Inkqubo Yokwenza Inkqubo: Ishwankathelo

Ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente nendlela izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ezimayela ngayo. Inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo iguqula iingcamango, iingxaki, kunye neemfuno zikawonke-wonke zibe yimithetho enyanzelekileyo. Ngoxa iinkqubo ezizizo zahluka ngokwelizwe, ingqiqo engundoqo ihlala ithe tye: chaza imbambano, phuhlisa isisombululo, phikisana ngayo, kwaye ukuba ivunyiwe, iwuguqulele kumthetho. Eli nqaku liyaluphelisa uhambo ukusuka kwingxaki ukuya kwintsontela, lichaza icandelo ngalinye ngemizekelo ecacileyo lize libalase imidlalo etshintshayo.

Kwintliziyo yayo, ukwenza umthetho luhlobo olulungelelanisiweyo lokulungisa ingxaki. Abahlali, amaqela enzala, amashishini, okanye amagosa karhulumente achaza umsantsa okanye imfuneko yempilo ("njengendawo engafanelekanga yokunxibelelana nezonyango, imimiselo yemeko-bume, okanye isisongelo sokhuseleko. Aba baxhasi-mthetho bacebisa iimpendulo, ngoko ezihlolwa ngokungqongqo kwiinkqubo zomthetho. Imveliso yokugqibela, ithwala ubunzima bokunyanzelisa nokumisela imilinganiselo ebophekayo yokuziphatha. Ukuyixabisa ngokupheleleyo le nkqubo, inceda ukuhlolisisa i-scricric, ukusukela ekukhawulweni kwayo, ukuya kukuphumeza kwaye ngaphaya kwayo.

Inyathelo lesi 1: Ukuchaza kunye nocwangciso lwe-Agenda

Iqonga lokuqala liyenzeka ixesha elide phambi kokuba nayiphina imali ibhalisiwe. Umba kufuneka ufumane ingqalelo eyaneleyo ukuze ibekwe kucwangciso lomthetho. Oku kunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Inkxalabo yePublic: Ingxelo ye-media yehlabathi jikelele, imibhiyozo, okanye amaphulo aphenjelelwa yingca atyhalela imbambano ekubalaselweni. Umzekelo, umbutho wamalungelo abantu wazisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-U.S.
  • Ingxelo zezemali okanye iiKhomishini: Ufundo ngokucinga iitanki, iiqumrhu zenzululwazi, okanye iikhomishini zikarhulumente zibalaselisa iingxaki ezifuna ukuphunyezwa komthetho. Ingxaki yemali yowama-2008 yakhokelela kwiingxelo ezininzi ezathi kamva zazisa uMthetho we-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inyathelo eliphambili lesebe: Abameli, iirhuluneli, okanye ababondli bangachaza izinto eziza kuqala kunye namaqumrhu ajolise kwizicelo zemposiso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Anteneriyo: i-Aisenator okanye ummeli uthe wafakelwa ngokobuqu kwinkupho kwaye usebenzela ukwakha inkxaso phakathi kwabasebenzi.

Ucwangciso lwe Agenda lubi kwaye lungoophakamo zobupolitika. Asiyongxaki yonke engundoqo; ixesha, oovimba, kunye nezobupolitika ezakuba yinto yonke. Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu indlela imicimbi efikelela ngayo kucwangciso lombutho, bona i [[FLT: 0] Inkonzo yophando loMkhosi wobuNcedo [[FLT: 1]] elandela imixholo yenkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukudrafta Ibhili

Xa kukho imbambano eqwalaselweyo, umsebenzi wobugcisa uqalisa. Abenzi bomthetho (okanye abasebenzi babo) bavelisa umbhalo wemithetho esemthethweni. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, ukuqulunqwa kwezicelo kuxhaswa zii-ofisi ezichwayitileyo njenge-Ofisi yeSiluleko somthetho kwiNkqutyana yase-U.S., eqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lwemali luchanekile kwaye luvakala ngokusemthethweni. Idrafting ibandakanya:

