Ukwazisa: Ukuvuswa Kolutsha Lwezobupolitika

IJapan inikela umjikelo ongaqhelekanga kufundisiso lwemibutho yale mihla yezobupolitika. Lilizwe elinempucuko enzulu yolungelelwano loluntu kunye nenkqubo yezobupolitika ekudala ilawulwa liqela elinye, kodwa ngamaxesha athile iye yaqhambuka ngemibhikisho enamandla nelandelayo yentsha ekhuthaza ukuhla kwelizwe ledemokhrasi. Le ntshukumo, ukusuka ekuququzelweni kwemikhosi yama-1960 ukuya kumsebenzi wesizwe wama-2020, iye yacel ’ umngeni ukuma kwe-projekthi ye-202020, ivavanye ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuma nokunyanzela amaqela ezobupolitika ukuba alungelelanise. Kwilizwe elihamba ngomlinganiselo ophezulu wabemi abakhulileyo nowe-Rhovation emhlabeni wonke, isandi solutsha siyinto efunekayo ngokokuziphatha kwaye sisoyiphazamisa inkqubo yezopolitiko. Ukuqonda indlela ezi mpembelelo zezizwe zezizwe ezi zisuka ngayo kwiqela leedipolitiko-offracracties.

Ulwalamano alulolololololololololololololwano nolwaneliseko. Amaqela ezobupolitika aseJapan, ingakumbi iLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), adumile kwaye axhomekeke kumaqela enzala eqinisiweyo. Noko ke, intsebenziswano zolutsha ngokwembali iye yasebenza njengevalvulo engundoqo yangaphandle yoxinzelelo, ukufaka imiba emitsha kwincoko yesizwe nokubuyisela icalcusus enyuliweyo yamalungu amatsha. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imbali, imigaqo, kunye nempembelelo yemibutho yolutsha kwimigangatho engundoqo yezobupolitika yaseJapan.

Isiseko Sembali: Ukusuka EApo Ukuya KwiZenkyto

Isikhokelo solutsha oluzilolongayo emva kwemfazwe eJapan sayilwa ngokuphenjelelwa yimfazwe yomlomo. Umbutho wabafundi wawungesosiganeko singaqhelekanga kodwa wawungumo ophambili wobomi bezobupolitika baseJapan phantse iminyaka engamashumi amabini.

Amaphulo EAmpo Angokweengxelo Zowe - 1960: Isizukulwana Esinyukayo

Uvavanyo lokuqala olukhulu lwegunya lezobupolitika lolutsha lweza ngo-1959-60 ngokuqhatha okukhulu ngokuziphindezela kweSivumelwano soKhuseleko sase-U.S.-Japan. Bakhokelwa ngumfundi welizwe lonke uZengakuren, amakhulu amawaka abafundi kunye nabasebenzi abaselula bathatha izitrato ezithetho zongceleleko zongquzulwano oluya-phinda-phindaneyo. Bahlasela isakhiwo sikazwelonke iSityalo kwaye baxabana ngogonyamelo namapolisa. Le mibhiyo, enkulu kwimbali yanamhlanje yeJapan, yaphumelela ekunyanzeleni ukurhoxinzeleka kombutho lukaMongameli u-Eisenhowern. IAnto yalwa i-Anpo yatyala imbewu yembutho yembutho yesizwe ekholelwa kwizenzo zobugciso-ogrogrisi.

