Ugcino-lwazi olukude luye lwaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekulungiseni iinkqubo zolawulo lwamanzi asebenzayo. Njengokuba ugcino-lwazi olungenamanzi lujongene noxinzelelo olukhulayo oluvela kukwanda kwabemi, iimfuno zolimo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nongcoliso, abenzi besigqibo bafuna uchaneko oluchanekileyo, olufike ngexesha kunye nolwazi olubanzi. Iingqwalasela zesatellite kunye nenqwelo-moya zinika imbonakalo enxulumene nenkqubo yamanzi, zinika amagunya ukuqwalasela imimandla emikhulu, ukuva utshintsho ngexesha elithile, kunye nezigqibo ezisisiseko zenkqubo ezisisiseko zobugcisa ezixhasa ukulawulwa kwamanzi zixhasa imigaqo eluncedo kakhulu, kunye noncedo ekusafuneka luchazwe.

Yintoni Ebangela Uvelwano Olukude?

Uvelwano olukude yinzululwazi yokufumana ulwazi ngezinto okanye iindawo ezikude, eziqhele ukusebenzisa izivo ezinyuswe kwii-tellite, kwinqwelo-moya okanye kwi-drones. Ezi zimvo zilinganiswa okanye zikhupha umlinganiselo wemitha yombane ukutyhubela ububanzi obubonakalayo, kuquka i-infrared, kunye ne-microswave . Ugcino-lwazi oluqokelelwe lungadityaniswa kwimifanekiso kunye neemaphu zamanani ezibonisa iimpawu zomphezulu woMhlaba kunye nomoya.

Kumongo wobuncwane bamanzi, amaqonga athe tyaba afana neLandsat ye-NASA, i-European Space Agency's Sentinel satellite, kunye nee-NOAA's stellitels zinikela uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo. Ezi nkqubo zinika iingcinga ezahlukeneyo: izivamvo zokubona imibala yamanzi kunye nezityalo; iziva-emperence ze-artrouation zilinganisa ubushushu bamanzi; kwaye iziva-radar zingena emafini kwaye zinokulinganisa umphezulu orhatyaba, umlinganiselo wamanzi, kwanawo nokufuma komhlaba. Intlamba yemijelo ye-data inceda ukujonga isantya esinesantya somjikelezo kummandla, womhlaba kunye nowehlabathi jikelele.

Iinkqubo ezingundoqo kulawulo lwezibonelelo zamanzi

Ukujonga ukunyuka kwamanzi kunye noxinzelelo

Umfanekiso-bhanyabhanya wesethelayithi uvumela imaphu ethe rhoqo yamachibi, amadanga, imilambo, namaxhadi. Iimithetho-mthetho ngokuzenzekelayo zibala ii-pixels zamanzi, zinceda ukudalwa kothotho lwexesha olulandelela utshintsho lwamaxesha onyaka kunye nolwexesha elide. Olu lwazi lubalulekile ekulawuleni indawo yokugcina imithombo, ekuhloleni iingxangxangxangxasi, kunye nokuhlola iziphumo zembalela. Umzekelo, iGlobalsonst Surface Water, i-earptor, eyakhiwe esuka kugcino-pixels, ixwebhu lwendaleko yamanzi omphandle womhlaba ngaphezu kweminyaka emine edluleyo, ukunceda abenzi benkqubo bafumane indawo yokulahlekelwa ngamanzi okanye inzuzo.

Umgangatho wobunjani bamanzi

Ukuva kude kungaqikelela imilinganiselo yobunjani bamanzi enjenge-turbidity, ukuxinana kwe-chlorophyll-a, izinto ezinyibilikileyo, kunye nezingangelwanga. Abasebenzi abafana noSentinel-2 kunye neLandsat---8 banika imibhobho ephakathi ebhabhabhayo ebhabhabhayo iintlabathi, i-applity, kunye nemilinganiselo yokugutyungeka. Oku kuxhasa ukugcinwa komgangatho wamanzi, izala imithombo yongcoliso, kunye nezixhobo zokulungisa. Kunxweme nakufutshane namanzi olwo, kunceda abasemalunxwemeni oluntu banike umngeni woko wentlalo oyingozi.

Uhlolo lobungozi bobusiqhaqhazeli bekhephu kunye nobomanzi

Izixhobo zokudambisa ukuphuma kwi-data ekude yokuva imvula, njenge-Ectrime Diftical Vegetiation Index (NDVI), iVgetiation Health Index (VHI), kunye ne- Standarded Evitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) kwimveliso zemvula yesatellite, inika isilumkiso sangaphambili soxinzelelo lwamanzi. Iziva-mfono-mfono-mfono ze-mfono zichonga ubushushu bomphezulu obubonisa iintsilelo zamanzi. Ezi zipho zityalwa kwimbalela iplani elungiselelwe imvula kwaye zinceda oorhulumente banike uxinzelelo lwamanzi ngoncedo oluphezulu.