  • Ukukhupha ingxaki: Lo myalelo uqala “ngenjongo” okanye“ukufumana” icandelo elichaza isizathu sokuba umthetho ufuneke.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuchaza icebo: Imigaqo ecacileyo -- njengokwenza inkqubo entsha, ukuthelekelela imimiselo ekhoyo, okanye ukubeka irhafu() ibhaliwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ucwangcisa umatshini wokunyanzelisa: Ngubani oya kusebenzisa umthetho? Ziziphi izigwebo ezikhoyo xa ungathobeli? Sisiphi isibonelelo esifumana inkxaso-mali?
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuquka iinkcazelo: amagama aphambili akhusela ukungaqondakali kamva. Umzekelo, uxwebhu malunga “nokhangelo lwezekhebiso” kufuneka luchaze ngqo oko kugqumayo.

Ukukhupha amatyala. Abaxhasi be-Stakelders, abafana nabaququzeleli boshishino, amaqela okhuthuzo, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente, badla ngokunikela igalelo kwanangaphambi kokuba ityala liqaliswe ngokusemthethweni. Kwimigaqo-nkqubo yepalamente enjenge-United Kingdom, amatyala karhulumente abhaliswe ngamagosa asekuhlaleni kwisebe elinxulumene nezoshishino, ngokufuthi esebenza ngokusondeleyo neofisi yomphathiswa. E-U.S., nawuphi na ilungu elinokusungula umthetho, kodwa owona mthetho ubalulekileyo uvela kwisebe eliphetheyo okanye kwiqela.

Inyathelo 3: Ukwazisa Nokufunda Okokuqala

Umthetho ubekwa ngokusemthethweni phambi kwequmrhu lowiso-mthetho. Ngokusemthethweni.

Kweli nqanaba, ityala alikaxatyiswa. Libhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo okanye kwiikomiti ezisekelwe kwimibandela. E-U.S., uMthethi wendlu okanye iNkokeli yeNdlu yeQela yeNdlu yezomthetho yenza i-odonga, isigqibo esinokuthi sichaphazele ngokuphawulekayo isiphelo semali (ikomiti zobungane zingayiqhubela phambili, ngoxa ezona zintiyo zingayingcwaba). Kwi-UK, iFirst Reading isesikweni; umsebenzi wokwenene uqala kwiSecond Reating.

Inyathelo lesi-4: Impinda yeKomiti Nokuva

Iikomiti zilapho iisoseji zemithetho zifakwa khona. Ngokulindelekileyo eli lelona qondo libalulekileyo ngenxa yokuba iikomiti zicoca amatyala amaninzi. Ikomiti eqhelekileyo iya kuthi:

  • Bamba Iindlebe: [iinkcukacha] ``````AmaNgqina''''' quka iingcali, amagosa karhulumente, abameli bamashishini, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo'. Ukuva kungavulelwa uluntu kwaye kusoloko kubhalwa okanye kuqukuqelwa. Zizakha ingxelo eyinyaniso yomthetho.
  • [[NTLL:0] Phakamisa iBhili: amalungu eKomiti acebisa ukutshintsha, iinguqu zengxoxo, kunye nokuvota nokuba ingawuthumela na uxwebhu kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Iphawu lilapho umbhalo uguquka khona, maxa wambi ngokunzulu.
  • Ingxelo yeBhili: Ukuba ivunyiwe, ikomiti ikhupha ingxelo echaza uncomo lwayo kunye neziphumo ezilindelekileyo zomthetho. Le ngxelo isoloko iquka uhlalutyo olunenkcukacha lwecandelo ngecandelo.

Iikomiti zinezihlalo ezinamandla ezilawula amacebiso. Kwikomiti yase-U.S., isitulo sekomiti sisenokungavumi ukucwangcisa ityala lokuqwalaselwa, silibulale ngokunempumelelo. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, iikomiti ezimileyo zinempembelelo kodwa ngokufuthi zinamandla amancinane okuvala amatyala karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, kwiCanadian House of Commons, iikomiti ziyakwazi ukuhlolisisa amatyala kodwa azinakukwazi ukuphelisa imibandela yemithetho karhulumente ngaphandle kweziphumo eziphawulekayo zezobupolitika.