IZenkyto Era (1968 - 969): ICampus Revolts neKhohlo Elitsha

Ekupheleni koo-1960 kwabakho igalelo lesibini, elithe kratya kakhulu lokwenza umsebenzi wobufunda. I-Zenkytoto (IKomiti yokuHlanganisa) yaqukunjelwa kwizifundo zase-yunivesithi zaseJapan. Ngokungafaniyo ne-Apo, eyayijongeke kwilizwe lesizwe, iZenchoto ijolise kwimiba yangaphakathi yeyunivesithi, i-Anquitoto ijongene ne-adenticara, abaphathi beyunivesithi, kunye nokusebenza kwe-ademin emkhosini yaseVietnam kwimfazwe. EYunivesithi yase Tokyo, abafundi bazivalela kwiYasusela i-Yasupetorium kangangeenyanga. Eli thuba laqhubela imidathatho yentetho yezobupolitika, ingenisa amandla aphezulu abathengi kunye neyamandla ebutho lezemfundo ephezulu. [kungeneni kwe-Rhulumente], ngoxa ekugcineni umbutho wolawulo lwe-uRhuni-F.[10]

Iminyaka Engamashumi Adluleyo Nokungakhathali Okukhulu

Emva kwesiphelo sogonyamelo seZenkyoto, i-actival yolutsha lwaseJapan yangena ebusika obude. Iminyaka yee-1970, ama-80, kunye nama-90 yaphawulwa ngoko iingcali ngentlalo zamazwe zakubiza ngokuba "kukufikisa kwezobupolitika" (] seijuniki shishuniki[))).

Oku kungakhathali kwaba nempembelelo engqalileyo kumaqonga eqela. I-LDP, ikhuselekile kumandla ayo, igatya kakhulu kwiimbambano zolutsha ezicacisiweyo. Amaqela enkcaso, awaphukileyo kwaye awasebenzanga, awazange anikeze enye indlela elungileyo. Ngoo1990 nowama 2000 abona ukunyuka kwe-Internet, kodwa ekuqaleni komsebenzi wobuProtom-intanethi yayahlulwa. Oku kwangahlukileyo kwaba yi-19951 kuqhankcagothelo ngokuchasene nomkhosi wase-U.S. obukho bomkhosi eOkinawalandela ukudlwengulwa kwentombazana enkulu eneminyaka eli-12 ubudala, eyakhuthaza ukuvuzwa kawonke wonke kodwa yafunyanwa ngokukhawuleza ngurhulumente osembindini. Kwinxalenye eninzi, amaqela eepolitiki, amaqonga abonisa ukugxininiswa komsebenzi, kwana neqonga kwicandelo lezekwakhiwe kwezolimo.

Ukuqalisa Kwamanani: Ukubuya Kwelizwe Ngowama - 2010

Ngonyaka wama-2015 kwaphawulwa ixesha elizinzileyo lolutsha. Igosa eliphetheyo uShinzo Abe's ukutyhala ukuchaza kwakhona umGaqo-siseko ukuvumela "ukuziqokelela ngokwakho" kunye nokudlula kwetyala lokhuseleko olutsha kwabangela umva omkhulu. Ngeli xesha, le ntshukumo yabonakala yahluke ngokupheleleyo.

IMISEBENZI YEBHODI LENTSHONA KOLONI

Iqela Isenzo se-Emergency for Liberal Democracy (SEALDs) laba yinkcaso. Ngokungafaniyo namaqela aphambili abafundi abashicilelweyo e-1960, ama-SEWLD aye acwangciswe ngokutyiweyo, ama-media-staving, kwaye ngokucacileyo angenayo i-litranspartic. Bafaka inkcaso yabo kuMarstrishop kodwa kulwimi lwedemokhrasi. Ngokungafaniyo namaqela amaqela alandelayo afundayo amaqela aphambili e-Calthromastism amaqela ajongeka kakhulu (iii-1960), ayeneempawu ezithe ngcelo zozibini zobupolitiki nezingamaNgesi, ephulaphule ngenyameko iintetho ezishwayo kunye nomculo. Basebenzisa ngokunempumelelo ukulungiselela ulawulo lwezithonga lwemidathanga lokugcina-ndaba oluphezulu, nangona besazisongelo sivunyiweyo, i-ethenwa, i-ethe , i-ethe , i-

