Ukwazisa: Uphawu Loxolo Nolawulo

Isivumelwano esiGobileyo soLwesihlanu, esaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeSivumelwano saseBelfast, satyikitywa ngo-10 kuApril 1998 kwaye simi njengenye yezona mpumelelo zibalulekileyo kwizigqibo zongquzulwano zale mihla. Saphelisa imfazwe yamahlelo ekwiminyaka emithathu-decude-decade, eyathi yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-3, yashiya iintlungu ezinzulu ze-socialtic, ilungiselela isikhokelo sozinzo sozinzo nentelekelelo eqhubekayo yemithetho elawula ulawulo lwase-Northern Ireland esekelwe kwintabalala enqamlezayo, kwintsebenziswano enqamlezayo, kunye nesiseko sokhuseleko olusisiseko soluntu.

Okungasemva kunye nemeko

Imvelaphi Yeengxaki

I-Ireland yaseMntla Ireland yakhiwa ngo1921 phantsi komthetho kaRhulumente we-Ireland, isahlula esi siqithi sibe ngummandla wamaProtestanti ogqugqisayo kumantla empuma kunye nommandla wamaKatolika ongumntla we-Ireland. Ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo, iphondo laseMntla Ireland laphawulwa ngokucalucalula amaKatolika amancinane kwizindlu, umsebenzi, kunye nomelo lwezopolitiko lwezopolitiko. Umbutho wamalungelo oluntu wasemva konyaka ka1960, oqhutywa ngumzabalazo womhlaba wonke wokulingana, ohlangatyelelwa ngogonyamelo luvela kumaqela anyanisekileyo kunye nokurhoxina kwemikhosi yemfazwe emfazweniswe ngebhombu eRoyal Ulster Contallary. Oku kwabangela ukuqhambuka kweengxaki zobundlorhoqo-orhosa ngo19699, imfazwe enyanisekileyo, kunye nemikhosi yemfazwe yamazwe amaqela eBritani, ngaphandle kokuzigwetywa kwemi, imfazwe, imfazwe yamakhaya, i-Rritan, kunye ne-odmistritan, i-odmistrivern, i-rection.

Indlela Eya Kumtsalane

Ngowama-1990, iindleko zomntu nezoqoqosho zongquzulwano zajika zaba zezingenaziphene. Kodwa ke, intetho yoxolo ephakathi korhulumente waseBritane ne-IRA, kunye nokhokelo lweSocial Democratic kunye neLabour Party (SDLP) umlawuli John Hume noSin Féin Gerry Adams, yalungisa indlela yokuphelisa umlilo ngo19949. Noko ke, inkqubo yoxolo eyaye yazinziwa kukungavumelani nezixhobo. Impumelelo yavela ngonyulo lukarhulumente weTony Blair ngo1997, eyathi yaqala yavela kwiintetho eziqulukileyo. Iingxoxo ze-Stemperateevers, ezibekwe ngu-unts George Mitchell, iquka onke amaqela aphambili ngaphandle kwe-Didemoctic Party (Up), athenwa yinkqubo yokuqala. [R.[0] i-Foctives Reventionsland ka-Inter kuMarland, kunye ne-Inter 1999, kunye ne-1998, kunye ne-19, i-19

Amalungiselelo Ayintloko Esivumelwano

IGood Wear Agreement luxwebhu oluntsonkothileyo oluthetha ngemisonto emithathu enxulumene nolawulo, nganye yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa ubukho obukhuphisanayo kunye neenjongo zoluntu ezikhulu ezimbini. Imigaqo yayo engundoqo iquka imvume (umgaqo-siseko waseMantla Ireland onokuthi utshintshe kuphela ngokuvunyelwa kwabantu bawo), ukunyanzeleka kwamandla, nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Strand 1: Izakhono Zedemocratic Institutions Kumntla Ireland

Lo msonto waseka iNdibano ekhutshwe umNtla we-Ireland noLawulo oluPhezulu. INdibano inyulwa ngomelo olulungelelanisiweyo (ivoti edluliselwa ngokulula) ukuqinisekisa umelo olulungileyo. Umlawuli olawulayo usebenza kwisiseko samandla, kunye nomPhathiswa wokuqala kunye nesekela lomPhathiswa woMphathiswa woMphathiswa woMkhosi woMqulu-Mkhosi woMkhosi umele ubuNkulu bamaqela amakhulu kunye namaqela esizwe ngokulandelelana, kwaye lo msebenzi wobulungiseleli uthintela nawuphi na uluntu ekulawuleni. Isivumelwano esingundoqo sifuna ukunqamleza-a i-amno-amnoy-okn, nokuba uninzi lwamalungu owesizwe okanye uninzi olulinganayo kuma-60% amaqela esizwe akwindawo nganye. Lo msebenzi uthintela nawuphi na umntu ngamnye ukuba angabi ngumlawuli wolawulo. Isivumelwano esilungiselelwe ngenkqubo ye-CPubelumanton ukuya kwibutho loluntu, nangona labe sithenjiwe kamva.

