Isizathu Sokuba Imigaqo Yolawulo Imisele Iziphumo Ezingeyomfuneko

Iimeko zongxamiseko zempilo kawonke-wonke zibhenca amandla neempawu ezisisiseko zobuncinci bawo nawuphi na urhulumente. Isifo se-COVID-19 sabonisa ukuba ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yolawulo asiyomeko nje engasemva kodwa ngunobangela oyintloko wendlela elikhuselwe ngayo ilizwe ngokunempumelelo inani labemi balo. Ukusuka ekufunyanisweni kokuqala ukuya kusasazo lwemiqhano, isigaba ngasinye sesifo esibulalayo siyahluthwa ngamaziko enziwayo ekwakheni izigqibo. Ukuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo yokulawula kunye nenkqubo yempilo kuyimfuneko kubenzi benkqubo, amagosa oluntu, nabemi abafuna ukwakha imibutho eqinileyo.

Isixokelelwano solawulo siphembelela imilinganiso emithathu enzima yentsebenzo yezifo ezimandundu: isantya sokwenza izigqibo, ukuphakama kolwazi olusetyenziselwa ukukhokela inkqubo, kunye neqondo lokuthobela uwonke wonke kwimigaqo yempilo. Le milinganiso isebenza ngendlela entsonkothileyo, ivelisa iziphumo ezahlukileyo kakhulu kwiinkqubo zezobupolitika. Ilizwe eliphumelela kakhulu ekuzalisekiseni ngokukhawuleza ukutshixa lingazama ukugcina uthelekelelo lukawonke-wonke kwixesha elide, ngelinye ixesha ilizwe elibeka ingqwalasela ecacileyo isenokungashenxiswa kwisigaba sokuqala sokuqula.

Iimodeli zolawulo lweziko kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wazo wempilo

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokulawula ezizintlobo ezintathu ezibanzi: ezobudemokhrasi, ezobuzwilakhe, kunye nezixubeneyo. Uhlobo ngalunye lusebenza kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezilawula indlela iingxaki zempilo ezilawulwa ngayo. Ezi nkqubo ziquka iqondo lokubekwa phambili ekwenzeni izigqibo, indima yemibutho edityanisiweyo yenzululwazi, ulwalamano phakathi kwemeko kunye namajelo-ndaba, kunye nenkqubo yokuphendula koluntu.

Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi: Inkululeko nokuphendula

Izibonelelo zolawulo-moya zihambisa amandla kumacala amaninzi orhulumente. Olu lwahlulo ludala iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano olunokuthi luthintele iinkqubo ezingxamayo okanye eziyilwe kakubi, kodwa lungacotha isantya sempendulo yongxamiseko. Inkqubo yoluntu kwidemokhrasi ifuna ukuvunywa kwemithetho, uhlolo lomthetho, kunye nokucaciswa kwezolawulo. Iikomiti zolawulo lwenzululwazi zidla ngokudlala indima esesikweni ekunconyeni, kwaye ezi zinconyelwe ziphantsi kophando lukawonke-wonke.

Amandla enkqubo yedemokhrasi axhomekeke kubuchule bawo bokuqhelanisa namacebo asetyenziswayo. Xa inkqubo ingaphumeleli ukufikelela iziphumo zayo ezicetyiweyo, amaqela abachasi, imibutho yoluntu, kunye nezixhobo ezizimeleyo zamajelo eendaba zingakhulisa ukunganeliseki koluntu kunye noxinzelelo loorhulumente ukuba balungise indlela. Le nkqubo yokuzilungisa ngokwayo ingqineke iluncedo ngexesha le-COVID-19 ubhubhani xa amazwe afana eMzantsi Korea kunye namaqhinga awo okuphendula kwi-e-data ye-pixpoxdemiological kunye nokunika ingxelo.

Amazwe edemokhrasi atyekele ekufakeni imali engakumbi kwizibonelelo zonyango kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola izifo ngexesha elingenazo ii-criss. Oku kuveliswa kwexesha elide kubonisa intshukumisa yezopolitiko kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, apho amagosa anyuliweyo kufuneka abonise iinzuzo ezibonakalayo kubantu bawo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango kumazwe olawulo-demokhrasi kuxhaphake kakhulu njengepesenti ye-GDP, kwaye la mazwe asengozini yokuthabatha inxaxheba kumanyano lwezempilo yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe njenge-Global World Health Organization Influenza Surveillance kunye neNkqubo yokuLawulwa.

