Ukwazisa: Ukulungelelana Okungakhawuleziyo, Isisongelo Esiyintloko

Ukwakhiwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi lwale mihla akusebenzi kakuhle, kungumgaqo obalulekileyo: ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Le mfundiso yokwakha, eyaziwa kakhulu nguMqwalaseli weNqabathiso, yahlula igunya lorhulumente phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo(-alunyuki, ulawulo, kunye nezomthetho. Injongo ayiyokuphumelela kodwa kukuthintela ukuqokelela amandla angathintelwayo. Kodwa, le nkqubo ayiyonto isebenza ngokwayo. Ixhomekeke kwimithetho yesebe elisoloko likhohlakele, imoshela inyathelo lobugxeba. Xa elinye isebe ligqitha imidangatho yalo yalo, liphazamisa nayiphi nayiphi na into engundoqo elawulwayo. Ukuhlasela okunjalo kokulawulwa komthetho. Okunjalo akuziphathiseli iziphumo ezingomthetho, ukungazinziwa kwemeko-politiki, ukungazinziswa kwe-politiki, nokungalungele ukuthembana kwegunya lalo lonke igunya lolwazi; ukuba lilawule nabani nabani nabani onegunya elilawulayo.

Ibinzana elithi “amandla adla ngokonakala,” elithiwa nguLord Acton, lithatha ubungozi obungapheliyo. Isebe elisebenza ngaphaya komyalelo walo alifuni nje ukukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kwizixhobo ezilinganayo kodwa likwamisela imizekelo eyingozi enokuphinda ilungelelanise amandla kwizizukulwana. Ukhuhleko olulandelayo "ukungaguquguquki kwimingeni yenkundla, iimpikiswano zomthetho, okanye ukuphembelela okukhoyo"ukungasetyenziswa kwemigaqo-siseko apho kuvavanywa kwaye kucocelwe khona. Eli nqaku lihlola oko kunyathelwe ukuncitshiswa, ukuvavanya iziganeko zembali, ubuchule obucetyelwe ukubuyisela imo entle, kunye neziphumo ezinzulu ezilandela xa umgca ophakathi kwegunya elisemthethweni kunye nengqwanga.

Imbali: Xa La Masikali Aphakanyiswayo

IScape Yamanzi: IHubris Enegunya Nendawo Yayo Ewayo

Zimbalwa iziganeko ezibonisa iingozi zokuphandwa kwegunya elilawulayo njengehlazo elicacileyo. Ngowe-1971, amaziko anxulumene noMongameli Richard Nixon nonyulo lwakhe lonyulo aphululelwa kwikomkhulu leDemocratic National Committee. Isehlo esalandelayo saquka imigudu yokusebenzisa amaqumrhu obuchule obulawulayo athintele ukuphandwa kwegunya. Ukubekwa kukaNixon ilungelo eliphezulu kunye nokungathobeli kwe-demon entla nomthetho we-i-i-democratic mentas kwabonisa ukuba ityala elingumongameli. I House Judiary Comgary Comments imele ityala elivunyiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kobulungisa, nokuthotywa kwemithetho ye-Rodreji. [Uninzi lwe-Rokhesters]

UMarbury uMadison: ISikhuseli Sokukhulula Imvumi

Ijaji isoloko iphaphazanyiswa ngokuchukunyiswa kuneemeko ezilawulayo okanye zemithetho, kodwa iziphumo zayo ezinde zinzulu ngokufanayo. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo uMarbury v. Madison limi njengomzekelo wesiseko. Kwiyure yokugqibela kaJohn Adams umongameli, isiphithiphithi-nxaxheba solawulo lwekomiti, i-mastiants esenziwe; ulawulo lwe-Mary Jemorson Jerson lungabonakala lungavumi ukuphakamisa ezinye zezi zithumo. UWilliam Marbury, u-'ukrummoth' wetyala ophezulu. UJatt uJohans ujongenel' umqobo wetyala elinguqu. [uRoff Frash uluye wajonga ityala elifanelekileyo kulawulo lweNkuphesalelo lomthetho.] Umqulu othe wafumana ityala. [umphalathi womthetho othe , ugcinyonyo.]

Ukuququzelela kuka-Andrew Johnson: Ukwenziwa komthetho

Imfazwe phakathi koMongameli Andrew Johnson neRiphabliki kunye neRiphabliki-Mbutho elawulayo emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya inika umzekelo ocacileyo wokuphaphanyiswa kwemithetho-mthetho (okanye, kuxhomekeke kumbono womntu, uvavanyo olufunekayo. Johnson, iNdlu yaseMazantsi Demorrat, wachasa ukuququzelelwa kwemithetho ye-Derreaument. IBhunga laphendula ngokudlulisa i-Tenure of Office Act, eyathi yathintela uGqhinga luka-Johnson lokususa amagosa e-burhulumenteni. Xa uJohnson wachasa umthetho ngokudubula unobhala-mthetho we-Warninsten, iNd House yamgxotha ngokumqala ngo1868. Ityala lendlu laphela ngokuvotiswa yi-voti enye. Ababhali-mbali abaninzi baphikisa ukuba ukunyanzelwa kwemithetho ye-mthetho-mthetho-siseko. Ingxelo ebalasebupolitio ibalase igxininisa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-mthetho.