iBhunga labaSebenzi baseMzantsi

Ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Ireland eseMntla neRiphabliki yase-Ireland, iSivumelwano sadala iBhunga loMntla/eMzanthla loBalungiseleli. Eli qumrhu lihlanganisa abalungiseleli abavela kuzo zombini imimandla enomdla ofanayo, njengezolimo, ezothutho, ezokhenketho, kunye nezobume bendalo. Lixhaswa ngamaqumrhu amathandathu asebenzayo, kuquka i-Ireland kunye ne-Foood Saty Protection Bud Board. IBhunga lisebenza ngesiseko sokuvumelana, kwaye izigqibo zalo ziphantsi kolawulo lweNdibano yaseNyakatho Ireland kunye nepalamenti yase-Ireland. Lo msonto wawubalulekile ekunikeni abameli besizwe unxulumano oluqinisekileyo kwilizwe lonke laseIreland ngoxa umanyano oluqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lweziko lolawulo lungatshintshi.

ISicwangciso-qhinga 3: IZiko

IBhunga leBritish-Irish kunye neNgqungquthela yeNgqungquthela yeBritane neBritane imela umsonto wesithathu. IBhunga leBritani-Irish liquka abameli abavela kurhulumente we-UK kunye nowase-Irish, ulawulo oludaliweyo lwaseSkotlani, eWales, naseMntla Ireland, kunye neSiqithi se-Irethishi neSiqithi se-Irish. Inceda isebenzisana kuludwe lwemimandla yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Le ngqungquthela yaseBritani-Irish ibandakanya imicimbi engakhutshwanganiswanga ukuya kuNtlanganiso we-Ireland, njengokhuseleko nobulungisa, kwaye inika urhulumente wase-Ireland urhulumente wase-Ireland urhulumente we-Ireland uphakal ’ ulwalamano phakathi kwezi ziqithi.

Amalungelo Abantu, Ukulingana Nesimilo

Ngapha kwemisonto emithathu, isivumelwano saquka ukutshintsha kwamalungelo abantu kunye nocwangciso lokulingana. Sakhokelela ekusungulweni kweKhomishini yamaLungelo abantu yaseMntla Ireland kunye neKhomishini yobuLunga. Isivumelwano sayalela ukuba kuvuselelwe utshintsho lwamabanjwa asebukhosini be-Ulster Consabulally, nto leyo eyayikhokelela ekubuyiselweni kwayo yiNkonzo yamapolisa eNyakatho Ireland (PSNI), kunye nokusungulwa kwe-Phosasethi ye-Ombudsman ukuphendla. Ilungiselelo elibalulekileyo kwakhona yayikukukhululwa kwangaphambili kwamabanjwa asemkhosini, okwakunempikiswano engakumbi kodwa kwakuyimfuneko ukuthenga kuwo omabini amaqela eRiphabliki kunye nama-Riphabliki athembekileyo. Isivumelwano saquka nezifungo zokukhupha imikhosi, ukukhuthulwa kwezixhobo, ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo, ukukhuselwa kwezixhobo, ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko, kunye nokukhuselwa kokhuseleko okuqhelekileyo.

Impembelelo Kulawulo Noxolo

Ukuncitshiswa Kogonyamelo Nokungavisisani Kwezobupolitika

Eyona mpembelelo ikhawulezileyo yeGood Wear Agreement yaba kunciphiso olukhawulezileyo lweSivumelwano sezobupolitika. Inani labafayo abanxulumene nemfazwe liyehla ukusuka kumlinganiselo ongaphezulu kwekhulu ngonyaka ekuqaleni kowe-1990 ukuya kufutshane noqanda ngophakathi koo-2000. Ulawulo olulawulayo lwalawula ukususela ngo1999 ukuya ku-2002, kwakhona ukusuka ngo-20037, ukunikezela umgangatho wozinzo lwezopolitiko olungaziwayo kumashumi eminyaka adluleyo. Ubuchule babo bangaphambili ababengabachasi-ntlani ukuba bahlale kurhulumente omnye babungumqondiso onamandla wokuxolela ulawulo kunye nobulungisa kwiNdibano ngo-2010, ukuphawula ukugqitywa kolwando lwezopolitiko.

