Ukwazisa: Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sesebe elinolawulo oluphezulu

ISebe eliLawulayo yinjini eqhuba ukusebenza kosuku lwe-2002 kurhulumente wase-United States. Eli sebe liyilwe liQumrhu II lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Libekwe ityala lokuphunyezwa ngokuthembeka kwemithetho edluliswe yiBhunga. Ngoxa i-gstitus-spoints-styre "amandla okubulala” kuMongameli", isebe likwaquka uthungelwano olukhulu lwamaziko karhulumente, abameli, iibhodi, kunye noothunywa abaphumeza imithetho yohlanga. Ukuqonda iSebe loLawulo oluPhezulu liyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela umthetho nolawulo-demokhrasi olusebenza ngayo.

Ngokungafaniyo nokumiswa komthetho kweSebe loMthetho kunye nokucaciswa kweSebe lezeeJaji, iSebe elilawulayo linendima ephambili. Liguqulela injongo yowiso-mthetho kwiziphumo ezicacileyo((ngokuqokelela irhafu nokuthumela iposi yokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu nokukhusela ilizwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isakhiwo sesebe, amagunya, imiqathango, nendima yalo ephambili ekunyanzeleni imithetho nasekukhokeleni ilizwe.

UMongameli: Intloko elawulayo neNkokeli yeSizwe

UMongameli we-United States uphethe eyona sikhundla iphakamileyo kwelo lizwe kwaye usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko unika uMongameli iseti ebanzi yamagunya, kodwa nganye ilungelelaniswe ziimbopheleleko nezithintelo. Ngapha koko yimisebenzi engundoqo kaMongameli, nganye ixhaswe ligunya elikhethekileyo lomGaqo-siseko.

Ukuthobela Imithetho Yomanyano

Umsebenzi ophambili kaMongameli ngulo “kukunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo.” Lo myalelo womgaqo-siseko uthetha ukuba uMongameli akangomphathi nje ongenzi nto.(instead), uMongameli kufuneka alathise lonke isebe eliphetheyo ukuzalisekisa imimiselo njengeBhunga elicetyiweyo. Umzekelo, xa iBhunga lidlulisa isenzo samanzi acocekileyo, uMongameli uyayalela i-Entevironmental Protection ukuba ibhale kwaye inyanzelise imimiselo. Xa ilizwe lijongene neengxaki yempilo kawonke wonke, uMongameli uquququzelela amasebe asekuhlaleni ukuba aphendule. Eli gunya lomthetho lisebenza ngokusesikweni lingenako ukugqibelela; iinkundla zinokuwisa phantsi izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ezingaphaya kwemithetho esemthethweni.

Igosa kwiNtloko

Inqaku II lenza uMongameli uMphathi kwiNtloko yoMkhosi noMkhosi wamanzi. Oku kunika uMongameli ulawulo oluphezulu lokusebenza kumkhosi wase-U. Noko ke, amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe angawaMbutho kuphela, abangela ukuxinezeleka okuye kwayila imbali yaseMerika. Oomongameli baye bathumela amajoni ngaphandle kwesaziso esisemthethweni (umz. Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan) kunye neenkundla zibophelele kakhulu ekulawuleni kwegunya lolawulo lomkhosi. Umongameli ukwanegunya kwi-Rhulumente yesizwe xa kulawula yaye kunokuthi kumiselwe ulawulo lwenyukliya — amandla abonisa uxanduva olukhulu lwesikhundla.

Amandla Omgaqo-nkqubo Wasemzini Nesivumelwano

UMongameli ngumphathi-mikhosi oyintloko wesizwe: uthethana ngezivumelwano (ekuthobeleni kwiNdlu yeeNkulumbuso ezimbini ezithathu) kwaye umisela oothunywashe. Izivumelwano zolawulo, ezingafuni ukuba iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga zidibene, ziye zaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokuqhuba ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuqonda oorhulumente bamanye amazwe nokufumana amanxusa — isenzo solawulo esibonisa ukuba iimpawu zifanelekile. Ukongezelela, uMongameli uyakwazi ukumisela izigwebo zezoqoqosho nokulawula i-U.S.

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

UMongameli umisela — necebiso leNdlu yeNtlanganiso kunye nemvume — amalungu ekhatheli, abagwebi borhulumente, oomatiloshe, kunye namanye amagosa amaninzi aphezulu. Eli gunya libumba isebe lejaji kunye nelolawulo oluphezulu kangangamashumi eminyaka. Eli gunya lokususwa, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqinisekisa ukuba liyi-plenary (ngaphandle kwamaziko azimeleyo njengeFederal Reserve okanye i-Federal Tradenti Comm), livumela uMongameli ukuba aqhubi wolawulo oluphezulu omninzi ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuphendula nokulungelelaniswa kwemigaqo yoMongameli.