Ezinye iimpawu zokuphumelela kakhulu

Ezinye iziganeko zembali zicacisa imilinganiselo yokufumana igunya. [[FLT: 0] Franklin D. Roosevelt yenkundla-ejikayo [ ka 1937 wabona umongameli ezama ukwandisa inani leejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ukukhusela imithetho elungileyo ye-D. Isigqibo sagwetywa ngokuba luhlaselo lweziqu zetyala kwaye asiphumelelanga kwiNkundla. [[FLT:] I-EXUTY] Imiyalelo engama-9066, ekhutshwe nguMongameli u-Frank D. Rooselt ngo-1942, egunyazwe ngumthetho ogunyazinziweyo othe kratyayo, onokuthi ungabi nayiphi nayiphi na enye ingcebiso elitheneyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo ixhase i-elwayo kwimithetho esetyenziswayo. [vPT][5][5]

Umatshini weepeyinti nolungelelwano: Ukhuseleko lweziko

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. abazange bacinge ukuba amandla ahlukeneyo aza kuzimela ngokwawo. Bafaka uthotho lwamagunya angenayo.

Ulawulo Lomthetho Namandla Okuthenga

IKhomishini inezixhobo ezininzi ezinamandla. IKhomishini yokuqhuba uphando nokubamba amava ivumela abalawuli bemithetho ukuba babhence amagunya abo aphezulu kwaye banyanzelise ubungqina. UMthetho woHlahlelo noLawulo loLawulo lweZiko loMkhosi kunye noMkhosi woLawulo lwe-Impostament ka-1997, ngokomzekelo, womeleza amandla eKhongophelelo ekwalathiseni ukusetyenziswa kwemali yegunya. Inkqubo yezomthetho inika iKhomishini isixhaso sokugqibela sezolawulo: ingaphelisa amaqumrhu okanye iinkqubo ezingaphaya kogunya lawo. Xa uMongameli Nixon echasile izimali zeenkqubo, iBhunga loLawulo loLawulo lweBhawulo ukuze ikwazi ukuphinda ikwazi ukuphatha amandla phezu kwesikhwa. Ngoko, ulawulo lwemithetho-Gregislativeltive, ngoko ke kuxhomekeke ekufuneni kwezobupolitika kwaye kungenziwa ngokulawula okumanyana kweqela okanye ukumanyana kwe-ponti.

Ukuhlolisiswa Kwezogwebo Nendima Yeenkundla

Uvavanyo oluyintloko lwejaji luhlolo lwezomthetho: amandla okuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ngokungekho mgaqweni. Ngeli xesha [[FLT: 0] uMarbury v. Madison wamisela eli gunya, ukusetyenziswa kwalo kusekho impikiswano. Iinkundla zingamangalelwa ngokuphamba xa zihlasela umthetho oqhelekileyo okanye ukuphazamisa kwimibuzo yezopolitiki. Imfundiso ye- “umphicotho-matiki” [[FTLT]].[FT] [FT] [FT] inqanda ukulawula ngcono kwimicimbi eshiyweyo (iiii). INkundla ePhakamileyo inokwenza umsebenzi ophantsi kweNkundla. Kodwa xa isebe lihamba kakuhle, njengoko kuthe kwicala lomthetho wemfazwe karhulumente womthetho womthetho womthetho karhulumente uyavuma, u-Trorner, njengoko kungenagunya elo mthetho kugunya elo ligunya elo ligunyaza. Umthetho ugunyaziso lomthetho. [F.2:v.]

Ukungagqibeki Nokuzikhulula: Ukhetho Lwenyukliya

Uphando luyiNgqungquthela enamandla ephethe iBhunga eliphetheyo nelingenatyala. Indlu ivota kumanqaku okungagunyaziswanga (ukutyholwa okusemthethweni), kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu iqhuba ukuvavanywa nokuvotelwa ekususweni. Kuphela oomongameli ababini abaphezulu `Andrew Johnson noBill Clinton/eyekwahlulwa; uRichard Nixon urhoxisiwe phambi kwendlu epheleleyo. Inkqubo ifuna ngabomyo, ifuna inkoliso-ziiiii yendlu yetyala ukuze ikhuselwe. Le bar ephezulu ithetha ukuba ukungaquququzeli kunqanqanqathelwe ukungavisisani okulula; igcinelwe “umthetho omkhulu nokungalungisiyo.” Ingozi kukuba i-athoba i-prolitice, ukujika kwe-gconvotion. [Foctiverion'Undertial center)]