Ukusuka Ezitratweni Ukuya Kwibhokisi Yebhola

Ithuba lasemva kwe-SEALDs labona ukutshintsha ukusuka kwizikolo eziphakamileyo nakwiiyunivesithi kwaye basebenzisa oozwilakhe ukukhuthaza ukuvota. Amaqela afana [[FLT: 0] Akukho Mbutho Wolutsha owenziweyo weJapan (] ujolise ngqo kwivoti. Baqhuba unyulo "ok" kwizikolo eziphezulu kunye neeyunivesithi kwaye basebenzisa oozwilakhe kunye nabaphembeleli ukukhuthaza ukuvota. Olu xinzelelo luphembelela ngokuthe ngqo amaqela abachasi abachasanayo. UGaqo-siseko weDemocratic Parthili owes eJapan (CDP) kunye neJaphatho Comment Party (JCP) yale iqala ngokucacileyo ukuvota olutsha, ithembisa imigaqo yemfundo, ityala, kunye nemithetho esesikweni yoluntu ekwakheleleneyo kunye nezinhanha zabafundi abambalwa.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo: Indlela Iqela Lolutsha Elineempembelelo Eziguquka Ngayo

Impembelelo yentshukumo yolutsha ayizenzekeli. Isuka kwiinkqubo eziliqela ezahlukileyo eziza kusetyenziswa ngabalawuli abanyanzelekileyo ukuze baqhelane.

I-Electoral Volution kunye neziFuthi zeSikhathi

Ngelixesha uvotelo lolutsha lonke luncinane kakhulu kunevoti ekhulileyo, lunengxaki enkulu. Abavoti abaselula ababotshelelwe kunqulo lwesithethe kwaye basenokuba bakulungele ukohlwaya abanqinisi. Kwisixokelelwano sokuqala semva esinezihlalo ezininzi ezikhuselekileyo, kwanaphakathi kwentsha evoti kwimimandla embalwa engundoqo yasedolophini bangagqiba unyulo. Iintlanganiso ezifana neCDP neReiwa zijongene nezi ndawo, ngelixa i-LDP inyanzelelwe ukuthambisa imifanekiso yayo kwaye inike imvume efana nokujolise ulawulo lukaKoikeko ku "umsebenzi wolungiso" kunye nolwahluzo lwamanani.

Ucwangciso lwe media ye CD

Kudala, amaqonga eqela aye enziwe ngamagumbi avaliweyo ngabadala beqela kunye nenkqubo yabo "izizwe" ( zoku ukukhupha ingxelo. Namhlanje, imikhosi yezentlalo-ntle yamangingqi inyanzelisa amaqela ukuba enze izinto ngexesha lokwenene. I-hashtagtag ijongeka kuX (ongaphambili ukhupho lwezibheno) ingenza ukuba unobhala-genyal ukukhupha ingxelo. Ktoo , , ecel ’ umngeni onyanzelisa izithetho eziphezulu zamabhinqa emsebenzini, njengoko kwaqaliswa kwesicelo sengingqi yomsebenzi, kwangoko iqala ngendlela yayo ebonakalisa ukuchasana, eyathembisa ukuvala i-'ikhowudi. I-FLD, ngexesha lokuchasa umthetho wokuthetha ngomthetho.

Amaphiko olutsha noncedo lweqela langaphakathi

Wonke amaqela amakhulu anamaqela angokwahlulwa ngokwesithethe olutsha (umz., iLDP' ye-UNG ] Icandelo le-Youth. Kwimbali, ezi yayizi-'club' kunye nee-meters ezinxulumeneyo. Noko ke, njengokuba imekobume yezobupolitika ihamba, la maphiko athe aqina. Amalungu amancinci e-Diet asuka kwisizukulwana esitsha (umz., i-HIBIKI" isizukulwana se-LDP okanye "Tubasa" kwi-CDP) asoloko esebenza njengabaxhasi bangaphakathi bemibandela yoontanga bawo. Amaqela abadala abanyanzele ukuba athathe izicwangciso eziqhubela phambili kumalungelo omanani, imeko-mo-zulu, inguqulelo, kunye neemeko-ntlalo-ntlalo ukuze agcine imvelaphi yawo elungelelaniswe.

