ISebe eliLawulayo loRhulumente waseUnited States liyinjini yokhokelo lwesizwe kunye nesixhobo apho imithetho karhulumente inyanzeliswa kwaye isetyenziswa khona. Eli sebe limiselwe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko, leli linye lentsika ezintathu ezilinganayo zolawulo lwaseMelika, ecaleni kwamasebe eLegistial kunye neJaji. Ngeli xesha iBhunga libhala imithetho kunye neenkundla ezichaza, iSebe eliLawulayo libekwa ityala ngemisebenzi yolawulo lwemini ukuya kutsho kumhla, ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo karhulumente karhulumente, kunye nomelo lohlanga kwimicimbi yangaphandle. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olubanzi lwesakhiwo seSebe eliphetheyo, amandla, neembopheleleko, ukusuka kwindima yomgaqo-siseko somgalelo lomphathi-ofisi kwimibutho kunye nesebe elikhulu kunye nesebe elisebenzayo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nokwakhiwa kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

ISebe eliLawulayo lifumana igunya lalo kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., elithi lifake imvukelo “yokubulala” kuMongameli waseUnited States. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko bayila intloko enye, ngokwahlukileyo kumabhunga axhaphakileyo akwiziqendu ezininzi kwamanye amazwe, ukuqinisekisa amandla, ukugqibelela, nokuphendula ekuphumezeni imithetho. UMongameli usebenza ixesha elineminyaka emine kwaye unyulwa ngeElekholeji ye-Electoral, inkqubo elinganisela ulonga oluqhelekileyo nomelo lukarhulumente.

Isebe eliLawulayo alipheleli kuMongameli kuphela. Likwaquka uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, inkqubo esasazekileyo yamasebe alawulayo, amasebe azimeleyo, kunye neekhomishini neebhodi ezininzi. Zimbini, la maqumrhu aqesha izigidi zabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni kunye nabomkhosi kwaye asebenzisa uqingqo-mali olungaphezulu kwee-R3, 000-waka lezigidi ngonyaka. Ubukhulu besebe bubonisa ukuntsonkotha kolawulo lwale mihla, ukukhupha iingenelo zeNtlalo-ntle ekulawuleni iimarikente nakukhusela uhlanga kwiingozi ezingezinye iintlanga.

Igunya: Amagunya Neembopheleleko

UMongameli uyintloko karhulumente, intloko karhulumente, kunye neNkulumbuso yemikhosi exhobileyo. Ezi ndima zidibanisa uludwe olubanzi lwamandla omgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho:

  • Umthetho onyanzelisayo kunye noLawulo: UMongameli kufuneka “alumkele ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka,” umsebenzi womGaqo-siseko onika ingqiqo ebanzi kwindlela amaziko asekuhlaleni azalisekisa ngayo umthetho. Oku kuquka ukubeka izinto eziphambili kumsebenzi wonyanzelo, ukumisela imimiselo, nokuyalela izigqibo zomtshutshisi ngeSebe lobulungisa.
  • UMyaleli-ongaphakathi: uMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kumkhosi we-U.S., kuquka umkhosi, umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi, umkhosi woMkhosi woLwandle, uLawulo lweMkhosi waseMbindini, uMmandla weNdawo yoMmandla, kunye noLongamelelo. Ngelixesha linye kuphela iBhunga elinokuyalela amajoni ukuba alwe, agunyazise ukuhlasela kwezixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye alawule ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemfazwe. Isigqibo semfazwe somgaqo wokumisela uMongameli ukuqhuba imikhosi ngaphandle kogunyazo, kodwa ingxoxo ngobukhulu bamazwe ayaqhubeka.
  • UmGaqo-nkqubo kunye neSivumelwano soMbutho Ukwenza: UMongameli ukhokela inkqubo yamanye amazwe ngokuqaphela oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, izivumelwano zesivumelwano (ezifuna iNdlu yeeNgwevu), nokungena kwizivumelwano zegunya ezingafuni iNdlu yeNtlalo. UMongameli ukwamisela amanxusa, avelela iSebe leSizwe, kwaye amele iUnited States kwiingqungquthela zezizwe ngezizwe njengeNdibano-General yeZizwe.
  • Isivumelwano kunye noMandla okuVumela: ngecebiso kunye nemvume yeNdlu yeeNdlu, uMongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe, oonobhala beKhabhinethi, iintloko zamaqumrhu, kunye noothunywa. UMongameli angasusa abaninzi kwaba bamiselwe ngokuthanda, nangona amaqumrhu azimeleyo kunye nabagwebi borhulumente benandiphe ukukhuselwa ekususweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni.
  • Amandla agunyazisiweyo: Ngaphezu kokumisa imithetho, uMongameli udlala indima engqalileyo ekwayalelweni komthetho. UMongameli angasayina amatyala awo emthethweni okanye awafake. Aveto angangatshati kuphela ngoninzi lwabathathi-ntathu kumagumbi omabini eBhunga. UMongameli ucebisa umthetho kwiLizwe leNkqutyana yeNkxaso yeMpu, kwaye angasebenzisa “iqonga elipheleleyo” ukukhuthaza inkxaso kawonke-wonke ukwenzela inyathelo lemigaqo.
  • Amandla ePardon: Inqaku II linika uMongameli amandla okunika ii-Repriea kunye nokuxolelwa kwamatyala karhulumente, ngaphandle kwiimeko zokungakhuthazi. Eli gunya ligqibelele kumda walo kwaye lisetyenziswe kwizivakalisi ezipholileyo, linika intethelelo, lide licelele nokukhulula.

Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ongoyena uphakamileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo kwaye uphumelela uMongameli kwisiganeko sokufa, sokuyeka, okanye sokususwa eofisini. UMongameli ongumongameli usebenza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeNdlu yeMasapho, evota iibonda zolwaphulo lweqhina xa kuyimfuneko. Nangona ngokwembali yayingumsebenzi omkhulu, ooMongameli bale mihla basoloko besebenza njengesitshixo solawulo lwezomthetho, bathatha i-portfolios, kwaye basebenze njengabanxibelelanisi phakathi kweNdlulo-lunyeni neNdlukwano. I-20-Fiftith Compration esesikweni yemimiselo yokumiselwa komongameli kunye namandla okufudula ithutyana xa uMongameli engakwazi ukukhulula imisebenzi.

IKhabhinethi namaSebe aphetheyo

IKhabhinethi liqumrhu leentloko zesebe eliyintloko elicebisa uMongameli ngemicimbi yezomgaqo-nkqubo nolawulo. Namhlanje, kukho amasebe alawulayo ali-15, ngalinye likhokelwa nguNobhala (ngaphandle koSosiba Jikelele weAttney, okhokela iSebe loBululamisi). La masebe ngamaqela aphambili olawulo lweSebe eliLawulayo kwaye ajongene nemimandla emininzi yenkqubo kawonke-wonke.

DepartmentSecretaryCore Functions
StateSecretary of StateForeign relations, diplomacy, international treaties
TreasurySecretary of the TreasuryEconomic policy, taxation, public debt, financial regulation
DefenseSecretary of DefenseMilitary operations, national security, armed forces management
JusticeAttorney GeneralLaw enforcement, prosecution, legal representation of the U.S.
InteriorSecretary of the InteriorFederal lands, natural resources, indigenous affairs
AgricultureSecretary of AgricultureFarming, food safety, rural development
CommerceSecretary of CommerceEconomic development, trade policy, census data
LaborSecretary of LaborWorkplace regulations, wages, unemployment benefits
Health and Human ServicesSecretary of Health and Human ServicesPublic health, Medicare, Medicaid, FDA regulation
Housing and Urban DevelopmentSecretary of Housing and Urban DevelopmentHousing policy, community development, fair housing enforcement
TransportationSecretary of TransportationInfrastructure, aviation, highways, transit systems
EnergySecretary of EnergyNuclear security, energy production, scientific research
EducationSecretary of EducationFederal education policy, student financial aid, civil rights in education
Veterans AffairsSecretary of Veterans AffairsVeterans healthcare, benefits, memorial affairs
Homeland SecuritySecretary of Homeland SecurityBorder security, counterterrorism, disaster response

Izicelo neeKhomishini ezizimeleyo

Ngapha kwe-15 amasebe alawulayo, iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu liquka amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo asebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo okuzimela geqe kulawulo lomongameli. Imizekelo iquka i-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), i-Stevention Protection Agency (EPA), iKhomishoni yeSizwelo kunye ne-Exchange (SEC), kunye neKhomishini yeSiqinganiso seSigcini- siseko. Amasebe ee-e-edentiyo asoloko edalwa yiBhunga elilawula amacandelo athile okanye ukugquma kweminye imisebenzi evela kwe-RCUPUS. Ngoxa iintloko zawo zimiselwe nguMongameli, abaninzi basebenza iinjongo ezisisigxinazo kuphela, banokususwa kuphela ngenxa yempembelelo engqalileyo yeNdluehobo.

Imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nolawulo loMongameli

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ingumyalelo omiselweyo okhutshwe nguMongameli wokulawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Nangona ingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, ifumaneka kumandla olawulo oluphezulu angokwemvelo oMongameli nakumaqela anegunya amiselwe ngokwemithetho. Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo inamandla asemthethweni kumasebe karhulumente kwaye imisela inkqubo ngaphandle kokufuna imvume yombutho, iwenza abe sisixhobo esinamandla ukwenzela isenzo esingekho semthethweni.

Isiseko esisemthethweni semiyalelo yabalawuli bamiselwa kwasekuqaleni kwimbali yase-U.S. uMongameli George Washington wakhupha umyalelo wokuqala olawulayo ngo-1789 malunga nehambo yamasebe aphetheyo. Ukususela ngoko, kukhutshwe amawaka emiyalelo, igqubungela imixholo esusela kukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuya kumalungelo asekuhlaleni. Noko ke, imiyalelo yegunya iphantsi kohlalutyo olusemthethweni kwaye inokupheliswa ukuba ingquzukiswa nomGaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo ekhoyo. IBhunga-Mbutho lingakwaphula umyalelo wegunya ngokuyisa umthetho owedlulayo, nangona loo mthetho ngokwawo uzakulawulwa kumongameli.

Imiyalelo yesixhobo sophawu lomhlaba

  • Iprojekthi yokukhupha imvume (1863): uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wavakalisa abantu abangamakhoboka kumazwe akhululekileyo, eguqula umgangatho osemthethweni wezigidi zezendlela yokuhlaziywa kwe-13.
  • Ulungelelwano oluphumelelyo 906 (1942): Umongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wagunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwamaJaphani aseMerika ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kamva wanconywa njengokungabikho kobulungisa emangcwabeni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ulungelelwaniso oluphumezekayo 9981 (1948):[[FLT Harry S.Truman desegegego yahlula imikhosi exhobileyo, incopho kumbutho wamalungelo abantu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-Exective Order 11246 (1965): uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson walwalela ucalucalulo lucalulo lweziko loluntu kwaye waseka iimfuno zokuvuma.
  • Isenzo esicetywe ukwenzela ukufika kobuntwana (DACA) (202): uMongameli uBarack Obama wakhusela abathile abaphambukeli abangaxelwanga abafika bengabantwana besuka ekugxothweni, beqalisa amadabi athe gqolo emithetho nakwezobupolitika.
  • I-Exective Order 13769 (2017): uMongameli Donald Trump's “uluvalo lokuhamba” lwathintelwa ukungena okuvela kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi azimeleyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kucelomngeni lwenkundla oluthi ekugqibeleni luxhase inguqulelo ehlaziywe.

Imida Kwimiyalelo Yegunya

Imiyalelo yabalawuli ayingovavanyo olungenanto. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawisa umthetho ogqitha igunya lomgaqo-siseko likaMongameli okanye engquzulana nemithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Ityala lonyaka ka195 ulutsha olusemgceni Phehlo & Lamp; Tube Co. V. Sawyer yawisa umthetho wokuba umyalelo kaMongameli Truman wokubamba izigayo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea wawungagunyazi mithetho ngenxa yokuba iBhunga-ntle yabaphathi belizwe beligunyaziwe kulo mgaqo-nkqubo, kwaye imiyalelo yesi baphathi-mashishini banamhlanje isoloko ichaza igunya elikhethekileyo le-Stutry.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu kukhokelo lwesizwe: uLawulo lomgaqo-nkqubo noxanduva

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lisembindini wokumisela ucwangciso lwesizwe. Ngokubona koMongameli, isebe lilungisa intetho kawonke-wonke, licebisa izinto eziza kuqala zoqingqo-mali, lize lilawule isebe ukufikelela iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Indima kaMongameli njengentloko yezoqoqosho, intloko karhulumente, kunye nmphathi-mikhosi kwiendawo eziphambili iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu kumbindi walo lonke ityala elikhulu elijongene nelizwe.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Wasekhaya Nokhokelo Loqingqo-mali