Utshintsho Lwezoqoqosho Nezentlalo

Ulwahlulo loxolo lwalulukhulu. Urhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle lwanda, abakhenkethi bahambela phambili, kwanoshishino lokwakha lwakhula kwakhona. Umbindi wesixeko saseBelfast wakhula, kwaye imisebenzi yenqanawa ehamba nomphathi njenge Titanic Quarter yaphawula into entsha, ebonakalayo ngaphandle. Ngokwentlalo, iindawo zokuhlala ezidityanisiweyo zezeenkonzo kunye nezikolo ezidityanisiweyo zaxhaphakile, nangona inkqubela yenkqubela ithe yayahluke kakhulu. Umthetho wesivumelwano wokulinganisa ukunciphisa ucalulo, kwaye ukulingana komgaqo wokubaluleka — ukusetyenziswa komgaqo wobuGrishitane nowe-Irish

Indima Yomanyano LwaseYurophu

I-EU yadlala indima ebalulekileyo yokuxhasa, ingakumbi ngenkqubo ye- eyahlawulwa ngemali yiprojekthi yokunqamleza kunye ne-community. Amalungu aqhelekileyo e-UK ne-Ireland kwi-EU akwanceda intsebenziswano yasemntla/emzantsi eyachazwa nguStrand 2. I-Good Wearver Accounciption exhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi-EU yorhwebo kunye noshishino lwabantu yaba yindawo ephambili yokungalawuleki emva konyaka ka-2016 i-Breexit.

Ucelomngeni Neengxaki Eziqhubekayo

Ukungabi Nabungozi Kwezobupolitika Nokupheliswa Kwazo

Ngaphandle kwempumelelo yawo, amaziko alawulayo aye amiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ukugxothwa kokuqala kwenzeka ngo-2002 ngenxa yokutyholwa kokuhlanganiswa kwe-IRA ngobukrelekrele ngaphakathi kweNdibano. La maqumrhu abuyiselwa ngo- 2007 emva kwe-St Andrews Recomment, eyafuna iSinn Féin ukwamkela izicwangciso ezintsha zamapolisa. Ngokukhawuleza, iGunyaziso loMlawuli wesigqeba liye lawa ukusuka ngo-2017 ukuya ku 20202020 kwimeko ephinda yamkeleka ngokutsha ye-Heatcentive kunye nempikiswano yamalungelo olwimi lwase-Ireland. Yawa kwakhona ngo-2022 ngenxa ye-DUPP kuchaswanow kumthetho we-R14 [[FLT:] kuMntla [[FLT] Isivumelwano se-Ireland [[FLT]].

IBrexit Nomthetho - siseko waseMntla Ireland

Ukunduluka kwe-UK kwi-European Union kwabangela eyona ngxaki iyingozi kwiSivumelwano esiKhulu se-EU, ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo. Imithetho yokuziphatha yasemntla Ireland , exoxwa njengenxalenye ye-UK-EU Aflyafly Project, ngokunempumelelo yagcina i-Northern Ireland ikwimakethengi enye ye-EUUURLAND ukwenzela izinto ezinzima ezikhoyo kwisiqithi. Oku kwadala umda wezorhwebo kulwandle lwase-Ireland, nto leyo abaxhasi beyichasaphula i-mdlangamela indawo ye-Ireland phakathi kwe-UK. I-DPP yazithintela ukwakhiwa komphathi omtsha we-group ngokuqhankca, kwaye abantu abanyanisekileyo babonisa umsindo. [FLT.2]WDordword .[FFT] [2][3][20]

Ilifa Lexesha Elidluleyo Nesahlukaniso Esiqhubekayo

Isivumelwano sathembisa indlela ebanzi yokuqhubana nelifa leMingcipheko — kuquka uphando, ukukhunjulwa, kunye nokuxhaswa kwamaxhoba. Noko ke, inkqubela iye yahamba kancinane yaye yanempikiswano yezobupolitika. Iintsapho ezininzi zamaxhoba zivakalelwa kukuba ibanjwa lokuqala likhululwe lide lide lide liphele imikhosi yomkhosi woburhulumente. Le mpikiswano ibalaselisa ukuba umbono we-UK’Srelevation uphelileyo (2023), onika ukuthintelwa kwenko kweengxaki ezinxulumene nenkqubano ezinxulumene ne-Rhulumente ukuba abaphuli-mthetho basebenzisana neKhomishini entsha ezimeleyo ye-Intelliontion ne-Information Revectionation, iye yagxekwa ngurhulumente nembutho ye-Ireland. Ezi mpikiswano zibalasemvoluntwini ukuba umbono woxoxinano olupheleleyo. Uluntu luhlala lungangeniswe ngokupheleleyo kwimidanga yemfundo, imfundo, kunye nokuzimo yoxolo loluntu.

