Indima Yokuzimela Kwantlandlolo Kumthetho weNguquko

Ingcamango yenjongo yokuqala iyaqhubeka ibumba utoliko lwejaji lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. isebenza njengesiseko sesiseko kwiingxoxo kwindlela yomgaqo-siseko. Le ndlela yokuchaza iprosits ukuba iinkundla zifanele zifumane intsingiselo yesiseko ngokuhlola oko abalawuli kunye namarhafu kunye namaratifiers aye acetywa xa bebhalisa okanye besamkela uxwebhu. Ngelixesha inxulumaniswa nengcali yejisprument, injongo yokuqala iguqukele kumhlaba ontlulo oluntlulo lwasemthethweni oluneziphumo ezingundoqo zemeko zanamhlanje.

Isiseko Solawulo Lwantlandlolo Olungagqibelelanga

Uchazo lohlobo lwangaphambili

Kubalulekile ukwahlula intsingiselo yokuqala ku intsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke-wonke. Injongo yokuqala ibhekisa kwiinjongo ezibalulekileyo kunye neenjongo ze-freyim, ngelixa intsingiselo yoluntu lokuqala ihlola indlela umntu onolwazelelelo ngeli xesha anokuyiqonda ngayo intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko. Ababhali bale mihla bakhetha ukuxhasa indlela yolwazi lwamva, njengoko bephepha ubunzima beenjongo ezahlukahlukeneyo ze-frames kunye nemigaqo ebhaliweyo. Abaxhasi abangenakuchazwa njengoJaji Antonin Scialia baxhasa intsingiselo yantland, bephikisa ukuba ukuzinza komGaqo-siseko kuxhomekeke kwiinjongo ezithenjiweyo zombhalo kunokuba kufuneke izicwangciso zomthetho.

Ukuveliswa Kwemfundiso Yantlandlolo Engokwembali

Imvelaphi yenjongo yokuqala ifikelela kwirepublic yokuqala. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall kwi Marbury v. Madison (1803) wabhala ukuba iNkundla kufuneka ifumanise intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko, ithetha imfuneko yokuqonda intsingiselo yayo yokuqala. Ngenkulungwane ye19, iinkundla zazisoloko zicaphula iingxoxo zabalawuli kunye nomkhosi wamaPlatestian Pages njengabalathisi bendlela yokucacisa. Umbutho wanamhlanje ufumene igalelo kwi1970 kunye no 1980s, uqhutywa ngabaphengululi abasemthethweni abanjengoRobert Bork kunye noRaoul Berger, abathi bachaza ukuba injongo yasekuqaleni inika injongo, ukungathathi migaqo ye-mGwal. Oku kucekisi oluxhathisayo "umthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko" ongene ngexesha lobuGroulk kunye neNkulwano lweNkulwano lwama.

Ukuzimisela Kwangaphambili Kwinkcazelo YomGaqo-siseko Wangoku

Ukumisa impikiswano: Imfundiso yoqobo ephikisanayo.

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kwenjongo yokuqala kunye nomthetho-siseko ophilayo luhlala lusemgangathweni kwintetho engokwasemthethweni yale mihla. Abaphicothi bomGaqo-siseko abaphilayo baphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko kufuneka uqhelane nezithethe kunye namaxabiso asekelwe kulo xwebhu, ucaphula amabinzana abanzi afana "nenkqubo ephambili" kunye "nokhuseleko olulinganayo". abalandeli besithethe bayaphikisana ukuba ubhedu oluthinti luthoba umthetho kwaye banika abagwebi amandla angathintelekiyo ukunyanzela iimbono zabo zobuqu. Le ngxoxo ayiyo nje imfundo nje kuphela; iphembelela kwiimeko ezibandakanya amalungelo emipu, ukuqhomfa, amandla olawulo, kunye nolawulo lorhulumente.

Ingongoma engundoqo yempikiswano kukusetyenziswa kwamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko aqhelekileyo ngabom. Abaqulunqi badla ngokukhomba kuMphetho-mda weNinth kunye namalungelo okanye ugonyo njengemizekelo apho kufuneka uphando lwembali ukuze kuphendulwe ukugweba. Noko ke, abahlalutyi baphawula ukuba ukufumanisa injongo yokuqala yeengxelo ezibanzi kusenokuba kukuqiqa kakhulu kwaye kuxhomekeke kubungqina obukhethiweyo bembali.