Ukuhlolisisa indlela iikomiti ezisebenza ngayo e-U.S., tyelela igosa .Gov iphepha lekomiti, elidwelisa zonke iikomiti kunye nemisebenzi yazo.

Inyathelo 5: Ingxoxo yefloreor kunye noluvo

Emva kokuba ikomiti inikele ingxelo ngetyala, ifikelela kumgangatho wegumbi ukuze kuqhutywe impikiswano epheleleyo.

  • Indlu yabameli (U.S.): Ingxoxo ilawulwa ngokuqinileyo yiKomiti yeMimiselo, emisela imida yexesha kwaye egqiba ukuba yeyiphi indiselwano. Indlu isoloko isebenzisa “umthetho osondeleyo” ovala naziphi na izilungisi.
  • [[NTLA] ISAHLUKO (U.S.): Ingxoxo isoloko ingenasiphelo, ivumela i-filibbusters ngaphandle kokuba ihlwili iyabizwa (ivota 60). Abaququzeleli banganika indawo evulekileyo yemiba yokulungisa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo ezintsonkothileyo.
  • Indlu yoNqanawa (UK): Ingxoxo yesibini yokufunda ibhekisa kwimigaqo jikelele yemali. Emva koko, ityala libhekisa kwikomiti yendlu yonke okanye kwikomiti yemali kawonke-wonke ukuze ihlolwe ngomgca-mgca. Incwadi yesithathu ithuba lokugqibela lokulungisa kunye nevoti.

Ingxoxo yefloor ifeza iinjongo ezininzi: izisa abanye abamisi-mthetho, ivumela uwonke-wonke ukuba ubone iimpikiswano kunye nokuchasene nazo, kwaye inika amathuba okulungisa intwana yokugqibela. Ukujija kulandelayo. Kwinkqubo ezininzi, uninzi olulula lwazo ezikhoyo novota lwanele, nangona ezinye imilinganiselo zifuna ukuba zibenobungangamsha obukhulu (umz., ukutshintsha okanye ukugunyazisa umGaqo-siseko).

Inyathelo 6: Ukuqwalaselwa Linye Isebe

Kwindlela ye-bimaral, ingcaciso kufuneka idlule zombini izisele ngendlela efanayo. Ukuba igumbi lesibini lidlulisa umlomo ngokulungisa, inkqubo yokunxibelelana iqalisa. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • IKomiti yoConference (U.S.): Ikomiti yethutyana enamalungu aphuma kuzo zombini iigumbi edibana ukuze kuxoxwene iimvisiso. Isiphumo “ingxelo yesivumelwano” kufuneka ivunywe zizo zombini iigumbi ngaphandle kokulungisa okuthe vetshe.
  • Utshintshiselwano lwemiyalezo (Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi): KwiUK, iNdlu yeZiko neNdlu yoTshintshiso loMkhosi de kufikelelwe isivumelwano, okanye uMthetho wePalamente (kwizithintelo ezilinganiselweyo) uvumela iziNgqumathela ukuba ziphelise iimpikiswano zeNkosi.
  • IiBhili zingaphinda-phindwa, indlu nganye iqwalasela izicelo zenye.

Isalathisi sowiso-mthetho nezihlalo zeekomiti zidla ngokuthetha ngokungacwangciswanga ukuphepha ikhompyutha yengqungquthela.