IVito kwaye Engazithandiyo: Igalelo lemfazwe eliphumeza uMthetho

Ulawulo lomongameli lukuxilonga okungqalileyo kwimibutho yowiso-mthetho. Xa iKhomishini igqithisa umthetho ojonge umongameli njengongagunyaziswanga okanye ongachananga, umongameli angawuchasa. Ingqungquthela, isenokuwususa umgqaliselo ngesithathu soninzi lwamagumbi omabini. Le mikhosi inamandla ithetha kunye nokulalanisa. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kokusayina iingxelo ezithi zitolika okanye zicel ’ umngeni iinxalenye zemali.

Imiphumo Yamandla Agqithayo: Imiphumo Eyingozi

Ukungalawuleki Kwezobupolitika Nokuphelelwa Lixesha

Xa elinye isebe liphanga, lithemba phakathi kwamasebe okutshabalalisa. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lingaziphindezela ngokungavumi ukuqinisekisa ii-mouse zomthetho okanye eziphetheyo, ukuphakamisa iingxoxo, okanye ukusungula uphando oluphelisa amandla karhulumente. Iziphumo ziba kukungasebenza kwamandla karhulumente: imiba ebalulekileyo . "ukusukela ekuqingqeni imali ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe"/ukungahlawulwa. Imbali ende karhulumente enqanyulweyo eU. (208-202019) yayisekelwe kwimpikiswano yegunya lomphathi ukuxhasa udonga lomda obengagunyazwangagunyazwangagunyazwanga ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuthintelwa kokungagunyaziswa kweBhunga.

Ukubekwa kweNkcukacha eNgokwasemthethweni

Uhlolo olugqithisileyo lungaphephekiyo lubangela ukupheliswa kwetyala. Ityala lamangalelwa ngokuchasene nemiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo ekufudukeni, kwimimiselo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuvalwa komsebenzi wokuhamba phantsi kolawulo lweTrump nolweBiden, kusekwa imithetho engqubanayo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi ekufuneka zicombulule yiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ukungaqiniseki okungomthetho kuchaphazela amashishini, abantu ngabanye, kunye noorhulumente abamele baqhubele phambili imithetho etshintshayo. Ngaphezu koko, isigqibo ngasinye senkundla esixhasa okanye esiwisa inyathelo eligqithileyo, mhlawumbi kumiselwa okanye kuthotyelwe imida yegunya lomGaqo.

Ukudideka Koluntu Nokuphelelwa Kokholo

Mhlawumbi owona mphumo ufihlakeleyo kukuncitshiswa kwentembelo kawonke-wonke kumaziko edemokhrasi. Xa abemi bebona umongameli engakuhoyi ukuphatha koburhulumente, ukunyanzelisa inkqubo, okanye iBhunga libandakanyeka kuxanduva lwamandla angaqhelekanga, bagqiba kwelokuba inkqubo yolawulo yophukelwe lixesha elide. Ukukholosa kurhulumente kuye kwaphelelwa, ngokweZiko lophando lwedemokhrasi [[FLT: 0]], kuphela malunga ne 16% yamaMelika athi bakholose kurhulumente karhulumente ukwenza okulungileyo ngokuqhelekileyo.

Imizekelo Yale Mihla Neengxoxo Ezimandundu

Ukwanda Kolungelelwano Olulawulayo

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, oomongameli babo bobabini abasemagunyeni baye baguqukela ngokukhulayo kwimiyalelo yabalawuli elawulayo yokungangeni kwiBhunga elivaliweyo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko unika umongameli amandla athile angathathi nxaxheba, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi imiyalelo yezolawulo kwiinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo . NjengeNtloko yoKhuselo loBuntwana (DACA) inkqubo okanye ukuvalwa komthetho ngaphandle kokuvota. Iinkundla ziye ngamanye amaxesha zangenelela, zagatya okanye zabeka imiyalelo egqabazayo engaphaya kwegunya lomongameli. Ingxoxo ibalasemgceni: iyimfuneko enamandla yokulawula ulawulo olusebenzayo, okanye ukuxhomekeka kwisenzo esingalawulekiyo, okanye ikwenza buthathaka isebe lomthetho-oglaseburhulumente kwaye lijonge ulawulo lwedemokhrasi?

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Indima yejaji ekwinkqubo yoluntu ikwaye yabangela izityholo zokuphambana. Izigqibo ezigunyazisa umtshato ongokwasemgaqweni ( wewell v. Hodges, 2015) okanye eziyamkelekileyo zamalungelo okuqhomfa ([Roe v. Wade [, 1973; kamva ubhukuqe) wanconywa njengolo lwenkcazelo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko kwaye wagwetywa njenge-gebelo. Amandla eNkundla yezomthetho ethobekileyo yokuthoba amagosa anyuliweyo ukuze avumelane nemithetho egwebayo, abagxeki abathiweyo bathi inkundla kufuneka ikhusele amalungelo angundoqo, ingakumbi xa kuthengwa izikhundla zezopolitiki.