Ukuzihambela Ngoosomashishini Bomkhosi Nolwaphulo - mthetho Oluyilweyo

Phezu kwako nje ukupheliswa komlilo, amaqela avukelayo eRiphabliki (umz., i-IRA) kunye namanye amaqela anyanisekileyo ayaqhubeka ebandakanyeka kugonyamelo, ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, kunye nosoyikiso. La maqela ayayichasa iGood Wesihlanu Servey kwaye afuna ukuphelisa amaziko ezobupolitika. Ngoxa umgangatho wogonyamelo usezantsi xa uthelekiswa neeMbali, uhlala usisisongelo esinzulu kukhuseleko loluntu kunye nokuthembeka kwinkqubo yoxolo. Inkonzo yamapolisa yaseNorthern Ireland iye yajamelana neengxaki ekungeniseni nasekulondolozeni abaphathi bezobuKatolika, nto leyo eyayiyinjongo ephambili yeziNtloko ziguquka.

Amathemba Exesha Elizayo

Ukuvisisanisa Isivumelwano Nezinto Ezintsha Eziyinyaniso

Isivumelwano esiGosa soLwesihlanu sayilwa njengesakhiwo esiphilayo, esikwaziyo ukuhlaziywa ngokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqela. Utshintsho lwexesha elizayo lungafuneka ukuphendula ukutshintsha kwemeko yabemi kunye nezopolitiko. Ubalo-manani lwama-2021 lwabonisa ukuba amaKatolika (45.7%) ngoku angaphezulu kunamanani abantu abangamaProtestanti (43,5%) okwesihlandlo sokuqala, aphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuzinza okude kwexesha lomhlanganisi iveto kunye nokunokwenzeka kokuncinwa komda. Nakuphi na ukutshintshelwa komgaqo-siseko kuya kufuna ukuthengwa kwe-sendenda-ntempyu phantsi kwemiqatha yesivumelwano, kodwa iimeko zophando ezinjalo zingekacaciswe.

Ukuphinda kuvuselelwe kwamandla

Ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kotshintsho, iinkokeli zezobupolitika kufuneka zihambe ngaphaya kolawulo lwemeko yentlekele ze-Ireland zicombulule nezizathu ezisisiseko zokungazinzi. Oku kuquka ukuzalisekisa ngokupheleleyo izibophelelo ezibalaseleyo zesivumelwano, njengoMthetho wolwimi lwase-Ireland (ngokuqhelekileyo uvunyelwe kwiNtlanganiso yeshumi leminyaka, iNew Approch ka-2020) kunye neBhili yamaLungelo eNyakatho Ireland. Imibutho yabemi, eyaba nendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yoxolo, iyaqhubeka ixhasa uxolelwaniso nengxoxo enqamlezileyo. Izifundo ezivela kuNtlanga-Ireland ziye zafundwa zasetyenziswa nakumanye amazwe, njengoMzantsi Afrika kunye ne-Colombia, ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwesivumelwano sehlabathi lonke.

Indima Yabaququzeleli Bangaphandle

Oorhulumente baseBritane nabase-Ireland, njengabaxhasi besivumelwano, kufuneka baqhubeke bebandakanyeke ngokukhutheleyo ekuxhaseni la malungiselelo. I-United States, ngolawulo olulandelelanayo, iye yenza indima ebalulekileyo, kunye ne-US S Bidasanzwe Envoys isoloko ingenisa iingxaki. Inkxaso eqhubekayo yemali edlula kwinkqubo yePUSP SPIL (U.1 bhiliyoni lamawaka ezigidi kuma-201-202) ibalulekile kwisakhiwo soxolo sotyani. Naluphi na utshintsho lwexesha elizayo kwiBretit maluhlonele i- Good Agreenment “ezi zonke iinka zayo” — imfuneko e-USHLORD [iLwesihlanu] enikwe kwi-UUUCLATES kunye ne-PU provectoryment.

Uxolo Noxolelwaniso Oludala

Ekugqibeleni, impumelelo yeGood Wear Agreement iya kulinganiswa kungekuphela nje ngokungabikho kogonyamelo kodwa ngokudalwa kwebutho labantu abahlukeneyo. Oku kufuna utshintsho lwemfundo ukuze kulungiswe iinguqu zokwahlukana kwamahlelo, utyalo-mali kwiindawo ezisweleyo, kunye nentetho yesidlangalala enyanisekileyo ngexesha elidlulileyo. Isivumelwano sinika izakhiwo ezilungiselelwe le migudu, kodwa sifuna ukuthanda okuqhubekayo kwezobupolitika kunye nozibopho loluntu. Njengoko uMntla Ireland usondela kwikota ye-25 yoxolo, le sivumelwano sihlala singumsebenzi obalulekileyo nongagqitywangagqibekanga — lowo unika imaphu yexesha elizayo kodwa ufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nohlazinzileyo.

Uxhulumaniso lwangaphandle lokufundwa okuqhubekayo: