Ukwazisa: Ukwanda Okuphambili Kwamandla Alawulwayo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngumgaqo osisiseko kwiinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi, olungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya nakweliphi na isebe lorhulumente. Kodwa, ukuqhelisa, imida ayisoloko igqibelele. Xa amagunya edibana, yenza amandla entsonkothileyo abangela ukhuphiswano kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi komphathi olawulayo, wemithetho, nowesebe lokugweba. Ukuqonda le ngxoxo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente phantsi kwengcinezelo, indlela inkqubo emile ngayo, nendlela enyanzelelwa ngayo.

Amandla okuqhwaba angaphezulu asisiso isiphene kwinkqubo; kunoko, ziphawu lwesiqu. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., umzekelo, bafakelwe iimbopheleleko ezihambayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lingasebenza ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lokuhlola. La mandla okuyila anokusebenza ngaphandle kovavanyo. Le mpembelelo yokuxokelelwa, ulalanisa, kwaye aqwalasele ucoselelo. Noko ke, kwakhona ingakhokelela kwi-gridbock, ingxwabangxwaba, kunye nokudidedelwa komphakathi. Eli nqaku lichitha amasebe karhulumente xa amandla awo edibene, linikela ukujonga ngokucokisekileyo kwiindlela ezisebenza, imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene, kunye nendima yemizwano-wonke.

Amasebe Amathathu: Uhlolisiso Olunzulu

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: I-Enforder kunye noMmisi-mva

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa ngumongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi, ngokuyintloko linembopheleleko yokumisela nokumisa imithetho. Eli sebe aliquki yintloko yorhulumente kuphela kodwa liquka nemithetho emikhulu yesebe (iimpatho-mandla, amaqumrhu, amaqumrhu, kunye neekhomishini elawulayo elawula inkqubo karhulumente. Ngoxa umsebenzi ongundoqo wesigqeba ukukuphunyezwa, lisebenzisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngegunya leveto, imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, kunye nomthetho wolawulo.

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ivumela umongameli ukuba akhokele imisebenzi karhulumente wesizwe ngaphandle kwemvume eququzelelweyo. Le miyalelo isetyenzisiwe ukumisela inkqubo yokufuduka, umgaqo wokusingqongileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Kodwa ke, baphantsi kovavanyo lomthetho kwaye bangapheliswa ngumthetho ukuba iBhunga likhetha ukwenza. Umzekelo, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Gripy 9066 kuMthetho olawulayo phakathi neMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukhokelele ekudibaniseni kwesigqibo samaJapan nge-Japanan, ngokulandelela nokusingela phantsi kwesigqibo somthetho. Oku kubonisa indlela amandla olawulo oluphezulu anokunwebeka ngayo kwiindawo ezigcinelwe yiBhunga-ngqungquthela, ingqungquthelanano yemithetho-siseko.

Elinye igunya eliyintloko kukutyunjwa kweejaji zequmrhu, neBhunga leNdlu yeMithetho elawulayo, linika “imvume nemvume.” Eli gunya lokumisa lidala unxulumano olungqalileyo phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo namasebe agwebayo, ebumba iinkundla kangangezizukulwana.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu

Isebe lemithetho eUnited States (*.Conrer), iPalamente kwezinye iinkqubo, isebenza ngemithetho esemthethweni, imela abameli, kunye nokulawula izihlalo zezikhwakhwa zemali. Amandla ayo erhafu, ukuchitha, nokubhengeza imfazwe anika igunya elikhulu. Kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho ikwanemisebenzi yokuvelela echaphazelekayo: ukuqhuba iindlebe, ukuphengulula, kunye nokuphembelela imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo.

IChunga lithatha ixesha xa iKhunga lizama ukubeka umthetho olawulayo okanye lisebenzisa amandla alo okususa amagosa aphezulu. Ukuphembelela, nangona kunqabile ukusetyenziswa, kumela uvavanyo olupheleleyo kwizenzo ezizizo. Indlu yabameli iyakwazi ukuququzelela umongameli, kwaye iNdlu yeNkulumbuso ivavanya. Le nkqubo iye yacelwa koomongameli Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump, ixesha ngalinye lixhobisa iimfazwe ezinkulu zezobupolitika ezichithela kwibala likawonke-wonke. Indlu yowiso-mthetho iyakwazi ukuvala umongameli kunye namaninzi amabini-3 kumagumbi omabini okuphela lale i-ofisi i-ofisi isebenzisa elinye inkqubo eligunya lokuqhuba ukuqhubana noNgqungquthelano.

Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lingakhupha imithetho elawulayo enyanzela ukulawulwa, njengeSigqibo seWar Powers sowe-1973, esithintela umongameli ukuba akwazi ukwenza imikhosi exhobileyo ngaphandle kwemvume egunyazisiweyo. Lo mthetho uhlala uphikiswa kwaye ucelw'imbambano ngoomongameli abalandelayo, ubalaselisa ukuxabana okuphakathi kwenjongo yomthetho negunya eliphezulu.

Isebe Lejaji: UArbiter NoGuardian

Ijudiadia ichaza imithetho, ihlola ubugqeba bayo, kunye nokusombulula iimpikiswano. Ngamandla ohlalutyo olugwebayo. Eli gunya libekwe kwimeko yophawu olubalulekileyo Marbury v. Madison (1803)) (ii-Curtums) ingabetha imithetho edluliswe yiBhunga okanye izenzo ezithatyathwa ngumlawuli ochasene nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya libeka ijudiary kwindawo ekhethekileyo yokuhlola omabini amasebe, kodwa ikwathetha ukuba imithetho yezahlulelo iyakwazi ukubumba inkqubo enzulu.

Kuphakama imposiso xa iinkundla zicelwa ukuba zichaze imimiselo engaqondakaliyo okanye zifake izivumelwano phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo kunye nemithetho. Umzekelo, ngo-2018, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukuvalwa kolawulo lweTrump, inkqubo eyaqala kulawulo oluphezulu kwaye yacelw'ucelw'ucelw'unyawo yiKhongrestion kunye namaqela angoontambi. Isigqibo seNkundla sawo sawacombulula ngokunelisayo umlo wokulawula igunya ngokwemida ethile. Ngokufanayo, amatyala afana [[FLTL:0] eUnited States v. Nixon [17])) umongameli wanyanzelwa ukuba ahambisane nee-pena, indima ye-judiary ekuhloleni igunya lokulawula.

Abagwebi bamafakelani bamiselwa ubomi, bebenza bangafane bachaphazeleke kakhulu kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kodwa kwakhona bahlatyelwe ukugxekwa xa izigqibo zabo zibhukuqa umthetho othandwayo. Le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa ngokwayo yindawo yokudityaniswa: umongameli uthatha inxaxheba, kodwa iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu ithethsa, ukujika ukumiselwa kwekomiti yezopolitiko ibe yindawo yedabi enokuchaza indlela yomthetho kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Iingqinipho neMifuziselo: AkuyoNgqikelelo Nje

Inkqubo yokuhlola nolungelelwaniso iqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye linomlinganiselo othile wempembelelo phezu kwezinye. Ngelinye ixesha imizekelo eqhelekileyo `````iveto, ide', ukuqulunqa', ukuqwalasela okugweba--kwaziwa kakuhle, inyaniso iyachasana. Nazi iindlela ezongezelelweyo zokusebenzisana namasebe nokulalana:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-veto engundoqo: Eminye imithetho ivumela iKhomyutha kwizenzo zesebe elilawulayo ezilula ngesigqibo (emva esilawula ngokungekho sigqeba kumthetho kwiINS v. Chadha[, 1983). Oku kubonisa indlela iBhunga elizama ngayo ukugcina uphakamiso emva kokunika igunya.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ilungelo lokuphumeza: umongameli angalunqanda ulwazi kwi Congress okanye kwiinkundla ukukhusela imfihlo, kodwa eli lungelo aliphelelanga kwaye liye lacaciswa amaxesha amaninzi.
  • Ukwenziwa kolawulo: ngamanye amaxesha abalawuli bangavumi ukuchitha imali efanelekileyo yeBhunga, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimfazwe efana neyaphumela kwisiphelo soMthetho woLawulo lwe-Impoundment ka- 1974.
  • Isivumelwano sokuqinisekisa: Umongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano, kodwa zifuna imvume yeKhathene yesithathu esibini,(igunya elicacileyo elingenanayo elinokuvala izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe.

Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukuthintela ubundlobongela, kodwa zinokuvelisa i-interia. Xa amasebe elawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika, i-gridlock iqhelekile, kwaye umthetho omkhulu unganqamuka. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa elinye iqela lilawula amasebe alawulayo kunye nemithetho, ii-checks zingaphela, kwaye uvelela kunciphe. Ijadicariary ngoko iba ngumgca wokugqibela wokuzikhusela nxamnye nabaphangi.

Ukubethana Ngokugqithiseleyo: Intsebenziswano Nengxabano

Amandla okuqhwaba kakhulu ayenzeka xa iimbopheleleko zomGaqo-siseko zamasebe zidibana, zidala amathuba okusebenzisana nomthombo woxinezeleko. Ezi zizinto ezilandelayo ezingundoqo apho kuvela khona ukudibana:

Imiyalelo yesebe kunye neNkqutyana yokuLawulwa

Abalawuli basebenzisa imiyalelo engakumbi yokugqitha kwiBhunga elilawulayo. Umzekelo, uMongameli Obama's Deference for Ficals (DACA) inkqubo yenziwa ngokupheleleyo ngesenzo solawulo. Xa uMongameli Trump wazama ukuyiphelisa, ukumangalela kwalandelwa, yaye ekugqibeleni iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ekubeni kumiselwe ngokusemthethweni kokuphelisa. Oku kusemva-kanye ngenxa ye-okanye kubonisa indlela amandla anokuyila ngayo umjikelo wesenzo, intsebenziso, kunye nokugweba kwetyala.

Ukungalawuleki kombutho kunye nokuchasa kwegunya

IBhunga linamandla okuphanda imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, kodwa umongameli angaxhathisa ngokubiza ilungelo eliphezulu okanye ngokucela ingcamango yesebe elilawulayo, ephikisa ukulawula okunamandla komongameli kwisebe eliphetheyo. Ukungquzulana kweNdlu ephezulu kubandakanya uphando lweNdlu kuMongameli Nixon's Watergate-up kunye nombuzo wakutshanje ophathelele iinkxwano zikaMongameli Trump neUkraine. Ezi ngcamango zidla ngokuphelela enkundleni, apho icandelo lejaji limele ligqibele ukuba liliphi isebe elinomthetho onamandla onegunya.

Ingqwalasela yezomthetho

INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibhukuqa iinxalenye zomthetho owiswe yiNkundla. Umzekelo ophawulekayo sisigqibo seNkundla sesizwe se-Intependent Business v. Sebelius (2012), exhasa ugunyaziso lweAffordlable Care Act lomthetho womntu ngamnye njengerhafu kodwa yawisa phantsi ummiselo onyanzelisweyo wokuyandisa uMdicaid. Esi sigqibo sabonisa indlela i-judicary engundoqo ngayo inkqubo yentlalo, kwanaxa i-Presskostance kunye nomphathi-ma (kule meko, uMongameli Obama) axhasa umthetho. Umba okhoyo apha ucacile: amasebe omthetho amisela imigaqo-mthetho, abalawuli, kunye nee-judiary projects protarys.

Amandla Eembono Zasekuhlaleni Nemida Yezobupolitika

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lusebenza njengesebe lesine lohlobo, liphembelela indlela amagunya angenayo asetyenziswa ngayo. Amagosa aqwalaselweyo ayazi ukuba izenzo zawo zinokuvuzwa okanye zohlwaywe kuvolo. Xa uluntu luyixhasa ngamandla inkqubo ethile okanye luyichasa, lungatshintsha umlinganiselo phakathi kwamasebe:

  • Inkxaso ephakamileyo kawonke wonke yolawulo lwemipu emva kokudubulana kwabantu abaninzi inokunyanzela iNgqungquthela ukuba imise umthetho, kwanokuba umphathi uyathandabuza.
  • Kwelinye icala, ukuba nomsindo kwabantu ngokubanzi ngenxa yemimiselo engokwaselugwebeni yokuqhomfa okanye ukutshata ngokumanyumnyezi kunokushukumisela iNgqungquthela ukuba icinge ngokulungisa okanye ukulungisa inkundla.
  • Abalawuli badla ngokusebenzisa “iqonga eliphezulu” ukukhuthaza uluntu ukuba luxhase ucwangciso lwabo, besebenzisa ingcinezelo engangqalanga kwiBhunga nakwinkundla.

Amaqela ezobupolitika athe ayenza ibe nzima ngakumbi imiqathango. Xa iqela elinye lilawula zombini iWhite House kunye neKhonklare, amagunya angenanayo asenokusebenza kakuhle-kancinci-kakhulu, kodwa inkcaso ingasebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwijaji ukucel ’ umngeni umthetho. Urhulumente owahluleleneyo, okwahlukileyo, okwangoku, ukhokelela kwii-chendo ezinzulu, njengoko isebe ngalinye lizama ukulinganisela ukufikelela kwabanye. Ukuqinisekiswa komthetho weNkulawula ePhakamileyo kusenokuba kukungalawuleki, kunye neqela ngalinye elifuna ukuvala ingcamango yejaji egwebeni kamashumi eminyaka.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko: Xa Kukho Amandla