Amandla oMthetho: Veto, Umbuso we-Union, kunye neSindululo

UMongameli uphembelela umthetho ngeendlela ezininzi. UMongameli uvumela uMongameli ukuba angavumi amatyala adluliswa yiBhunga; iveto angangatshati kuphela ngevoti ezimbini 883 kumagumbi omabini. UMongameli ukwanika iSizwe se-Union idilesi kwiBhunga, echaza izinto eziphambili kunye nomthetho ogunyazisayo. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli anga “avumela” ukuba athathe amanyathelo kwiBhunga, amandla aye aguqukela kwimithetho esebenzayo. Ngoku oomongameli banikela rhoqo iindleko zedrafti, babamba iintlanganiso nabaquququzeli bomthetho, baze basebenzise isikhululo sokulwa kwemibutho labantu ukuze bakhe inkxaso kawonke wonke.

Amandla ePardon

Inqaku II linika uMongameli amandla okunika uReprievs nokuxolela amatyala karhulumente, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungathobeli. Eli gunya ngokuyintloko alithintelwa; uMongameli unokuxolela abantu iintsuku emva kolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye kwanangaphambi kokuba kubekwe izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Oomongameli baye bayisebenzisa yonke into ukususela emva kwepasePfundreCivil War Reconfusion (And Johnson) kwingxubusho yale mihla (Uxolelo lukaGard Ford kaRichard Nixon, Donald Trump's's xolela amaqabane ezobupolitika). Amandla okuxolela asebenza njengovavanyo kwijajiko lemfazwe kwaye anokusetyenziswa ekuchaseni okuchasana okubonakala.

Imiyalelo Elawulayo: Igunya Elilawulayo Ngaphandle Kwengqungquthela

Umyalelo olawulayo ngumyalelo ovela kuMongameli olawula imisebenzi karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente. Nangona ingekhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo efumaneka kwindima kaMongameli njengentloko. Banegunya lomthetho kumasebe alawulayo kodwa kufuneka basekelwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye kumGaqo-siseko. IBhunga alinakululeka umgaqo-siseko ngokumisela umthetho omtsha, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo inokubetha omnye ukuba ungaphezulu kwegunya likaMongameli.

Imizekelo Eyimbali

  • Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo (1863): uAbraham Lincoln wasebenzisa umyalelo olawulayo ukukhulula amakhoboka kumaphondo eConfederate, eqhelisela umphathi wakhe .
  • I-Exective Order 9981 (1948)[FL:1]: Harry Truman desegregite umkhosi wase-U.S. ngomyalelo ophezulu, ugqitha kwiBhunga elithanda ukurhoxisa.
  • I-Exective Order 906 (1942): Franklin Roosevelt wagunyazisa ukuvalwa kweJaphani .American — kamva wagwetywa kwaye wagqalwa njengokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
  • DACA (202): UBarack Obama wenza i Development Actions for Firealss Program ukukhusela abaphambukeli abatsha abangaxelwanga; umyalelo wavavanywa kamva enkundleni.
  • Travel Ban (2017): Donald Trump wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo othintela ukungena okuvela kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi, aphinda ahlaziywa emva kweengxaki ezininzi zomthetho.
  • COVID ÚVACCINE Mancdains (2021): Joe Biden oyalelweyo ukuba asebenze amashishini orhulumente kunye nabasebenzi bonyango ukuba bagonywe, intshukumo ivalwe kancinane yiNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Ulawulo loManyano loBurhulumente: AmaSebe, Iinkonzo, kunye neeKhomishini

UMongameli akanakunyanzelisa imithetho kuphela. ISebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu liquka amasebe omgangatho weCandelo 76 kunye namasebe amaninzi azimeleyo, ngalinye elinemisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Bobabini baseka isebe lorhulumente, elisebenzisa abasebenzi abangabemi abaphantse babe zizigidi ezibini. UMongameli umisela iintloko zamasebe, kodwa abasebenzi abaninzi abasebenzayo bahlala behleli kwiiNguqu zolawulo ukuze balungiselele ukuqhubekeka.