UMongameli unika isicelo soqingqo-mali sonyaka ngamnye kwiNgqungquthela, echaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali ephambili kuwo wonke urhulumente wesizwe. Ngoxa ekugqibeleni iCongress ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, uqingqo-mali lukaMongameli lusebenza njengeplani ebumba imibandela ethile. I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB), umbutho okwi-Ofisi yeSebe eliLawulayo, ulungelelanisa le nkqubo kunye nolawulo lwezikokelo lwezikomkhulu, uMongameli ukwalathisa amaqumrhu ukuze amkele imigaqo ethile, njengemimiselo yemekobume yezempilo, imithetho yezokhuseleko, okanye izinto eziphambili ekugcinwa kuyo imicimbi yezoshishino-Rhulumente.

Inkqubo yaMany ’ Amazwe Nokhuseleko Lwesizwe

Kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, uMongameli unandipha igunya eliphangaleleyo lomgaqo-siseko. ISebe leSizwe lilawula unxulumano lwezobuzwe, iSebe loKhuselelo liyalela imikhosi yomkhosi, kunye namaqumrhu aqiqayo anjenge-CIA ne-NSA aqokelela ulwazi kunye nemisebenzi yokuqhuba imicimbi. Iingxelo ezixoxwa nguMongameli zifuna imvume yeNdlu, kodwa izivumelwano zegunya elilawulayo (*) ezingezonazo eziqhelekileyo ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. UMongameli ukwanegunya lokuqonda oorhulumente bangaphandle kunye nokuthobela izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Ngamaxesha amanqamlezo, uMongameli ungenza umsebenzi owelo, awisa amajoni, okanye agunyazisa izigunya ngezenzo zolawulo.

Ukhokelo Lwentlekele Nokusetyenziswa Kwamandla Exesha Lentlekele

ISebe eliLawulayo linesikhundla esikhethekileyo sokuphendula kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo, ukusuka kwiintlekele zemvelo ukuya kuhlaselo lwabagrogrisi. UMthetho weStafford unika uMongameli igunya lokuvakalisa intlekele enkulu kunye noncedo olungqalileyo lukarhulumente ukuba luchaphazeleke kumazwe. UMongameli ukwanokufikelela kuthungelwano lwamagunya ongxamiseko, aqiniswe ngemithetho engaphezu kwe-100, anokusetyenziswa ngexesha likaxakeka. La mandla aquka igunya lokuqinisa izinto, ukubiza imikhosi yemali, ukulawula imida, kunye nokubuyisela imali echithwayo ngurhulumente. Umthetho wesizwe i-Emercioces Act wonyaka wama-1976 ufuna ukuba umongameli achaze ukuba ngawaphi amandla asetyenziswayo kwaye avuselelwe ngengozi minyaka yonke.

Iingqikelelo, Ukulungelelana Nemida Kumandla Alawulayo

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko baseka inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo ukuthintela naliphi na isebe elithile ekulawuleni urhulumente. Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu liphantsi kovavanyo oluninzi oluvela kumasebe owiso-mthetho nakwezogwebo:

  • Ukulawula okuqulethwe ngumthetho: Congress ingaphengulula imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo ngokuva, ii-poena, kunye ne-ofisi yokuphendula kaRhulumente. Ingakwala ukudibana komongameli, ilawule, ikhuphe iinkqubo ezihlazisayo, idlulise umthetho onyanzela ubuchule bolawulo oluphezulu.
  • Indlu yabameli isenokungamtyikityi uMongameli, uMongameli, okanye amanye amagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa “yolwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu kunye nokungagqibeki.” Ukuba iNdlu ivota ukuba ingabi namntu, iCatal iqhuba ityala; ivoti yesibini sesithathu iyafuneka ukuze isuswe. Oomongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump banikwa ityala yiNdlu, nangona kungekho namnye ogwetyelwe yiBharha.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impinda yoMkhosi weQumrhu: Iinkundla zoManyano-mthetho zingavakalisa izenzo zegunya eliphetheyo ezingekho semthethweni okanye ezichasene nomthetho. Amatyala okuphawula anjenge United States v. Nixon [19974]) yaqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akangaphezulu komthetho kwaye umele ahambelane nooncinci abagwebi. Amandla ohlalutyo lwetyala njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuzibamba kwintloko-magxam.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: Indlu yemibutho kufuneka iqinisekise amagosa amaninzi ayintloko esebe, kuquka onobhala beKhabhinethi, iijaji zengingqi, kunye nee-arhente. Oku kwenza isebe lowiso-mthetho libe nendima engqalileyo ekulungiseni ukhokelo olunolawulo oluphezulu.
  • Isigqibo samagunya emfazwe: Sidlula phezu koMongameli Nixon’s trato ngo1973, lo mthetho ufuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhunga kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokunikezela imikhosi kwimfazwe kwaye ubeke umda ukuthunyelwa kwazo kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwengqungquthela.