Unciphiso lwezibonelelo zamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba

Ngeli xesha i-tellite ekude ingakwazi ukulinganisa umlinganiselo wamanzi asemhlabeni, inika izalathiso ezingangqalanga ezifana nokudaleka komhlaba (obonakaliswe yi-INSAR), utshintsho kwimimbini yamanzi angaphezulu, kunye nokuguquguquka kobumanzi emhlabeni. IGRAP (i-Gravity Recence and Climate Expression) itshintshe ujongo lwamanzi amakhulu asemhlabeni ngokuhlola utshintsho kummandla woxinzelelo lomhlaba obangelwa kukungalingani okupheleleyo kogcino lwamanzi. Olu gcino-lwazi luye lwafakelwa ekutyhileni ukuncipha komntla weNtlambo eCalifornia naseMntla-Tshayi, utshintsho olukhuthaza utshintsho kumda womoya osemhlabeni.

Ukuzoba Amanzi Angekho Mthethweni Nee-avemocratics

Umzobo wesatellite ophezulu wokulungisa amanzi ungachaza iindawo zokukhupha amanzi ezingagunyaziswanga, njengemithombo eyakhiwe kumacandelo akhuselekileyo okanye kwimilambo engasetyenziswanga. Tshintsha i-algorithms zokufumana inkxaso entsha okanye imilinganiselo yokuhamba kwamanzi eguqukileyo. Kumazwe apho ubusela bamanzi bulucelomngeni olukhulu, ubungqina obubonisa ukuva busetyenzisiwe, bucuthe iingxwabangxwaba, kwaye buqinisekisa ukuba usasazo oluthe tye phakathi kwabasebenzisi.

Ikhephu kunye ne glacier jongwe

Kwimimandla yeentaba, ikhephu nomkhenkce zisebenza njengeendawo zokugcina amanzi. Iinkqubo ezikude zokuva njenge-NASA’S MODIS kunye nee-sethalayiti ezithi i-Sentinel-2 zinika ugqumo lwamihla le lwendawo egqunywe yikhephu, amanzi ekhephu alingana (ukusebenzisa i-microwave data engasebenzi), kunye nomlinganiselo we-athom. Le nkcazelo ingenisa amanzi athelekelela ukuhla kwemisinga yezolimo kunye namandla okuphehla kwenqanawa. Iisigqibo somgaqo malunga nemisebenzi yedama kunye nembalela zixhomekeke kugcino-data yekhephu elisuka kwi-athoko.

Ulawulo loMkhukula nokuncitshiswa

Izivo ze-radar ezifana ne-Sentinel-1 kunye ne-RADARSAT zisebenza kakhulu kumzobo womkhukula kuba zingafumana imifanekiso ngakwisigqumo samafu nasebusuku. Ubuninzi obusondeleyo bomkhukula weemaphu bunceda abaphathi boxakeka balungelelanisa iimpendulo, uvavanya umonakalo, kunye nokucwangcisa iindlela zokufudumalisa. Ugcino-lwazi lwembali olusuka koovimba besatellite luxhasa ukudalwa kweemaphu zomngcipheko womkhukula, eziyimfuneko ekucebeni ucwangciso lomhlaba kunye nenkqubela yenkqubo ye-inshorensi.

Iingenelo Zokufudusa Uluvo Olukude Kumgaqo-nkqubo Wamanzi

Ukuqokelela ulwazi olusemgangathweni kulawulo lwamanzi kunika uncedo olubonakalayo kuneendlela ezisetyenziswayo ezisekelwe kumhlaba. Ezi ingenelo ziguqula indlela oorhulumente, abameli bezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nendlela yokulawula ezi zixhobo zamanzi:

  • Isikali esinesiphumo sokuhlola [: Iinkqubo zokuhlola ezisekelwe mhlaba zibiza imali eninzi ukubeka nokugcina, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezikude okanye ezinqamlezileyo. Ukuveliswa okukude kunika intelekelelo eqhubekayo kwisiqingatha sexabiso ngesikwere sekhilomitha.
  • Abagcini-lwazi abakwindawo ebanzi ukwenzela uhlalutyo lwentsingiselo: Iirekhodi ezininzi zesatellite zanda emva kwamashumi amane eminyaka okanye ngaphezulu. Le mbono ende ivumela abenzi benkqubo ukufumanisa iinguqulelo zemozulu, uvavanya ukusebenza kwemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphambili, kunye neemeko zangoku ezichasene nezithethe zembali.
  • Ixesha lokwenene kunye nogcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene lwesilumkiso sokuqala : Uhlolo lwesatellite lungalungiselelwa luze lwasasazwe kwisithuba seeyure. Le santya sibalulekile kwizigqibo ezisebenzayo ezinjengokukhupha amanzi kumadama phambi komkhukula okanye kumsebenzi wemithetho yokuphendula kombalela.
  • I-Cross-umda wokubona ngaphaya komgceni kunye nentsebenziswano: Kwizidibi zomlambo ezigubungelayo, ukuva okukude kunika imvelaphi yogcino-lwazi oluselugcinweni onke amazwe akrazulayo angalusebenzisa. Oku kunciphisa iimpikiswano ngokuqokelelwa kwamanzi kwaye kuxhasa ulawulo lwamalungu (umz., iKhomishoni yoMlambo iMekong isebenzisa ugcino-data lwesatellite).
  • Uthelekiso nemodeli yenqanawa kunye nenkqubo yesigqibo yokuxhasa i-: Ugcino-lwazi olukude lufumana imodeli ezixela kwangaphambili ubukho bamanzi, oovimba abanikezelwe, kunye neemeko zokusebenza kolawulo. Oorhulumente bangasebenzisa "lonto-i-i-i-artrogogis ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nemo yemozulu ekhoyo.
  • Uhlaziyo kuhlolo lwendleko kunye neevonics: ngokutshintsha okanye ngokuphelelisa amaphulo entsimi, ukuva ixesha, ukusebenza, kunye nemali, uqingqo-mali olukhulula ezinye izinto eziphambili zenkqubo ezifana nogcino lwesiseko okanye ukhuthuzo loluntu.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezisikelwe U umda

Naphezu kokuba kunokwenzeka ukuguqula, ukusetyenziswa komjelo wamanzi kujongene nemiqobo emininzi. Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka bazi ukuba kutheni benokusilela ukuphepha ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kugcino-lwazi lwesatellite kuphela.

Izithintelo zokujikelezisa kunye nezigqibo zemithambo-luvo

Ii-sethalayithi ezikhululekileyo nezivulekileyo (umz., Landsat, Sentinel-2) zinika isigqibo sobuphunguzi-mgangatho se-10-30 mzuzu, ezisenokuba anele ukuqwalasela amaqumrhu amanzi amancinane okanye imijelo emincinane. Ubuninzi be-athom yorhwebo (kwisinyuko) bukhona kodwa budla ngokubiza ixabiso lokuqwalasela okuqhelekileyo. Isigqibo se-Temporal sikwabangela ucelomngeni: ezinye ii-sethi ezithi ziphinda ziphinde zilandelele indawo enye iintsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa izithuba ngexesha leziganeko ezinzima (umz. umkhukula) zingenzeka.

Unxulumano olugqunywe ngamafu

Izimvo zokubona azinakubona phakathi kwamafu, zizenza zingathembeki kwimimandla engapheliyo emafu (umz., imimandla ye-equator ngexesha lemvula). Ngelixesha iziva-mvo zerada (umz., Sentinel-1) zoyisa olu mlinganiselo, utoliko lwazo lufuna ialgorithm ezikhethekileyo kwaye azinakunikezela iinkcukacha ezifanayo zovavanyo njengogcino-lwazi lwe-mabona.

Ubuchule kunye neemephu zemfundiso

Ukulungiselela ugcino-lwazi olukude kulwazi olusebenzayo lufuna abahlalutyi abanobuchule kunye nezibonelelo eziqinileyo zokubala. Amasebe amaninzi okulawula amanzi kumazwe asakhasayo aswele abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo okanye amandla okuphatha ii-data ezinkulu. Oku kwenza ukuxhomekeka kwinkxaso yangaphandle kunye nokulibaziseka kwenkqubo yokudibanisa.

Ukusetyenziswa Kogcino - lwazi Nokufundiswa Kwalo

Ukuva okukude okufunyanwayo kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngokuchasene nemilinganiselo ye-paleu ukuqinisekisa ucoselelo. Ngaphandle kokuba iinkqubo zojongo ezaneleyo, imveliso ezikhutshwa yisatellite zingaqulathe ikhethe. Izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezisekelwe kugcino-lwazi olukwindawo ekude lungakhokelela kwizigqibo eziphosakeleyo (umz., ukugawulwa kwamanzi angaphantsi komlinganiselo ongaphantsi komhlaba okanye ukuthelekelela ngaphezulu kogcino lwamanzi).