Noko ke, iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zijongene nokuchanabeka okubalulekileyo: ukwenziwa kobuqhetseba kwiinkqubo zonyango. Unyulo lungadala izisusa ezigqwethekileyo zoorhulumente zokuthoba umngcipheko okanye ukulibazisa amanyathelo angathandwayo. Umzekelo, iUnited States, inamava ahlukeneyo kwiziphumo zomgangatho wemeko yombuso ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, enomahluko okhoyo kwimiyalelo yesigqubuthelo, ukuvalwa kwemiqathango yezobugcisa, kunye nokunyuselwa kwemichiza. Oku kuqheba kutho kwelizwe linemigudu eninzi kwaye kunegalelo kwiziphumo zokufa.

Iinkqubo zogunyaziso: Isantya noLungiso

Ulawulo lomphathi lugxininisa amandla okwenza isigqibo kwiqela elincinane leenkokeli okanye kwisigqeba esinye, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kolawulo olunentsingiselo okanye uphando oluzimeleyo lolawulo lwezolawulo. Esi sakhiwo sivumela uzalisekiso olukhawulezileyo lwemilinganiselo engqongqo yempilo kawonke-wonke, kuquka imiqathango yokuhamba, kunye novavanyo olunyanzelekileyo. [ii-CIT] ibonise obu buchule ebutsheni bo-202020] xa itshixelwe phantsi kwe-Wuhan, isixeko esin abantu abazizigidi ezili-11 ngokweeyure zesigqibo soburhulumente.

Ubume obusembindini benkqubo ye-athority buvumela ukuba kubekho isiseko somyalelo esimanyeneyo esiphelisa iimbambano zolawulo kunye nezolawulo lwedemokhrasi ekulweni. Izibonelelo zingathunyelwa kwimimandla ephambili ngaphandle kwengxoxo yepalamente okanye imingeni engokwasemthethweni. Ngexesha lesifo seH1N1 ngo-2009, urhulumente we-demokhrasi waseVietnam waqalisa inkqubo yokuvala isikolo somhlaba wonke kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48, isantya esinokuphunyezwa ziinkqubo ezimbalwa zedemokhrasi ngenxa yolawulo lwemfundo olufanelekileyo.

Noko ke, iinkqubo ze-athoritarian zijongene nobuthathaka obusisiseko: ukucinezelwa kwenkcazelo. Xa echaza iziphumo zempilo ezingalunganga zisongela ukuzinza kwezobupolitika okanye ukhokelo olusemthethweni, amagosa asekuhlaleni angangaphantsi kweemeko zokuxelwa, ukufa, okanye iziphumo ezingezizo zomqhano. Le nkcazelo iphazamisa ubulunga benkcazelo ye-epixdemist bufunekayo ukuze iphendule ngokunempumelelo. Ngeenyanga zokuqala ze-COVOVAD-19, urhulumente waseTshayina waphelisa ukufutha ugqirha we-Li Wenliang noxanduva iziphumo zentlalo-ntlalo malunga nokuqhambuka, nto ebangela ukuba abantu bangabi nalwazi olunempumelelo.

Isifo sexesha elide esilungiselelwe kwiinkqubo ze-athom sidla ngokubangelwa yingxaki enxulumeneyo: ukuhla kolawulo oluphantsi kwiinkqubo zonyango lukawonke-wonke ngexesha lokuzinza. Oorhulumente abagunyazi bangamisela ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, ukusetyenziswa kwemali yasemkhosini, okanye imisebenzi yezezibonelelo ephambili kulwakhiwo lobuchule bempilo. Oku kutyeshelwa kuyacaca xa kuhlasela, njengoko kwenzeka ebudeni bonyaka ka-2014 wokuqhambuka kwe-Ebola e-Equatorial Guinea, apho izibonelelo zezonyango zilinganiselwe kunye nemiqathango yoluntu zinokuthwalwa kwemigudu.

Iinkqubo zeHybrid: Iimodeli Ezihambayo

Amazwe amaninzi awangeni kakuhle kudidi lwedemokhrasi okanye lwedemokhrasi kodwa ahlala kwindawo exubileyo eneziqalelo zombini iinkqubo. La malungiselelo okulawula asoloko evela kudityaniso lwezonyulo kunye nezenzo zedemokhrasi, njengonyulo olugunyazisiweyo, inkululeko yamajelo eendaba ethintelweyo, okanye uvavanyo olunganelanga kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Russia, [FLTY]] TY, kunye [FLT: 4.] ihendo yokwanelanga ichazwa imizekelo yemiqobo yemilo.

