Ukuqonda isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Indima yoMongameli kuLawulo lwaseMelika

Isebe elilawulayo lorhulumente wase-United States yi-injini eguqula injongo yomthetho ibe ngumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla. Ngeli xesha iBhunga libhala imithetho kunye nejaji ichaza yona, nguMongameli kunye nequmrhu elikhulu lesebe elilawulayo eliqhuba ishishini lesizwe. Ngokusayina umthetho omtsha wezonyango wokunikezela imikhosi phesheya, izigqibo zikaMongameli zichaphazela ngqo wonke umntu waseMelika. Kubafundi kunye nabafundisi-bafundisi abafuna ukuqonda ngokunzulu indlela urhulumente wesizwe esebenza ngayo, ukuvavanya isakhiwo sesebe, amandla omphathi-mikhosi, nemiqathango yemali. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga okunzulu oko uMongameli weMelika, iziseko zomgaqo-siseko wegunya lolawulo, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelamqatha egcina amandla anjalo ekuxilongweni.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nokwakhiwa kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Inqaku II loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. limisa isebe elilawulayo nelokubeka iimbasa amandla alo kuMongameli omnye. Abalawuli benza ngabom isebe elinamandla, elimanyeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho igcinwa ngokuzinzileyo kunye netyathanga elicacileyo lomyalelo, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe nakwi-lokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngokungafaniyo nesebe lemithetho yowiso-mthetho, elahlulwe laba ngamagumbi amabini, isebe elilawulayo lineentloko ezibucala, lilandelwa nguMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kwandu, kwanduku, kwandukuni namasebe amaninzi karhulumente kunye namasebe karhulumente.

Isakhiwo sokuqala sasisincinane ngokwentelekiso, kodwa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, sikhule saba lisebe elikhulu likarhulumente, liqesha izigidi zabasebenzi abangabupolitika nabasemkhosini. Amalungu angundoqo aquka iOfisi enoLawulo oluPhezulu yoMongameli (EOP), enikela inkxaso ngqo kwiHolo emhlophe; amasebe eKhabhinethi ali-15 (njengeSizwe, uKhuselo, uNgqomo, noMasipala); kunye namakhulukhulu abameli abazimeleyo kunye neenkokeli (njenge-Andemental Protection Agement, NASA, kunye neFrederal Reserve).

Amagunya asesikweni kaMongameli afumaneka kwiGatya II, eliquka umsebenzi "wokunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka," amandla okumisela amagosa (ngemvume yeNdlu yeeNdlu zeNtlanganiso), kunye nendima yeNkqulu-. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, la magunya aye achazwa ngokubanzi, ingakumbi ngamaxesha entlekele, kodwa ahlala ephantsi kovavanyo olugunyaziswe yiBhunga neenkundla.

Iimbopheleleko zoMongameli

UMongameli unxibe iminqwazi emininzi, kwaye umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla weofisi udlulisa inkqubo yasekhaya, ulwalamano lwangaphandle, umyalelo wasemkhosini, kunye nolawulo lolawulo. Amacandelo alandelayo achaza iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo ezichaza ubungameli.

Ukuthobela Imithetho Yomanyano

Owona msebenzi usisiseko woMongameli kukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Le mbopheleleko ayingomfuziselo nje; ibandakanya ukwalathisa nokuqondisa uthungelwano olukhulu lwamasebe asebenza yonke into esuka kwingqokelela yerhafu ukuya kuhlolo lokutya. Umzekelo, uMongameli umisela iintloko zeSebe loLuntu kunye neSebe loKhuselo loMgangatho-mthetho, ngoko olawula ukugcinwa komthetho kunye nokugcinwa komthetho wokufuduka, ngokulandelelana. UMongameli angamisela ukubekwa komthetho obalulekileyo ngemiyalelo nangemiyalelo yempatho-siseko, elungisa indlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Eli gunya lilungelelaniswe ngayo ngolawulo: IiBhunga lolawulo, ukuphanda, ukuxhasa, ukuxhasa okanye ukuhambisa imithetho emitsha ukucacisa okanye ukuqinisekisa imigaqo yokulawula imigaqo.