Isakhiwo sokwakha izakhiwo zogcino-lwazi ngeNGO

Intshukumo zolutsha zintsonkothile. Bakha ngokukhutheleyo imibutho yexesha elizayo yeJapan ichaphazela amaplanga athile kumaqonga eqela. Umzekelo, 350.org Japan[ kunye [[FLT:] amanqanam] kunye [FLT] kunye [FLT] kunye namanqanawa] aphumele ngempumelelo i CDP neJCP ukwamkela ukuncitshiswa komoya okunochuku olunogonyamelo. Amaqela abantu afana Amalungelo e-Humans Watch Japan [ asebenza kunye nokhuthazo lwabafundi ukuya kumaqela athile ukuze aquke iLGBQ+s (njengemithetho echaphaza i-dictimi) kwimigangatho yawo eshubileyo. Oku kusetyenziswa okungaqwalalk'ukungeneyo kusetyenziswa kwimigaqo ezitheneyo.

Iindawo zeMigaqo ziguqulwa luLutsha oluBalulekileyo

Impembelelo yentshukumo yolutsha ayifani. Kwezinye iindawo, baye bafumana izithuba ezininzi eqongeni. Kwezinye, inkqubela ihlala ingekho.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nomgaqo - siseko Wokusingqongileyo

Young people are the demographic most concerned about climate change in Japan. In the 2021 general election, the CDP and JCP ran on ambitious platforms calling for an end to coal-fired power and a swift transition to 100% renewable energy. The LDP, historically reliant on the coal and utility industries, responded with its "Green Transformation" (GX) plan. While heavily criticized by activists as insufficient, it represents a significant rhetorical shift from the LDP's previous denial and foot-dragging. The youth movement has successfully made climate a non-negotiable issue for any party claiming to be progressive.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Notshintsho Emsebenzini

Ukukhukuliseka kwe "ixesha lokusebenza" inkqubo kunye nonyuko lomsebenzi ongaguquguqukiyo ([[FLT: 0] hisiki koyo )) ibangele isizukulwana esinemivuzo emileyo nokhuseleko oluphantsi lomsebenzi. IReiwa Shinsengumi ingumntwana othe ngqo wale ntshukumo. iplatfomu yayo `ifaka intelekelelo yokhuseleko lwentlalo kubasebenzi abaphantsi, inqanda umva wemali wabasebenzi bexeshana, kwaye isenza umsebenzi kawonke-wonke uqinisekise ukuba ulutsha lujamelene nemeko yezoqoqosho. Kwane-LDP inyanze yanyanzeleka ukuba ithethe le nto, iphumeza "utshintsho lokwenza utshintsho" lonyaka kunye, kutshanje, ukuthembisa ukuphelisa ingeniso phakathi komsantsa-ede-neetranslate, uksss provices protood provices of ortic protooi.

Umgangatho wesihluku-ntloko kunye neLGBTQ+ amalungelo

Le yindawo yenguqulelo ephawulekayo. Kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, umtshato ongowesini omnye wawungekho kwiqonga lawo nawuphi na umbutho omkhulu. Namhlanje, iCDP, iJCP, neKomeito (iqabane lombutho omncinci we-LDP) uyixhasa ngokucacileyo. Kwindawo yequmrhu elingu 2023 G7 exhaswe yiJapan, LGBTQ+ amalungelo aba yinkxwano ephambili yehlabathi lonke ye-LDP. Amalungu olutsha, esebenza nabaphengululi abasemthethweni, afaka igange lokufuna ukulingana komtshato. Ngoxa iplatifomu esemthethweni ihlala iqinile, iqela lanyanzeleka ukudlula "LBTTQult Activect 2023, isiphumo esithe ngqo soxinzelelo oluxhathisayo. Iqela leqela leqela lezentengiselwanotho yezo zemfazwe linyanzelela ubufana nelonkene.