Inyathelo 7: Ukunconywa kwegunya okanye iVeto

Xa la magumbi omabini egqitha imali efanayo, ithunyelwa kumphathi-macandelwana(*presint, irhuluneli, okanye umlawuli kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Umlawuli ophetheyo uneendlela ezininzi anokukhetha kuzo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphawu lwe Bili: Iba ngumthetho ngoko nangoko okanye kumhla ochaziweyo.
  • IVeto yeBhili: Igunya liyibuyisela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuphikisa. Ku U.S., ivoti yesithathu ezimbini kwigumbi ngalinye iyafuneka ukurhoxisa iveto. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente, intloko yezwe (umz., i-UK monarch) inendima engundoqo kwaye phantse isoloko inika i-asc.
  • Pocket Veto (U.S.): Ukuba umongameli akasayisayina ityala ngeentsuku ezilishumi ngexesha iBhunga lithenjiswa, alibi ngumthetho.
  • I-Item-line Veto (Enye AmaZwe): Kumaphondo athile ase-U.S., abalawuli bangachaza izinto ezithile ezisetyenziswayo ngaphandle kokulahla yonke ityala. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yabetha phantsi i-commant-mento ye-veto ngo-1998.

Imvume yegunya lesebe asingosigxina serabha nje. Abalawuli neerhuluneli basoloko bethethana nabaququzeleli bemithetho ngexesha lenkqubo yokuyila ukunqanda i-vetoes. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, isebe eliphetheyo (icabinet) liyinxalenye yendlu yowiso-mthetho, ngoko ukungavumelani akuyomfuneko phantse irhafu yemali karhulumente ukuba ibe ngumthetho.

Inyathelo 8: Ukusuka kumthetho ukuya kunyanzeliswa: Imithetho nokuphumeza

Ukusayina iphepha akuyitshintshi ngoko nangoko into eyenzekayo. Imithetho emininzi inika umbutho karhulumente igunya lokubhala imithetho eneenkcukacha ezanelisayo. Umzekelo, uMthetho we-Chrosa Air awuchazanga ngqo indlela yokulinganisela umsi okhutshwayo; i-Arhente yoKhuselo lweNyuselo-bumeko (EPA) ekhutshwe kamva. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iquka:

  • Ukwenza umthetho ocetyiweyo: Imisebenzi ipapasha Isaziso sokwenza Umthetho Ocetyiweyo (NPRM) kwi Register yomanyano okanye ulindixesha olinganayo osemthethweni, umema ugqabaza lukawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ixesha lamagqabaza: Abami, amashishini, kunye namaqela anomdla anikezela ingxelo. Iingxamiseko kufuneka ziqwalasele ezi mpendulo kwaye ziphendule kumthetho wazo wokugqibela.
  • Umthetho wobuNtloko: Isibonelelo sikhupha umthetho ngengcaciso echaza ingqiqo yayo. Umthetho unamandla omthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impinda yeJudicial: amaqela achaphazelekayo angavavanya umgaqo enkundleni, aphikisa ukuba ugqitha igunya lombutho lomthetho okanye aphule amalungelo omGaqo-siseko.

Eli qonga libizwa ngokuba “kukubekwa kwemithetho" ngenxa yokuba ukwenza imithetho kukhangeleka njengomthetho. Izicwangciso kufuneka zilandele iinkqubo ezimiselwe nguMthetho we-Administrative Procedure (U.S.) okanye imimiselo efanayo kwamanye amazwe. Ukufumana okungakumbi ngendlela enziwe ngayo imithetho karhulumente, bonani [[FLT: 0]] ii-ofisi.gov portal[, apho ningalandela khona imithetho ecetyikisiweyo nize ninikezele amagqabaza.

Inyathelo lesi-9: Ukuqwalasela kunye nohlolo

Xa umthetho usebenza, indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nesebe elilawulayo lijonge ukuphunyezwa kwawo. Imisebenzi yokulawula iquka:

  • IiNtengo eziBalulekileyo: Iikomiti zibiza amagosa amaziko ukungqina ngokugcinwa kwamandla kunye neziphumo.
  • I-ofisi yoManga yoLawulo (GAO) Iingxelo: IGAO, umbutho ozimeleyo kwi-U.S., uphicotho-zincwadi kunye neenkqubo zohlolo.
  • Icwangcisa u-Claus: Eminye imithetho iphela ngokuzenzekelayo emva kwexesha elibekiweyo ngaphandle kokuba ivunyelwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kunyanzelisa ukuba uphinde uhlolisise rhoqo.
  • Ukutolika okuqulethweyo: Iinkundla zitolika umthetho xa kuvela iimpikiswano, ezinokucacisa okanye zinqumle umlinganiselo womthetho wokuqala.