Uphawu lwetyala elijikelezayo ekuqaleni

Isithili saseColumbia v. Heller (2008)

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo inguMlawuli weNkundla okwindlela yale mihla yokucacisa imvelaphi. Kuluvo olubhalwe nguJaji Scalia, iNkundla yathi iSecond Amend Conformation ikhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuba nesixhobo sokuzixhobisa ngelixa elingentla ekhaya. Uninzi lwaqhuba uhlalutyo olubanzi lwembali lombhalo wesi siseko, ukuqonda kwangaphambi-kwakho, kunye nokucacisa intelekelelo. Scalia wahlola umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, imimiselo yamatyala, kunye neengxoxo ukusuka kwixesha lokusekwa kwemeko ukugqiba kwelokuba "kunene kubantu" kubhekiswe kumalungelo abantu ngabanye, hayi ngokwentlalo. Umthetho kaSteventstenin, ukwanentsingiselo enkulu yembali edityaniswe nemeko yenkonzo enxulumene nemeko yantlandyezo zombini. IScalialia ichaza ngobunzima bokuqala, xa bevuma ngobomi bengxelo bengxelo yembali:

Ilizwe laseNew York Rifle & Iqela lePistol v. Bruen (2022)

Ukwakhiwa uluvo lukaThomas , iNkundla e Bruen yachaza uvavanyo olutsha lwengxaki yesiBili soLawulo olusekelwe kuphela kumbhalo nakwimbali. Uluvo loMphathi uThomas luthi ulugatye uphando luthetha uphando olungaphaya kobunyani ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imithetho yale mihla iyavumelana namasiko embalini engomgaqo wemiqathango yemipu. Esi sigqibo siqhubela phambili kwinjongo yokubekwa komgqeba, ifuna iinkundla ezisezantsi ukuze zibandakanye kuphando olunzulu lwembali. Abagxeki-lwazi baphikisa le ndlela ibeka uxanduva olungekho ngqiqwenileyo kumthetho nakumgangatho othe ngqo kwizithethe eziphelelwe lixesha, ngoxa abaxhasi bedumisa ngenxa yokubuyiselwa komthetho we-grobhini.

Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

[[FLT: 0] Isigqibo [[FLT: 1] singaphezulu kwesokukhupha isiqu senkqubo yoqobo. Umthetho Altoia utheth' uluvo lobuGcisa no[FLT]] u-Parents] u-'Casey'[ naye waxhomekeka kakhulu kwindlela yoqobo. Umthetho wobuGciphi bobuGcine-mthetho wathisna i-Alto' uluvo lwathis' uluthi thiyo ukuba umGaqo-siseko awukhathaziseli lungelo wokuqhomfa ngenxa yokuba awuwuseke kwimbali nesithethe sesizwe. Iindlela ezicacingwe ngomthetho, imimiselo eqhelekileyo yaseMelika, kunye neenkcalatho yezomthetho ukusuka kwixesha lokusungulwa kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesi19, ukugqiba ukukhunjulwa koluvo olude.][5]

Ukuzimisela Kwangaphambili KwieNkundla Ezisezantsi Zodidi

Ngapha koko iNkundla ePhakamileyo, ingqiqo yokuqala isasaze iimbono zenkundla esezantsi, ingakumbi kwiziphaluka ezineejaji ezinamatyala anokusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo. Kwimiba ebandakanya inkululeko yonqulo, amalungelo empahla, kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, abagwebi bachaza ngokukhula uqheliselo lwembali kunye nemithombo yokuseka. Le ntsingiselo ikhokelela kuqumrhu elikhulayo "lendumiso nesithethe", ifuna ukuba ii-jurispridence zinike ubungqina obubanzi bembali. Umzekelo, Imingeni ekhululekileyo yokusebenza komsebenzi wobuKlasko , iinkundla ziye zahlola enoba imithwalo efanayo yonqulo ikho ekusungulweni kwemiqathango yokukhusela. Le nkqubela iye yakhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukuxhasana phakathi komthetho nembali, kunye nabaphengululi bemirhulu zincwadi zemfundo zoncwadi.

Iingxoxo Zohlalutyo Neengxoxo

Ingxaki Yokuzimela

Abagxeki baphakamisa ucelomngeni olusisiseko kwingcamango yokuqala. Okokuqala, izifemu zazingasebenzisi ngcamango enye; zazineembono ezahlukeneyo nezingqubanayo. Ulalaniso olufakwe kumGaqo-siseko . "njengomzekelo we-Fiffth Claus okanye iElectoral Colleges yezopolitical kunezicwangciso zezopolitiko kunokuyikela kwinjongo enye. Ukudityaniswa "injongo" ifuna ukukhutshelwa kwezi ndawo, okunokuxhomekeka kuzo. Okwesibini, ingxelo yembali ayiphelelanga. Sineengxelo ezisuka kwiConvention yezomfastial, ingakumbi malunga neengcingo zemfihlo. Amaphepha aphambili, nangona ayenempembelelo, amaxwebhu asuka kwii-vockiniki, angathathi , angaqwanga macala akhoyo. I-othuthu, ukusebenzisa iinjongo zokuqala kwiimeko zalee, ezifuna ukusetyenziswa ngokungena mqatha, ngokokuthintela-nkani emva kwemiqatha yemijinga ye-data enziwe kwimizansiba ye-e, enya enziweyonke i-entuba yoncedo, enziweyoku.