IMithetho yoMgaqo-nkqubo neMibutho

Kwanalapho ubuchule bobugcisa bukhona, i-estentia yequmrhu ingathintela ukwamkelwa kogcino-lwazi lwesatellite. Amasebe aqhelekileyo asenokumathidala ukutshintsha iinkqubo zokuhlola ezimiselwe ixesha elide. Ngaphezu koko, izakhiwo zomthetho ngokufuthi aziyiqondi ngokucacileyo i-tellite njengesiqinisekiso esibonakalayo sokunyanzelwa kwamalungelo amanzi okanye ukujongwa kwaloo nto, nangona oku kutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe.

Ufundo Lomzekelo: Ukusebenzisa Uluvo Olukude

Ulawulo lwezolo lwaseKhalifoniya

Ngexesha lembalela enzima ka-2012-2016, iSebe leZibonelo zamanzi laseKhalifoniya lasebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lwesatellite olusuka kwiLandsat, iMODIS, kunye neGRACO ukuqwalasela ikhephu, ukufuma komhlaba, kunye nokuncipha kwamanzi asemhlabeni. Ugcino-lwazi lwanceda ekuthetheleleni imiyalelo yokohlisa ingxakeko kunye noMthetho woLawulo lwe-Sstatable Groundwaterter Act (SGMA), ogunyazisa izicwangciso zokuxhasa amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. [FLT: 0] Isebe laseCalifornia leZibonelelo zamanzi zi-Sounteling Programmeing Program[[FLD 1:1] liyaqhubeka nokudibanisa ezi zingqinelana ezi zigqibo zigqibo ezi zigqityelweyo kulwano zamanzi.

Ulawulo Lwamanzi Oluhambayo KwiNayile Basin

INayile Basin ithe xhaxhe ixesha elide nolwahlulo logcino-lwazi. Ukuveliswa kolwazi olukude kunika imvelaphi yobundindi bokuhlola umlinganiselo wamanzi eLake Victoria, iBlue Leather, kunye neGrand Hopenance Dam yase-Ethiopia. I- Isibanisindi sikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemvula eqhutywa yitellite, ukuhwamuka, kunye nelizwe eligqumethelwe yi-data ukuxhasa ulawulo lwamanzi asebenzisanayo. Uthelekiso lwe-tellitellite luye lwasetyenziswa ukulinganisela izinga lokuzalisa ledingi kunye neziphumo zayo eziphantsi komsinga.

Umsebenzi wamanzi wesizwe saseIndiya

ISebe loBulungiseleli laseIndiya loMbutho weJal Shakti lisebenzisa uvenzo olukude ukuqwalasela iziqu zamanzi angaphezulu, uqikelelo lobuchule bokunkcenkceshela, kunye nokufumanisa ukukhutshwa kwamanzi asemhlabeni okungagunyaziswanga. Bhuvan] unxweme (Uphando lwesithuba se-Indiyan) lunika ukwenziwa komzobo wamanzi kunye nokutshintsha izixhobo zokufumanisa. Olu lwazi lolwazi lwazisa iNational Water Policy kunye nomgangatho worhulumente wamanzi zikwabiwabela izicwangciso, ingakumbi kwimimandla yembalela efana neMaharashtratra kunye neRajastan.

Ukufudusa uluvo olukude kwimibhobho yesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi

Ukuva kude ukuze kuqonde impembelelo yayo epheleleyo yenkqubo, kufuneka ifakwe ngokucwangcisiweyo kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Oku kufuna iimeko ezininzi ezenza:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Imigaqo-nkqubo yokufumaneka nokuvulwa: Oorhulumente kufuneka baxhase iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ngesisa nangokuvula (njengenkqubo ze Copernicus neLandsat) kwaye bakhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kweefomati zogcino-lwazi ezisemgangathweni.
  • Isakhiwo sobundlobongela : iinkqubo zokuqeqesha abaphathi bamanzi, abahlalutyi benkqubo, kunye nabasebenzi bobugcisa zibalulekile. Iinqanawa ezisebenzisana neeyunivesithi kunye namaqumrhu asemkhathini zingaqhubela phambili uphuhliso lobuchule.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukubekwa kwezixhobo zobuhlobo bomsebenzisi : amaqonga asekelwe kwiWeb ahambisa imveliso eziveliswa kude ngendlela yethuku (umz., iibhodi ezinqamleza amanzi, iidayamori) zithoba umqobo wabanga ingcali.
  • Ukwamkelwa komthetho kobungqina besatellite: ukuhlaziya imithetho yamanzi ukwamkela ngokucacileyo umzobo wesatellite njengobungqina obungaqondakaliyo kwizenzo zonyanzelo lokwenza izinto zomeleza ukuthobela.
  • Imvelaphi yodibaniso oluphakathi: Uvelwano olukude lufanele luphelelisa – hayi ukujongwa endaweni yomhlaba. Indlela exubeneyo exuba itellite, inqwelo-moya, kwaye kwi-paleu ivelisa eyona migaqo yomeleleyo.