Isebe leKhabhinethi

Amasebe alishumi elinesihlanu ngamaqela aphambili karhulumente worhulumente. Ngamnye ukhokelwa nguNobhala (okanye nguSosiba Jikelele we-Attorney ukwenzela ubulungisa). Imizekelo engenakukhanyelwa:

  • IMvume yeJaji (DOJ): Umthetho we-FBI, uqhuba i-FBI, abaphuli-mthetho abamangalelwa, kwaye unika icebiso elingokwasemthethweni kuMongameli. USosiba jikelele ngumphathi-mthetho omkhulu (Attorney).
  • Isebe lokhuselo (DOD): Ijonga umkhosi – umkhosi, umkhosi womkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi womoya, umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wesithuba. Lisebe elikhulu ngoqingqo-mali kunye nabasebenzi.
  • [[NTL:0] Indawe yoKhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS): Iquke amasebe anjengoMgaqo woKhuselo lweNkcubeko noMda, Unyuso neNkcubeko, kunye neNkonzo yeNsebelo.
  • Isebe lelizwe: Iziphatha imicimbi yamanye amazwe, ulawulo, iinkonzo zoburhulumente, kunye noomphathi-mikhosi.
  • Isebe lezempilo nezoluntu [HHS.1]: Ilawula iinkqubo zoluntu eziquka iMedicare, iMedicaid, FDA, kunye neCDC.

Izicelo neeKhomishini ezizimeleyo

Amanye amasebe aphetheyo angaphandle kwesakhiwo sekhabhathi ukuze abakhusele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Ezi ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] I-Environral Protection Agency (EPA): Imisela kwaye inyanzelise imimiselo yemeko- bume.
  • I-Arhente yobuntlola yase-CIA : iqokelela kwaye ihlalutya ubukrelekrele bangaphandle.
  • I- Ukhuseleko kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC)[[FT:1]: inyusa ulawulo lwezorhwebo kunye nezenzo zenkampani.
  • Inkqubo yeReserve Faederal [: iqhuba inkqubo yemali — nangona isoloko ichazwa njengezimeleyo, ibhodi yayo ityunjwa nguMongameli kwaye iqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNtlanganiso.
  • [[UMTL:0] IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano oluPhakathi (FCC): Ibuyisela uthungelwano phakathi kwelizwe ngonomathotholo, umabonwakude, ucingo, itellite, kunye nentsontelo yentsimbi.

Aba bameli banamandla aphawulekayo yaye banokukhupha imithetho elawula umthetho, ephantsi kokucalucalulwa nokuvelela ingqungquthela.

Umongameli onguSekela noMlawuli

Umongameli onguMongameli ongoyena uphakamileyo wesibini kwisebe eliphetheyo. UmGaqo-siseko unika imisebenzi emibini ecacileyo: ukukhonza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso (ukubeka iivoti eziqhekezayo) nokukulungela ukuthatha ubungangamsha ukuba uMongameli uyafa, uyarhoxa, okanye uyasuswa. AbaPhathiswa bobuPhakam-Mongameli bale mihla baye bathatha iindima ezandisiweyo, ngokufuthi bacebisa kwiinkalo ezithile, kwaye bamela ulawulo lwamazwe aphesheya.

Uvoti oludumileyo olucholayo kwiBhunga leeNtsimbi luquka ivoti yoMongameli kaKamara Harris yoMphathiswa ka-2021 ukuhambisela phambili isiCwangciso sokuhlangula saseMerika kunye noMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli osisiKhosi kwisiqinisekiso sokuchola okuninzi. UMongameli oPhathiswayo ukwangamela isiqinisekiso sokuvota konyulo oluvotiweyo — indima eyabonakala kakhulu kwiziphumo zonyulo lwama-2020.

Umgca wolawulo lomongameli udlulela ngaphaya koMongameli onguMongameli: uMthetheli weNdlu, uMongameli uPro Tempore weNdlu yeeNtsimi, elandelwa ngamagosa eBhanile enjongo yendalo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Ukulinganisela Amandla Olawulo

Abaququzeleli bomGaqo-siseko babesoyika ukuxineneka kwamandla. Bakha inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa enika amanye amasebe amabini izixhobo zokuthintela isebe eliphetheyo.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

Congress ingaphengulula izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, ibambe amatyala, inike ityala elincinci, kwaye inyanzelise ubungqina. Amandla esingxobo sisixhobo esinamandla soNkqutyana: alawula yonke imali karhulumente. IBhunga likwanokuyilawula i-vetoes (nevoti yama-2883-35), iqinisekise okanye ingaluvumeli ukumiselwa, kunye nezivumelwano ze-radify. I-Impeactive nguvavanyo olupheleleyo — iNdlu yeyona ingakwazi ukubhaliswa nguMongameli we-“Crimentis neMisderator,” kwaye iNkulumbuso emithathu ibambe ityala. Oomongameli abathathu baye bangabangeniswa: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, noDonald Brum (wce). Akukho nanye eyagwetywayo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zomanyano, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, zingavakalisa izenzo zegunya eliphakamileyo ezingamiselwanga ngokwesivumelwano. Eli gunya lasekwa ku- Marbury v. Madison [1853] kwaye iye yasetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukukhangela umongameli uphando. Imizekelo engacacanga iquka [ i-town short & lamp; Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952], evingcamla ukuphazanyiswa kwezingqushu zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, kunye [FLT] v [FLT] .[FLT] , [FLT] , (20) ekwakuxhaswa ukuvalwa kweNkuhlazinziswa kweNkulwa kweNkulwano yeNkulwayo ekwayalulelo olugunyaziso olugunyazisiweyo.

Iinkundla zingaphinda zihlole imimiselo yemimiselo yesebe yokungaguquguquki kunye nemimiselo eyenza imimiselo. Oku kwaziwa njengeChevron bencence (emva Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. IZibonelelo zendalo zeLiko lokhuselo), nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo isandul' ukubonakalisa ukukulungela ukuphinda ukulungele ukuthatha kwakhona umlinganiselo walo mhleko.

Iimbono Zabantu Nemithombo Yezindaba

UMongameli uxhomekeke ekuhlolweni okuzingisileyo ngamaphephandaba, kwibutho labantu kunye nabemi. Nangona lungekho uluvo olusemthethweni, uluvo lukawonke-wonke lunganyanzela uMongameli ukuba atshintshe ikhondo okanye ade ashiye inkqubo ethile. Ihlazo iWatergate, elavezwa ziintatheli, elikhokelelwa kuMongameli Nixon. Iinkosana zale mihla zisebenza ngaphantsi kwemijikelo yamaphephandaba nezixhobo zentlalo, ezibangela impumelelo neempikiswano.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Isebe eliLawulayo liye lakhula kakhulu ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa, liphakamisa imibuzo emalunga namandla aphezulu nokuphendula.

  • Ingcamango yegunya eliphetheyo elingekho mthethweni: Ingcamango yokuba uMongameli ulawula isebe eliphetheyo kuphela, icel ’ umngeni ukuzimela kwabameli abaninzi.
  • Amandla okhuseleko [: Oomongameli bangavakalisa ungxamiseko lwesizwe ekuvuleni amagunya akhethekileyo (umz., inkxaso-mali yomda kaTrump ngomlomo wongxamiseko). Abahlalutyi baphikisa le ngqungquthela.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ilungelo eliphumezekayo: Ilungelo likaMongameli lokungalufumani ulwazi kwi Congress okanye kwiinkundla. INkundla ePhakamileyo yalamkela eli lungelo kwi- United States v. Nixon [19974] kodwa ibambeke ingeyiyo epheleleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isigqibo sokubona ngaphaya [: ukulinganisa iimfuno zokhuseleko nelungelo likawonke-wonke lokwazi. Inkululeko yolwazi Act kunye namanyathelo okubona ngaphaya asoloko evavanywa enkundleni.

Isiphelo: Isebe Elilawulayo KwiRiphabliki Yedemokhrasi

Isebe eliLawulayo lingummiselo onamandla omele unyanzelise imithetho ngoxa ibekwa ityala. UMongameli ukhokela uhlanga, kodwa olo khokelo luyilwe ngumGaqo-siseko, uxokelelwa yiBhunga neenkundla, kwaye uphenjelelwa ngabantu. Kubafundi nabafundisi-bafundisi, ukufundisisa iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu kuthetha ukuqonda kungekuphela nje amandla alo kodwa imida yalo. Kwidemokhrasi esempilweni, umlawuli wongamele ngokwaneleyo ukuba enze ngokungqongqo kwaye anyanzeleke ngokwaneleyo ukuhlonela umthetho. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwamasebe iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sandla sinye sikarhulumente esilawulayo, ukulondoloza umlinganiselo owenziwa ngabasebenzi befrejini.

[[UMTL:0] Isiseko sezibonelelo zofundisiso Oluqhubekayo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Indlu emhlophe: Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu[[UMTL: 1]
  • [[FUT:0] Inconsitution Anutedion: Inqaku II
  • [[UMTL:0]USUSA.gov: Amasebe kaRhulumente[[UMTLL:1]

Eli nqaku lilungiselelwe iinjongo zokufundisa. Abafundisi bangalisebenzisa njengesiseko sengxoxo yeklasi kunye nophando oluqhubekayo.