Uxolo, Unqabiseko Nenqaku 9

Le yindawo entsonkothileyo. ICANDELO SESEALDS asiphumelelanga ukunqanda ukutolikwa kwakhona kweGama 9. Kodwa, ingxoxo eyaqalwayo ikude kakhulu. Inxenye ebalulekileyo yevoti yolutsha ihlala ingenamdla wobudlelane, isibakala sokuba impembelelo yamaqonga enkcaso. ICDP ne JCP igcine ukuzimisela kwayo "ukutoliko lwesithethe" lweSigqeba 9 kunye "ukuma kwe-only" ukuma. Intshukumo ibangele nobunzima obunamandla kwi-LDP's izama ukwenza ukuma okuma kobukhali kakhulu komkhosi. Isenzo solutsha sifake ngempumelelo nayiphi nayiphi na imizamo yokulungisa iSiphathombo se-9 njengesenzo sobutshaba ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, sisenza ingcebo yesithathu i-LDP, nakuba ibamba i-groma ye-gnown, inqanyum, inqathe ngokunqabileyo.

Amalungelo namathuba emfihlo amanani

"Isizukulwana semibutho" sinovelwano oluphezulu kwimiba yokuhlola i-intanethi, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nenkululeko yokuchaza. Ukutyhalela i-"Digalial Agency" kwakuxhaphakile kulo lonke ibhodi, kodwa abaxhasi bolutsha baye babaluleke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukukhusela inkululeko yabemi kwinguqulelo yamanani eJapan. Bayigxeke inkqubo karhulumente yeQuelo lokhuseleko lweNtlalo lokhuseleko lwezentlalo ukwenzela i-imfihlo e-inte kwaye baye batyhalela imimiselo engqongqo kwimibhidi yee-skopu. ICDP neReiwa iye yasabela ngokuquka ulawulo olukhethekileyo logcino-lwazi kunye namaplatifomu alwayo eqonga.

Uhlolisiso Lokucingisisa Ngetyala: Ukhetho Lwegarnatorial YaseTokyo Ngowama - 2024

Unyulo lwamashumi amabini anesine eTokyo lwe-gubernator lusebenza njengesifundo esifundisayo sempembelelo yolutsha kule thuba langoku. Ugqatso olubalaseliswe kwi Yuriko ka Yuriko (LDP-alike), inkcaso ebuya neyazimelayo uShinji Ishimaru. I-Ishimaru, owayesakuba ngumphathi-dolophu wesixeko esincinane, akazange abe nenkxaso yesizwe kodwa wayenesixhobo esikhulu sokugcina ulwazi ngentlalo. Iphulo lakhe lalisetyenziswa kakhulu, lixhaswa yiminikelo emincinane, kwaye lilungelelwa ngabantu abaselula ababephoxele ngamaqela amakhulu.

Ukuzilungiselela i-Ishimaru kwaqhutywa yi u-Umate" (Yima phezulu!) , i-intanethi-driven inyanzela ukukhulula isakhiwo. Ngelixesha iIshimaru ekugqibeleni yabekwa okwesithathu, wavota ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1, ebonisa amandla angaqhelekanga olutsha agqithayo kwimibutho yesithethe. Oku kwathumela isithuthi nge-LDP neCDP. Kwabonisa ukuba i-gambractive engenankxaso yentlangano kodwa ngentlola yamanani nehlombelo olunamandla kodwa eselula izakukhuphisana nzulu. Ngoku iplatkit ebhalwe ngeliso le "irur" i-votiver" ezimele, ngoku, ngoku kwe-ekhothotho, kunye ne-ekhompyu, kunye ne-dmonetic, kunye ne-CD, kunye ne-CD-

Iqela lolutsha liphikisana. Imfazwe yeNkqutyana eGray Electorate: Idabi lezakhiwo

Akwenzeki ukuxubusha ngempembelelo yolutsha ngaphandle kokuvuma ucelomngeni olukhulu lokwaluphala kwabemi baseJapan. Abangaphezu kwe-29% babemi balapho bangaphezulu kwama-65. Le "idemokhrasi" idala utsalo olunamandla loxinzelelo lwempumlo kumaqonga amaqela kwintsebenziswano yabantu abakhulileyo: ukulondoloza inkqubo yomhlala phantsi komhlala-phantsi, ukugcina ukhathalelo lwempilo luphantsi kwabakhulileyo, nokuthintela ukwanda kwerhafu. Iqhinga elingundoqo lezobupolitika liye laba kukukhusela "Ukhuseleko" kumanani abantu abadala, abavota ngamanani amakhulu.