Iingxaki Zangoku Ezijamelene Nesebe Elilawulayo

Phezu kwako nje ukuxhaphaka kwamandla alo, iSebe eliphetheyo lijongene nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo oluchaphazela amandla alo okukhokela ngempumelelo:

  • Ukuhlahlela ngokwezikhundla: ingxabano enzulu ingenza iqhina eligqithisileyo, ilibazise uqinisekiso, ithintele izinto eziza kuqala kwimithetho, kunye nokuphelisa ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kumaqumrhu aphetheyo.
  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Uluvo lobuProfethi kunye ne-Media Scrutiny: umlinganiselo wokuvunywa nguMongameli ophembelela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zomthetho kunye namandla okuxhasa inkxaso. Izixhobo zoluntu kunye nemijikelo yama-24 yeeyure zengxelo zikhulisa yonke intshukumo, iyenza kube nzima ukulawula iziganeko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuchasana kweBhureaucratic Resistance:[ Iqumrhu lombuso likhulu kwaye lisoloko lichasa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo. Izicaka zoburhulumente zisenokucotha okanye zixhathise imiyalelo yomongameli engqubana nemigaqo yoorhulumente okanye iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imithetho yeLegal Constrants: izigqibo zenkundla zingavala okanye zilibazise amanyathelo okulawula. Unyuko lwemiyalelo yelizwe lonke luthetha ukuba ijaji enye yesizwe ingamisa inkqubo ekuthabatheni isiphumo naphi na kwilizwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izisongelo zokhuseleko lohlanga:[ Ukuhlasela, ubugrogrisi, kunye nentlasela yezopolitiko yehlabathi kufuna ukuqwalaselwa okuqhubekayo nokwenziwa kwesigqibo ngokukhawuleza. Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu kufuneka lilinganisele imfihlo nesantya kunye nokuziphendulela nokuhlonela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lilelona libonakalayo nelisebenzayo lorhulumente wase-U.S. lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ekunyanzeleni umthetho, inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nolawulo lwasekhaya. Ukusuka kwimisebenzi yomgaqo-siseko kaMongameli kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yezigidi zabasebenzi besebe, eli sebe libumba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bamaMelika. Kwangaxeshanye, lisebenza phakathi kwesixhobo sokuhlola nokulinganisela okulungiselelwe ukulawulwa komthetho wedemokhrasi, ukukhusela ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda isakhiwo, amandla, kunye nokulinganiselwa kweSebe elilawulayo kuyimfuneko kubemi abanqwenela ukuqhubana norhulumente wabo kwaye bagcine imicimbi engundoqo. Njengokuba ilizwe lijongeneengxaki zezoqoqosho ezichaphazela imeko yezoqoqosho kumazwe onke, kwaye liya kuhlala lineenkqubo ephambili yolawulo lwezolawulo, ukulawulwa nokulawulwa kwemithetho-ograli yezongasayithi ye-America.

[[UMTL_HAWU] Izibonelelo:[[UMKCU]

  • [[UMTL:0]USUSA.gov: Imboniselo yesebe elinolawulo oluphezulu[[UMQONDISO: 1]
  • [[UMTL:0] Indlu emhlophe: Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu[[UMGAQO 1]
  • [[UMKCU] Ugcino-lwazi lohlanga: Imiqathango enegunya [[FLT: 1]
  • [[UMTLL:0] Ulawulo.gov: Imiyalelo eLawulweyo kunye neNkqubo yoMqathango yoMqathango