuchazwa ngumGaqo-siseko. Sikhumbuza uhlanga ukuba oko kumanyanisa amaMelika asilogazi okanye ukuzalwa kodwa luzibophelele kumthetho kunye nokuzilawula kwedemokhrasi. Kwixesha lenguqulelo ekhawulezileyo kunye nokuzidibanisa, eso sikhunjuzo siyimfuneko njenganini na ngaphambili. Isifungo seMelika sisithembiso sokuhlala kulo lonke uhlanga lwemithetho, ukutshintsha koxolo, kunye nokuziphendulela korhulumente ebantwini. Logama elo dinga lisahlonelwa ekunikezelweni konyaka ngamnye, i-Riphabliki iza kuba nesiseko sokuyila ikamva layo.