Ukukhutshwa Kwamanzi: Imilinganiselo Yamandla Alawulayo

Ihlazo leWatergate ngumzekelo owenziwa yincwadi yamagunya angenayo akhokelela kwingxaki yomgaqo-siseko. Ngo-1971, amaziko asebenzela uMongameli Richard Nixon waphinda wasebenza kwikomkhulu leKomiti yeDemocratic. Igqubu-the yakhokelela kwingqungqungquthela phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo nemithetho-mthetho. IBhunga leNtein yaseka ikomiti ekhethekileyo yokuhlola, ngoxa iKomiti yeNkundla yeJava eliqulu lenze inkqeqele ityala lokuqululisa imigaqo. I-Phondo yazibiza ilungelo lesikhulu sokhetho lokuvala itepeyipu erekhodi yeKomiti yeDemocratikitiotioti (ie). Isekubuye lathi lenkundla yezomthetho ephambili ye-Nicotting [FLT] ibonise ukuba i-United States v. .] Isigqibo seNkundla yeNkundla yezomthetho wolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lomthetho lolawulo lolawulo lomthetho lolawulo lolawulo lomthetho.[Foff.] [L.] [

UMthetho wokuLangulwa

Ukudlula kunye nokuzikhusela koMthetho weNkqutyana eAffordive Care (ACA) phantsi koMongameli Oma kwabandakanya onke amasebe amathathu. Umthetho wadluliselwa yiNgqungquthela yeDemokrasi ngo-2010, eyasayinwa nguMongameli Obama, yaza yacelw'ilwa ngokukhawuleza enkundleni. Abachasi baphikisa ukuba igunya lomntu ngalinye lokugqitha kwezorhwebo lweBhunga. INkundla ePhakamileyo, [[FLT:]]NFIB v. Sebelius, waphakamisa umthetho kumbono odityaniweyo kodwa walinganisela ukwanda kweMidi. Ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka elilandelayo, iRiphabliki kwiBhunga elisoloko lizama ukuphinda lizama ukubuyisela i-ACCA, ngeli. Xa uMongameli wephondo ekwayigunya ngalinye lombuso uTrupta.

Ulawulo lweeNkcukacha zooMongameli

Ukuchana kwemithetho yobupolisa kukwalathiswa ngokupheleleyo kwegunya lowiso-mthetho phezu kwegunya eliphetheyo. Ngo-1998, uMongameli uBill Clinton wacetyiswa yiNdlu yezobupolitika kunye nokuthintelwa kokusesikweni okunxulumene nokumangalelwa ngokwesini. Noko ke, iNdlu yeeNtsimikazi, ayimkhulula, ingakwazi ukufikelela kwizenzo ezizi-350% ezifunekayo. Inkqubo ebhenziwayo yokwahlula amacandelo anzulu kwaye ibalase indlela amandla okungagunyazinziswayo anokusetyenziswa ngayo njengesixhobo sezobupolitika. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli uDonald Trump wakhutshwa kabini (iiiiiii kwe-2019) ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye nokuthintelwa kweBhunga okugqithisileyo okungoopolitiko, yaye kwakhona ngo-201 kukhuthanye ngokunjalo, ukukhuthaza ukuvukelwa kwe-mthetho wezopolitiko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-mothethe naku, i-mo yomthetho emhlophe, engonwayoku.

Isiphelo: Ukuxhathisa Utyekelo Lokuwa

Ukudibana kwamagunya karhulumente akusiso isiphene okanye uphawu lwengxaki . yi-injini yolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwamasebe luqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto ikhoyo enokulawula, kodwa lufuna ingxubusho engapheliyo kunye nokulalanisa. Njengabemi, ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo kusinika amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, kugcine abameli bethu benoxanduva, kwaye kumele kuxhaswe utshintsho olomeleza iingqikelelo ngaphandle kokukhokelela ekungasebenzini.

Xa ukhangela phambili, ucelomngeni olutsha njengolawulo oluphezulu oluphathwe ngokuphaphanyiswa kukhuseleko lwesizwe, indima yezwe elilawulayo, kunye nokubekwa kwemithetho yejaji kuza kuqhubeka kuvavanya imida yamandla angenayo. Impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwesebe ngalinye ukuhlonela iibhombu ezifanelekileyo ezibe ziqhutyelwa phambili. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuhlolisisa ezi ntshukumo akuyo nje isiseko semfundo esebenzayo, ubumi obunolwazi oluninzi. Ulwazi oluninzi, ungahlola [[[FLT:] U.[FLT].[5] [FLT] [5]