Intshukumo zolutsha, ngoko, zisebenza kwindawo engalunganga kakhulu. Kufuneka zibe nesandi esigqithisileyo kwaye ziphumelele kakhulu ukuze ziviwe ngengxolo ye-hostry yomhlala-phantsi. Impembelelo yazo idla ngokuncinane ngokutshintsha ngqo iplatfomu ye-LDP kwaye zinokutshintsha incoko ende yexesha elide kunye nokuyila isithuba sezopolitiko kumaqela achaseneyo. Amandla olutsha aluko kubungakanani bawo kodwa kwindawo yalo njenge "kutsala" inani. Kunyulo olungqongqo, iqela elinokukwazi ukuthatha ukunxunguphazanyiswa nokuthemba kwabantu abaselula linokuzama ukuqhatha ulo. Oku kunyanzela onke amaqela ukuba anikezele inkonzo yomlomo wolutsha kwimibandela ecacileyo, kwaye ngokuqhubekayo, aquke iinkqubo zentelelo ezibonisa inteleko.

Isiphelo: Iphulo Elisisigxina Lesizukulwana Esilandelayo

Indima yentshukumo yolutsha eJapan iqondwa ngcono njengesixhobo esilawulayo, esitshintshayo. Asiyondlela elandelelanayo yenkqubela eqhubekayo kodwa lungcelele lwezidubuli eziphinda zigqabhuke ixesha elide ngaphambi kokubuya kwemeko yezobupolitika. Igalelo le-Ampo ngo-1960, iZenkyoto evukelayo, umhambi wolwandle, kunye nonyulo lwama-2024 ngalunye lumele uphawu lwamanzi aphezulu oluzinziswe lulutsha.

Oluna tshintsho lubalulekileyo kwixesha langoku lukukwenziwa kwamanani kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule. Intshukumo zolutsha lwanamhlanje azinazimvo zininzi kwaye zisebenza ngoomphathi abangakumbi. Zijolise ekubhaliseni, ekuboneni nge-intanethi, nasekumiseni imibutho ne-NGOs. Oku kubenza bakwazi ukusebenzisa impembelelo eqhubekayo, egqithisileyo kwimigangatho yeqela, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezithile zenkqubo ezifana neLGBTQ+ amalungelo, utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nemfihlo yamanani. Ngoxa i-LDP isenokungapheliswa zezi ntshukumo, iyanyanzeleka ukuba ilungelelanise. Ukudlala kwakutshanje kweqela kunye nokugxininisa kwalo kwimigaqo yezentlalo, inxenye enkulu, ukusabela ekufuneni ukuhlalisa i-mali engaphantsi kwesigidi esi-19464.

Njengokuba inani labemi baseJapan liqhubeka likhula, impembelelo yolutsha iza kukhula kuphela kukubaluleka okubalulekileyo. Ukungalingani kwamanani abantu akunakuxhaswa ngonaphakade. Amaqela ezobupolitika aza kusinda aze aqhubekeka kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu ezayo ngalawo aphulaphulayo, akha, kwaye adibanisa iimfuno zolutsha kwiqonga lawo elisemgangathweni wanamhlanje. Ilizwi lesizukulwana esilandelayo alisekho isebe elithe tye emasangweni kamandla, lingumsinga ozinzileyo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo lichaza kwakhona incwadi yezomdlalo yezobupolitika yaseJapan.