Urhulumente ochaseneyo noManyano: Iimpikiswano zale Mihla

Inkqubo karhulumente ngokwayo ingumbutho wokulwa nokuphanda. Xa urhulumente wesizwe egunyazisa iinkqubo kwimimandla elawulwa ngokwesithethe ngamaphondo ``njengemfundo, impilo kawonke-wonke, okanye ukunyanzeliswa komthetho-mthetho) isoloko irhoxa. Umthetho we-Affordal Care Act, umzekelo, ucelw'elwa njengoqhathwa kweCormercias. Ngokuchaseneyo, ngamanye amaxesha, amaphondo azama ukuphelisa ukufuduka kukarhulumente okanye imithetho yemekobume, ebangela ukumangalelwa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko isombulula ezi ngxabano, kodwa uxanduva olukhoyo phakathi kwesizwe kunye nolawulo luyaqhubeka. Le ngxabano iyindlela yale mihla yokuqalisa kwengxoxo engokwamandla karhulumente.

Indima Yabemi Ekulondolozeni Ulungelelwano

Ukuxilonga kwequmrhu akuyomfuneko kodwa akwanele. Ukulumka nokufundiswa kwabemi kusisixhobo sokukhusela ekuphathweni. Ulawulo-melo asingomdlalo wababukeli; kufuneka ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo.

Ukubonelela nokuphendula

Unyulo luyeyona ndlela ithe ngqo yokohlwaya abaphangi. Abavota bangathatha indawo yomongameli oye wagqitha igunya lakhe, okanye ulawulo olugqwethekileyo lweBhunga lokubuyisela ulawulo lwemithetho. Unyulo lwexeshana lwezinyuko lusoloko lusebenza njengee-arhente kwigunya eliphetheyo okanye kwiqumrhu elilawulayo. Umvoti ophezulu kwaye ukhetho olunolwazi luyagxeka. Noko ke, ukuphembelela, imithetho yokuvota engqongqo, kunye nemali yephulo yezempempela inganciphisa impembelelo yevoti, yenza utshintsho olufunekayo ukuze inkqubo ihlale isabela.

Ukuncedisana

Abami bangadibana namaqela ajongene nezenzo zobugqwirha nocelomngeni lomthetho. Imibutho efana ne-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) kunye neBrennan Center for Justice ixhathisa imida esemthethweni. Ukuqhankqalaza kukawonke-wonke, iileta kumagosa anyuliweyo, kunye nokubophelela kwimiboniso ejongwa ngabemi basezidolophini. I-media inyuse la mazwi, kodwa ikwasasaza inkohliso enokugqwetha iimbono zobugqhinga.

Ukubhala Nokufundisa

Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela. Imfundo yama-Cvics .Idla ngokutyeshelwa ezikolweni .=ifanele igqubuthele ukwahlukana kwamagunya, imbali yokuqhatha, kunye nezixhobo zabemi kufuneka barhoxe. Ukufunda iMedia kunceda abantu bahlule phakathi kokungavumelani okusemthethweni nemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni yokwenyaniso. Ngaphandle komgca osisiseko wolwazi, abemi abanakukwazi ukuyiqonda kakuhle xa isebe liphuthile. Ukuveliswa kwemfundo yezemfundo yasekuhlaleni kuyindlela ende yokulondoloza idemokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Ukulinda Ngokuqhubekayo

Umbuzo woko kwenzekayo xa elinye isebe ligqitha amandla alo lingenayo impendulo enye. Imbali ibonisa ukuba iziphumo zisuka kwingxaki yezopolitiko ukuya ekutshoneni kwebhongo elitshayo, kwaye iimpendulo zisuka kwintshukumo ezinamandla zokunyanzela umva onamandla ukuya ekuthubeni. Ukwahlukana kwamandla akuyonto ehambayo; kukungalungelelani okungalawulekiyo okumele kugcinwe ngokuqhubekayo. Abalawuli baqonde ukuba amabhongo kufuneka enziwe ukulwa nebhongo, kodwa bazi nokuba abantu ngokwabo bayakwazi ukuba bayakwazi ukukhangela okokugqibela kwimikhosi engekho mandla. Akukho nkqubo karhulumente egonye yokuzikhusela. Ukuzikhusela akuyo imigaqo eqinileyo kuphela, i-judiary ilungele ukugcinwa, i-acromastery, i-odmist, kunye ne-osavestricsss ajongeneyo, athenwa yi-demokhkht, eqeqele, ngenxa yendlela engoogcilellllll.