Ukuba umthetho ungqineke ungasebenzi okanye udala iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, umjikelo uqalisa ngokutsha: abaxhasi bachaza ingxaki, batyhalela phambili ukulungisa okanye ukubuyisela, kwaye inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo iqala. Le nkqubo inamandla iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iguquka ngokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa.

Umahluko Kwiinkqubo Zezobupolitika

Ngoxa amacandelo achazwe ngasentla esebenza ngokubanzi, kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweenkqubo zomongameli kunye nezepalamente, iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezingoo-owe-injini kunye nee-bimeral, kunye noorhulumente abasemthethweni:

  • Iinkqubo zePresidentials (umz. United States, Brazil): Isigqeba sahlulwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxabano ezithe chatha kunye nengxoxo. U-Vto unamandla okwenene, kwaye ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuyacotha utshintsho.
  • Iinkqubo zeParliamentary Systems (umz., United Kingdom, Germany, Japan): Igunya eliphetheyo (ikhabhinethi) livela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ngoko ke iindleko zikarhulumente zisoloko zidlula. Ukugxininisa kuqeqesho lwangaphakathi kunye nezivumelwano zesivumelwano somanyano.
  • Unicameral Legislatures (umz., Sweden, New Zealand, uninzi lwamazwe ase U.S. ngaphandle kwe Nebraska): Igumbi elinye kuphela, ngoko inkqubo ilula qha, akukho mfuneko yoxolelwaniso lwe-baobal.
  • Inkqubo zeFederal (umz., U.S., Canada, Indiya): igunya lokwenza imithetho lahlulwe phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente. Imali ingachaphazela ummandla worhulumente kuphela okanye ifune intsebenziswano ngapha nangapha kwemigangatho.

Uthelekiso kwiinkqubo zowiso-mthetho ehlabathini lonke, i-website yePalamente [[FLT:]UK inika izikhokelo ezineenkcukacha ngendlela inkqubo yeWestminster esebenza ngayo, ngelixa inika ingqwalasela yezifundo zelizwe zeBhunga--siseko [

Isitshixo Sokuthabatha: Ukwenziwa Komgaqo-nkqubo

Inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo asisosiganeko esinye kodwa ngumjikelo oqhubekekayo. Umthetho unqabile ukuba sisiphelo; yincopho kwincoko eqhubekayo emalunga nendlela abantu abamele balawulwe ngayo. Ukuqonda amacandelo (ukusuka kucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo lokuzalisekisa kunye nolawulo) /-amandla abemi ukuqulunqa inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo. Nokuba ngaba unikela ubungqina ekuchokozeni, unikela igqabaza likawonke-wonke ngomthetho, okanye ngokukhetha, igalelo ngalinye elilandelayo lokusebenza umjikelo. Imithetho ayidibani; zizixhobo eziphilayo ezifuna ingqalelo engapheliyo, xa kuyimfuneko, zifuna ukuphenduliswa.

Ngokuqinisekisa amanyathelo, siyabona ukuba ukubekwa komthetho kuyafikeleleka. Nabani na unokubhala inkqubela yemali, afikelele kubaphathi babo, okanye athethele ukuba batshintshe ngesenzo esicwangcisiweyo. Le nkqubo ikhuselekile, njengokuhlola kwekomiti kunye nokuvelela kogwebo, kodwa ixhomekeke kwiqela elinolwazi nekhutheleyo ukuze isebenze kakuhle. Kwixesha elizayo uva ngenkqubo entsha, qwalasela apho ihlala kule nkqubo, kwaye indlela ongayiphembelela ngayo indlela yayo yokugqibela.