Ukuqhuba Umgaqo-nkqubo Wasemzini

UMongameli ngumphathi-mikhosi oyintloko wesizwe nomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko wenkqubo yamazwe angaphandle e-U.S. Oku kuquka ukudibana nokusayina izivumelwano (ezifuna iNdlu yeQela ihlawulwe ngevoti ezimbini), ukuba nezivumelwano zegunya neinkokeli zamanye amazwe, nokumela iUnited States kwizivumelwano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuqonda oorhulumente bangaphandle nokufumana iinkonzo. Umzekelo, isigqibo sikaMongameli sokufaka izigwebo zezoqoqosho, ukudibanisa izivumelwano zemozulu, okanye ukurhoxabela kwisivumelwano sorhwebo singaphinda sime emhlabeni wonke njengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Umbhali weSizwe usebenza njengenkqubo eyintloko yoMongameli wamazwe asemzini, kodwa igunya elipheleleyo lihlala kwiNdluehosawo.

Intloko-mikhosi ephakathi yomkhosi oxhotyisiweyo

Inqaku II lichaza uMongameli njengomphathi-ntloko womkhosi nomkhosi wamanzi, enika ulawulo oluthe ngqo kumkhosi. Eli gunya livumela uMongameli ukuba ayalele amajoni ukuba alwe, asebenzise ubuchule obungqalileyo bomkhosi, kwaye agunyazise imisebenzi yokugquma. Noko ke, uMgaqo-siseko ugcine amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe kuphela kwiBhunga, ukwenza ulungelelwano olunobuchule. Kwiziko langoku, oomongameli baye basebenzisa umkhosi ngaphandle kokubhengeza okusesikweni kwemfazwe, ukukhupha umoya okhethekileyo, ukumisa imikhosi ekhethekileyo, okanye ukungenela kwimisebenzi yokugcina uxolo. Umthetho wemfazwe uyaqhubeka ufuna ukuvunywa kwemikhosi ephambili yemfazweniswe namazwe angakumbi. Isigqibo semfazwe sowewaka sowewaka sika-1903 sifuna umongameli ukuba azise uMphathiswano owenzileyo kwiyure ezingama-48, owenziwayo nemihla engama-60 ngaphandle kogunya-60 egunyazwe elilawulayo elingumthetho.

Amagosa oManyano amisela

UMongameli umisela amagosa aphezulu kulo lonke urhulumente wephondo, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe (kuquka amaJaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo), iinduna neentloko zamasebe azimeleyo. La magunya aphantsi koqinisekiso lweNkundla yamaBhunga − iNkqubo elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba oovimba bafanelekile kwaye bayamkeleka kuninzi lwabameli. Amagosa amagosa alo asebenza njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokulungisa inkqubo. Umzekelo, ukhetho loMongameli lwenkundla ePhakamileyo lungaphembelela umthetho weNkundla ephakamileyo yezomthetho karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente kangamashumi eminyaka. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli umisela amawaka eendawo phakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo, ukusuka kumalungu esebe eliphethe iinkonzo zolawulo.

Umthetho oLawulayo

Esinye sezixhobo zomthetho ezinamandla zikaMongameli yi-veto. Emva kokuba ingqungquthela idlulise umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina njengomthetho, makawuyeke ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (ukuba iBhunga likwintlanganiso), okanye isithi igatye, igatya ityala. IBhunga lingayilawula ngokuphandle i-veto, kodwa elifuna uninzi lwabathathu ababini kwindlu nendlu ye-Canternal, linokudibana. Isisongelo se-veto kuphela siyakwazi ukubumba umthetho, njengoko iBhunga lookhenketho lokwenza imiqathango yokuphepha ukwaliwa komongameli. I-to amandla acacileyo ajonge ulawulo oluchola kwi-mthetho, kodwa kwakhona anyanze uMongameli ukuba angene kwiBhunga-Candelo. Umzekelo, umbangaphindo-ondo-ondo wokusongela kwimibangongo zangaphambili.

Imiyalelo ekhupha ulawulo oluphezulu kunye nezibhengezo

Akukhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, imiyalelo yabalawuli iye yaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo soomongameli ukukhokela amasebe alawulayo. Umyalelo olawulayo uthwala amandla omthetho kodwa uphantsi kokuhlolisiswa kwezomthetho kwaye unokupheliswa ngumthetho olandelayo okanye umyalelo kaMongameli wexesha elizayo. Oomongameli basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya ukuzalisekisa inkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda iBhunga-ngqungquthela , umzekelo, ukumisela imimiselo emitsha yemekobume, ukuququlunqa imigaqo karhulumente, okanye ukumisela imiqathango yezorhwebo. Imiyalelo yezorhwebo iyafana kodwa isoloko ingumqondiso, njengokuvakalisa usuku lwesizwe okanye ukuyila isikhumbuzo sesizwe. Ngoxa imiyalelo yabalawuli begunyazisa utshintsho, bangenza ingxabano esemthethweni ukuba basebenzisa imiqathango yemimiselo okanye imimiselo ekhoyo.

Iipardon kunye neeparrie

Inqaku II linika uMongameli amandla okunika uvumo-mali kunye nokuxolelwa kweetyala zikarhulumente, ngaphandle kwezimeko zokunganconywa. Eli gunya livumela uMongameli ukuba alungise izigwebo, anciphise isohlwayo, okanye abaxolele ngokupheleleyo abantu ababanjiweyo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente. Eli gunya ligqibelele ukuvunywa ngokupheleleyo kwaye alikho phantsi kwemvume eququzelelwayo, nangona kudla ngokubakho impikiswano yezopolitiko. Abagxeki beli baye bayisebenzisa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukusukela ekulungiseni izigwebo ezingekho bulungisa ukukhuthaza uxolelwaniso. Umzekelo, uMongameli uRold Ford uRold Nixod noMongameli Barack Obama'smot's comments commentsssssssss abarlustrand abonisa ububanzi belibonkelo. Abagxeki be-mthetho baphikisa ukuba ukuxolelwa kokusesikweni, kodwa abaxhasi babajonga njengendlela engundoqo.

UMongameli Njengomphathi Weengxaki

Ngexesha longxamiseko lwesizwe, ukhokelo loMongameli lubonakala ngokukhethekileyo. Isebe eliphetheyo lenzelwe ukwenza ngokukhawuleza, kwaye uMongameli unoovimba abangenalo elinye isebe: umyalelo ongqalileyo womkhosi, ukulawula amaqumrhu karhulumente, namandla okunxibelelana ngqo noluntu. Kwimbali, oomongameli baye basebenzisa amandla okulawula amanqam ukuze baphendule kwiintlekele zemvelo, ukuwa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nohlaselo lwabanqolobi. UMthetho weStafford ugunyaze uMongameli ukuba avakalise intlekele enkulu, avule uncedo lwesizwe ukuba luchaze izinto. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli we-Emer Discovery Act uvumela uMongameli ukuba avakalise urhulumente wesizwe ungxamise ulawulo olukhethekileyo. Noko ke, la mandla alinganiselwe ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba iBhunganeze nezongxamiseko.

Iintlekele Zemvelo Nentsabelo Yamacandelo

Xa izivuthulu, iibhombu ezitshayo, iinyikima okanye iindyikitya zokuhlasela, uMongameli uququzelela i-Agency karhulumente. Umzekelo owaziwayo ngumthetho olawula iNkqutyana uKatrina, abasebenzi, inkxaso-mali , ukunceda urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuphendula kweSiphendu uHarrissand ngo-2017 kwanconywa ukuba sinikezele inkxaso yokhuseleko, efana nenqanawa yezamayeza okanye i-injini yobunjineli. Umzekelo owaziwayo waba yimpendulo karhulumente kwiSiphethuthi Katrinayi ngo-20059, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kuhlalwe inkquququzelo ka-Harrier ngo-2017, yanconywa njengempumelelo, ngenxa yokuphuculwa konxibelelwano oluphakathi. Umongameli welizwe ubuchule bokulungiselela ukhuseleko oluphezulu lwentlanganiso lwentlalo-ntle yorhulumente.

Ukuchacha Kwezoqoqosho Neziphene

Uvavanyo lwemeko yezoqoqosho lwamandla kaMongameli ozinzisa iimarike nokukhusela imisebenzi. Ngoxa iKhomishini ilawula inkqubo ye-fiscal kunye nerhafu. "*." uMongameli ungayicebisa imiyalelo, sebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukulungisa imimiselo, kwaye amaziko angqalileyo afana ne-Center kunye neFederal Reservement (ezimeleyo) ukuze enze okuthile. Ngexesha le-CHOVD Recession (2009-2009), uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wasayina iSicwangciso soncedo esiTShontyo (TEP), kunye noMongameli Barhack Obama wasayina iMelikan Revement kunye ne-Reinst Act. Ngexesha lokuTSOUPrence, uMongameli uDaldaleviced Scrence kwaye wasebenzisa izindululo zemali yoodmitchells. Ngokulandelayo, uR.

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe Nezobuphekula

Izisongelo ezivela kwiintshaba zamanye amazwe, amaqela abanqolobi, okanye uhlaselo lwekhompyutha lufuna ukuba uMongameli asebenze njengokhuselo lwesizwe. IBhunga loKhuseleko lwesizwe (NSC) licebisa uMongameli kuyo yonke imicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe, ezisa kunye neMigaqo-siseko kaRhulumente kaRhulumente, uMlawuli weSizwe, kunye noMphathi-Nkulumbuso weQembu loSta. UMongameli ugunyazisa imisebenzi yokufihla, ukuhlanganisana kwengqiqo, nemigudu yezobuzwe yokuthintela ukuhlasela. Umzekelo, uhlaselo olwabulala u-Osama Bin Laden lwayalelwa nguMongameli we-Obama nomkhosi womkhosi wolwandle ozalelweyo. Umongameli ukwanegunya lokuxhasa oorhulumente botshaba nabagrobi beentlalo. Lawo onke lagunyazisa imikhosi yamazwe, kodwa ulawulo kwimibutho leebugrobini.

Umongameli OnguMongameli Ongumongameli: Iqabane Eliphambili

Nangona isoloko ingahoywa, uMongameli onguMongameli ongoyena uphakamileyo wesibini kwisebe eliphetheyo kwaye ungowokuqala kumgca wokuphumelela uMongameli. Indima enguMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ongumongameli ikukukhonza njengoMongameli weCathena (ukwaphula amavoti) kunye nokuthatha i-desi ye-demon ukuba uMongameli ususiwe, afe, okanye angabi namandla. Ngaphezu koko, abalawuli boburhulumente bale nkonzo basebenza ngokusondeleyo, badla ngokuthatha inkqubo ethile ekhondweni lwe-portfolis [1] njengoJoe Biden'swongamela umsebenzi okhuthaza ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi wonyaka wama-2009 okanye iKamarala Harris ukujongwa kwamalungelo okuvota okanye ukufuduka. Umongameli wephondo uxhomekeke kwimpembelelo yoburhulumente ekuthembeni kukaMongameli, kodwa iofisi ikhule kakhulu kubugosasasebude obungaphezulu beminyaka engama-50.

IKhabhinethi neZiko loManyano

IKhabhinethi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, amiselwe nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Aba noobhala nabaphathi boorhulumente bajonge imibutho emikhulu: ISebe Lokhuselo linee-ofisi ezimalunga nezigidi ezi-3, ngelixa iSebe leSebe Lezempilo neleSebe Loluntu lilawula iMedicare ne-Medicaid. Amalungu eCatenethi acebisa uMongameli, kodwa ngamnye uneziququ zemithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho yezomthetho. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba uSosiba woomongameli uthutho lwemali uthwale wonke urhulumente, ngoxa inkxa iinkokeli zezolawulo (intloko yeSebe loLawulo lobulungisa) zinyanze umthetho worhulumente worhulumente. Umongameli umisela inkqubo yemigaqo-miyalelo ngemiyalelo nangemiqathangonyaka, kodwa uphumele loo nkqubo.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Ukulinganisela Amandla Olawulo

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko babesoyika ubundlobongela, ngoko bakha inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana phakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo ngokwalo naphakathi kwamasebe. Iinkqubo ezintathu ezingundoqo zilinganisela amandla kaMongameli: ulawulo lombutho, uhlolo-wokuchonga, kunye nenkqubo yokunyulwa.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga linegunya eliphangaleleyo lokuphanda isebe elilawulayo. IiKomiti zibamba amaxwebhu namaxwebhu namangqina angaphantsi, kwaye zisebenzisa i-ofisi yokuphendula ityala yoRhulumente (GAO) ukuze ziphicothe umsebenzi wolawulo. IBhunga likwalawula uqingqo-mali; ngaphandle kwezicelo, isebe elilawulayo alinakusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, amandla eBhathenti afanelekileyo okulungisa amadinga kunye nezivumelwano anika uvavanyo oluthe ngqo kubasebenzi bomongameli kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe. Indlu ingaqalisa ukuchasa ukumangalelwa koMongameli, uMongameli, okanye nawuphi na umphathi-mikhosi wephondo ngenxa "ye, ukunyotywa, ukunyotywa, okanye ukungagunyazwa kwetyala kunye nokungalawuleli." Ngoxa ukungaquququzeli kolawulo oluphezulu, ukulawulwa kwesongelo kunqandwa.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zomanyano zezolawulo lungabhengeza izenzo ezichaseneyo nemithetho-siseko, ngokuhlola okumiselwe yityala lesalathisi . UMadison [1803]. Ukuba uMongameli unika umyalelo olawulayo odlulayo kwigunya lomthetho okanye ophula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, amaqela athintelweyo angawumela umthetho, kwaye iinkundla zingathintela ukunyanzeleka. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ebethe iTruman's's's's'ebatha izijungqengqelo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea kwiSigcatho se-Thithi se-Thithini & Tube. Co.

Umbuzo kawonke-wonke nonxulumano oluphezulu

Ekugqibeleni, olona vavanyo lunamandla kuMongameli yinkqubo yonyulo. Kwiminyaka emine, abavoti bagqiba ukuba bagcine uphando okanye bakhethe inkokeli entsha. Oomongameli abaqhatha okanye abasilela ukunikela iziphumo basoloko bejamelene noloyiswa ekuvotelweni. Ngaphezu koko, unyulo oluphakathi lungatshintsha umlinganiselo wamandla kwiKhomishini, lwenze kube nzima ukuba uMongameli aqhube amacebo abo. UMthetho weSigqibo wama-24 ushenxise iirhafu zerhafu, kwaye iVoring Rights Act iqinisekisa ukufikelela kububanzi, kodwa impikiswano ngemithetho ye-ID kunye ne-gerryderderings iqhubekeka ukubumba iziphumo zokhetho. Uluvo lukawonke lukwanjalo: oomongameli abajongeneendinga abaphantsi kwemvume abanokufumana kunzima ukunikezela irhafuthelo nasemva kwemithetho yabo.

Isiphelo: Indima kaMongameli kuLawulo loMmeli

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli, liyinxalenye ebonakalayo nenamandla karhulumente wase-U.. Iimbopheleleko zalo zokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukuqhuba imithetho yamanye amazwe, ukulawula umkhosi, ukumisela amagosa, ukusingatha amanqam, nokubeka umthetho olawulayo phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika. Kodwa uMongameli akalawuli yedwa. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungisa, kuquka ulawulo lwengqungquthela, ukuhlolwa kwemithetho yezomthetho, unyulo, kunye nonyulo oluthe rhoqo, kuqinisekisa ukuba igunya lolawulo oluphezulu lihlale linetyala kubantu. Ukuqonda indlela elisebenza ngayo isebe eliphetheyo akuyo nje imfundo; kwenza abemi bavavanye imisebenzi yomongameli, babandakanye nemicimbi yezopolitiko, yaye baba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwimicimbi yezopolitiko. Kubafundi nakuhlola ezi zenzo zoburhulumente kunye nokuhlola imigaqo-ogracralitivey

Ukufunda okungakumbi, uphando loncedo oluvela kwinkcazelo esemthethweni yendlu emhlophe yesebe eliphetheyo, iZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe elisebenzisanayo kwiGatya II, kunye ushwankathelo lwamasebe amathathu . Ukunyukela nzulu kumandla omongameli kunye nee-checks, Inkonzo yophando lophando [[FLT]]] ishicilela iingxelo ezigunya, i-toe, i-asethi ye-Amperamorrensi.