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge UN-Water kunye ne-UNESCO Interverality Hyddy Programme ikhuthaza ngokukhutheleyo ukusetyenziswa kophawulo lwe-SDG kukuhlolwa kwe-SDG, ingakumbi i-SDG 6 (amanzi acocekileyo kunye nogutyulo-gutyulo). Imigaqo yayo inceda amazwe adibanise ugcino-lwazi lwesatellite kwimigaqo yamanzi kunye neenkqubo zokunika ingxelo.

Icala

Ishumi leminyaka elizayo lithembisa ngenkqubela ebalulekileyo eya kuqhubela phambili ukuveliswa komphezulu wemiqathango yolawulo lwezibonelelo zamanzi.

  • I-Speculario specular sogqibo sesatellite : Iinkampani kunye namaqumrhu athumela amakroza amancinane eenkwenkwezi anika ukuphinda abuye emeta imihla ngemihla kwisigqibo sonyaka (umz., Planet Labs, Maxar). Oku kuza kwenza ujongo lwezidingi, imijelo, kunye nojikelezo ngalunye.
  • Izixhobo zoluvo ze-Hyperspectral: Imisebenzi yexesha elizayo efana ne-NASA's Surface Biology ne-Geology (SBG) kunye ne-ENMAP izakunika amakhulu ee-spectal ezimxinwa, ivumela ucalucalucalulo oluthe ngqo lwezinto ezingcolisayo, izityalo zealgal, kunye nemilinganiselo yamanzi yemichiza.
  • Ubuntlola bokwenziwa kunye nokufundiswa komatshini: Ulwahlulo oluzenzekelayo, ubhaqo, kunye nokufunyanwa komzimba kuzakuguqula ngokukhawuleza ugcino-lwazi lwesatellite engalungiswanga lube zizibonisi zenkqubo-levile. Iimodeli ze-AI zingadibanisa ugcino-lwazi lwesatellite kunye noqikelelo lwemozulu kunye nogcino-lwazi lwemeko yezoqoqosho ukuxhasa ulawulo lwamanzi olulungelelanisiweyo.
  • Ukuhlola amanzi asemhlabeni : Ii-thumo ezifikayo (umz., iGRAP Landela ku-) kwaye ubuchule obuphuculiweyo be-ISRAR buza kuphucula ubuchule bethu bokugcina utshintsho kumaqondo angcono, ukuxhasa iinkqubo zokuphatha amanzi asemhlabeni asekelwe kubungqina.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukudibanisa nenzululwazi kunye ne-IOT: Ukudibanisa ugcino-lwazi lwesatellite nezivo ezisemhlabani kunye nohlalutyo oluxelwe ngabemi luza kwenza uthungelwano oluxineneyo lokuqwalasela oluqinisa uqinisekiso lwenkqubo.

Njengoko obu buchwepheshe buthe bakhula, ixabiso lokufumana nokulungisa ugcino-lwazi olukude luza kuqhubeka luncipha, lunyusa unikezelo lwemimandla etsalwa ngamanzi. Abenzi bolawulo abatyalisela ulwakhiwo ngoku ekwakheni amandla okuva akude baza kuxhotyiswa kakuhle ukuqhuba ucelomngeni lwamanzi lwehlabathi elishushu.

Ugcino-lwazi olukude alusesona isixhobo senzululwazi esisetyenziswayo – sisesona sisenandawe samanzi akhoyo alawulayo. Ukusuka ekuhloleni imbalela kunye nezikhukula ukuya ekuqinisekiseni imida yokukhupha kunye nemisebenzi yokucwangcisa iqulathi, uhlalutyo lwesatellite lunika ukukhanya, ixesha, kunye nokucaciswa okufunekayo ekwenzeni imigaqo esebenzayo. Ngokulungisa iingxaki eziseleyo zesigqibo, isigqumo samafu, amandla, kunye nezakhiwo ezisemthethweni, amazwe angasebenzisa amandla apheleleyo obugcisa obusekelwe emthonjeni ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa okulawula amanzi alondolozwa kwisizukulwana esizayo.