Ukuzimisela Kwangaphambili Nengxaki Yobungangamsha

Enye inkxalabo yolwalamano loqobo nobukho bobukho bobunyani. Inkcazo enyulu isenokucebisa ukuba nasiphi na isigqibo esingqubana nentsingiselo yantlandlolo sifanele siwiswe phantsi. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ikuqonda ukubaluleka kwesiqalo sozinzo kunye nezilangazelelo. Abagwebi abaqalayo basoloko besebenzisa inkcaso: ukuhlonipha ukuthelekisa ukunyaniseka nokunyaniseka kwintsingiselo yokuqala. UJaji Scilia wavuma olu khuthazo lwayo kwintsingiselo yakhe eyahlukileyo [[FLT: [FLT: [FFFFF:1]], engaziqondi ukuba imizekelo ethile emide (njenge [FT.[FT.FT]]]]]] [5]) ayikhange ichazwe ngumzekelo, xa kuthengwa ngumba othe ngqo, "Foglavelv], [5] xa kuthelelwa kuthelelwa umbaniso oluthengwa ngulo oluthe guqu.[Fog.[3], oluthe guqu oluthe guqu lomthetho oluthe , oluthe , oluthe

Injongo Yokuqala Yohlaziyo Lweshumi Eline

Ingingqi ekhuphisanayo ngokukhethekileyo yiyo yokuqala ukuqondwa koMphetho weshumi elinesine. Ngo1868, intengiso iqulathe i-Active Processom Claus, i-Flumement Clause, kunye namalungelo okanye i-Immunion Claus. Ngexesha lengxoxo ye-contaliation, amaRepublicationan achaza ngokucacileyo injongo yasekuqaleni yokulawula [[FOL:0]Dred Scott v. Sandford[FLT] [[FLT]] [[1] nokukhusela amalungelo amakhaya abantu abakhululweyo. Noko ke, umlinganiselo othe ngqo waloo khuseleko lwenkululeko yezoqoqosho, ubufana obuqhelekileyo, okanye ubufanayo-dexdexmastristrist. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ukuba iimfuno ze-frectives zobugrand progrees provies provings ngokubhekisele kuMalunge angundoqo aphezulu eMlungu. Noko-o oo-o oo-opumeni abaqhelekileyo, abatheki, abachaza amalungelo amanani, abambalwa

Ngokomzekelo, obergefell v. Hodges (2015), uluvo loninzi lugunyazise ilungelo lokutshata ngokumanyeneyo kwi-Curreate Procession Claus, luphikisa ngelithi inkululeko yemithetho-siseko iyaguquka. UJaji Scalia wagxeka oku njengoku "ukuphila ngomgaqo-siseko" kwaye wanyanzelisa ukuba injongo yokuqala yoMphengululo weshumi elinesine ayinakwenza nto ngomtshato ofanayo. Ingxoxo ephikisanayo ibalasel'injongo ephambili edla ngokukhokelela kwiziphumo eziqhelekileyo kodwa ayidityaniswanga ngokugqibekileyo kuzo naziphi naziphina izinto zezobupolitika; abanye abantu bokuqala abakholelwa kwimbali baye baxhasa ukukhuselwa okubanzi okusekelwe kubungqina.

Iinkupho Ezisebenzisekayo Zokusetyenziswa Kwangaphambili KoMthetho Wamandulo

Impembelelo yomthetho noMthetho wolawulo

Injongo yokuqala ayiphembeleli nje kuphela uhlolo lomthetho kodwa ikwakhuthaza ukuqulunqwa komthetho nokubekwa kolawulo. Abenzi bomthetho maxa wambi bakhankanya ukuqondwa kwasekuqaleni kwamandla olawulo phantsi korhwebo lukaClaus okanye ukuTyelela kunye noMfaneleko kaClaus ukuthethelela okanye ukumisela isenzo sikarhulumente. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukucelw'ucelomngeni kuMthetho weAffordtable Care Act kunye neminye imithetho yesizwe icebise iimpikiswano zokuqala malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya likarhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo i-FLT [FLD]NFIB v. Sebelius[FLT:] [20202], enqumla i-Cornice Claus ukuba ingayenzi, iboniswe njengemigaqo yokuqala yemithetho ebonakalisa umgangatho womntu ngamnye phantsi kwerhafu. Ngokufanayo, iingxoxo zalekiso zomthetho wanamhlanje zinokuba zi-Grouade kwi-onglade.[10]

Ukuzimisela Kwangaphambili kwiMigaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zikwasebenzisa injongo yokuqala, nangona umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko ulula ukuphelisa kwaye ungaquka izithethe ezahlukeneyo zokutolika. Ezinye iinkundla zelizwe ziye zamkela ngokucacileyo iintsingiselo zoluntu lokuqala njengendlela yazo yokuqala. McDonald v. Isixeko seChicago[ (2010), iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifake iSityalo sesibini sokuHlalisa ngokuchasene noorhulumente, kodwa iphawulwe ukuba ulungelelwaniso lugcinwa phantsi kwemiqathango yayo. Umgangatho woqobo wemeko ungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo kwimiba efana nokuxhasa ingeniso yemfundo, amalungelo empahla, kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ivumela uvavanyo lwezikomgaqo-siseko.

Ikamva Langaphambili

Uphuhliso lwamazwe kunye neZibonelelo

Ufundo lweNguqulelo yoNyaka lucolise ingcamango yoqobo ukuphendula ugxeko. "Amaqela amatsha aqalayo" njengoRandy Barnett kunye noLawrence Solum agxininisa intsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke-wonke kunokuba agxininise injongo yomgaqo-siseko, kwaye adibanisa iingcamango ezifana nolwakhiwo lomgaqo-siseko (xa imibhalo iphelelwa) ukuthetha nge-infectioniva. Ezinye, njengoJack Balkin, ucebisa ukuba "isiseko sokuqala somsebenzi," uphikisanento yomGaqo-siseko evumela imigaqo ecacileyo eqhubekayo ukutolika ixesha. Le njongo ikwenza uguqulelo yoqobo ithambeke ngakumbi xa ugcina ukuzinikela kwayo kuMgaqo-siseko osisigxina. Noko ke, abagxeki bagcina ukuba nayiphi nayiphi na into ecacileyo igqwetha ingcamango: ukuxoxaxaxaniswa kwemithetho yomthetho.

Intetho Yasesidlangalaleni Nokucaciswa Kwezobupolitika

Injongo yokuqala iye yaba sisixhobo sokukhuthaza ulawulo lwezopolitiko. Uphando lweziko lubonisa ukuba abagwebi abathi banyanisekile kwimvelaphi yangaphambili, kunye nejelo leeNdlu zemikhosi lihlola ukuthembeka kwee-athom ezikhoyo kumthetho. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba injongo yantlandlolo isebenza njengenkqenkqeza phambili engokomthetho okanye njengesixhobo sokulungisa iziphumo. Uphando lweziko lubonisa ukuba abagwebi bokuqala abasoloko beqiqa; ngamanye amaxesha bavelisa iziphumo ezivunyiweyo kwimithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye kwiimeko zamalungelo empahla. Kodwa, imbono kawonke uninzi lunxulumene nengcamango yoqobo nengcamango engokwesithethe.

Ukukhangela phambili, injongo yokuqala iyakuhlala ingumsebenzi olawula umthetho womgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi enikwe ukwenziwa kwangoku kwemithetho yejaji yesizwe. AmaLawysi kunye namaqumrhu kufuneka abe nobuchule ekuthetheni ngembali, kwaye abaphengululi baza kuqhubeka becombulula ingcamango. Isibheno esingapheliyo senjongo yantlandlolo sixhomekeke kwisithembiso sentsingiselo yayo esizinzileyo, yedemokhrasi esekelwe kwintsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko, kwananjengokuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kusaqhubeka kukhuphikiswana.

Isiphelo

Ingcamango yenjongo yokuqala, phezu kwako nje ukugxekwa okuzingisileyo, iseyisiseko sokuchazwa komGaqo-siseko eUnited States. Iphembelela izigqibo zencopho ebalaseleyo, ukumila kweemfazwe zoqinisekiso, kwaye ikhokelele ukuchaza okusemthethweni. Nangona kungekho ndlela inye yokuchaza imiyalelo esemthethweni eyamkelekileyo kwindalo yonke, injongo yantlandlolo inika isiseko esinamandla sokuseka umthetho wesiseko somgaqo-siseko kwimigaqo esekelwe kuhlanga. Njengoko ibutho labantu liguquka kunye neengxaki ezintsha zivela, ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwabalawuli bokuqala kunye nabagxeki babo iza kuqhubeka ichaza imidabambo yentsingiselo yesiseko. Kubo basemagunyeni, abaphengululi, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indima yokuqala ibalulekile ekubandakanye nemigaqo esisiseko njengendlela ephilayo.