Iinkqubo ze-hybrid zidla ngokudibanisa ezona zinto zimbi kakhulu zombini ezilawulayo ngexesha leengxaki. Ziswele ukubonakala nokuziphendulela okubangela ukuba abantu bathembe idemokhrasi, kodwa zikwangenawo amandla okunyanzelisa amagosa orhulumente olawulo olungqongqo avumela ukuba athotye imiyalelo yempatho-mbi. Amagosa ezempilo kawonke-wonke aseRashiya anikela ingxelo yobunzima obukhulu ekulondolozeni uvavanyo nokugonya ngenxa yokuba abemi abathembi ugcino-lwazi lukarhulumente kunye nemigaqo yempilo eqwalaselweyo njengezixhobo zokulawula urhulumente, kunokuba asebenzise imilinganiselo yempilo yokwenyaniso kawonke.

Noko ke, iinkqubo ze-hydrogen ngamanye amaxesha zingavelisa iziphumo ezisebenzayo xa oorhulumente bengingqi okanye bengingqi begcina ukuzilawula kunye nobuchule bobugcisa nangona kukho ulawulo lwesizwe olunesiphene. EBrazil, esebenza phantsi kwemodeli edibeneyo nengulawulo olunamandla nolawulo lwamazwe, abanye oorhulumente basebenzisa amanyathelo aqinileyo ngo-202020 phezu kwako nje ukuchaswa nguMongameli Bolsanoro ekuzifuneni. Oku kuncitshiswa kokufa okukhoyo kodwa ukusabela kuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yesizwe kwimimandla ethile xa kuthelekiswa noko bekungaveliswa yinkqubo yesizwe yomgangatho womhlaba kuphela.

Ukulungiselelwa kwePandemic ngaphaya kwenkqubo yoLawulo

Ukulungiselela okuzinzileyo kubandakanya umjikelo wonke wokuthintela, wokufumana, wokusabela, nokubuyela. Isigaba ngasinye sibeka iimfuno ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zolawulo, kwaye amandla okanye ubuthathaka benkqubo ethile bubonakala kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kumjikelo. Uvavanyo olubanzi kufuneka luhlole ukusebenza kwazo zonke iinqanaba ezine kunokuba luqwalasele isantya sokuqala.

Ukukhusela nokunyuka

Ukukhusela kufuneke ukuba kubekho utyando oluqhubekayo kwizibonelelo zempilo, iinkqubo zezifo ezihlola izifo, kunye namandla olwazi ngezonyango. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zidla ngokuphumelela kweli nqanaba ngenxa yokuba zixhasa igalelo lobuninzi leengcali zenzululwazi, amaqabane ehlabathi kunye nemibutho yoluntu. IGlobal Health Security Index ilinganisa ukulungiselela amazwe ngamazwe ngamanani amaninzi, ibonisa ukuba amazwe olawulo-demokhrasi akwiqondo eliphezulu ngokwe-avareji elifana nokufumana nokubika, ubuchule benkqubo yempilo, nokuthobela imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe.

Iinkqubo zolawulo ezisoloko ziphantsi kokhuseleko lwezibonelelo zezempilo kuba iinzuzo zisasazwa, zithabatha ixesha elide, kwaye kunzima ukubeka ityala kwizigqibo ezithile zokhokelo. Iinjongo zezobupolitika zixhasa imisebenzi ephezulu yokusebenza kugcino nokwakhiwa komthamo. Xa iTshayina ithe yafakelwa kwinethwekhi yoololiwe enesantya esiphezulu kunye nezibonelelo eziphambili, zavumela iziko lamaTshayina lokuLawula nokuthintela ukuba zihlale phantsi kweminxeba ephantsi kweminxeba neya phantsi kwesavezi ezinyanzelekileyo zeSARS ngo 2003.

Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, ilungu elibalulekileyo lokuhlola izifo, lixhomekeke kwinkqubo yolawulo oluxhasa ukwabelana ngolwazi. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zinokuba nenxaxheba ngokucace ngakumbi kulawulo lwempilo lwehlabathi lonke, kuquka iMigaqo yeNkcubeko yezonyango yeZizwe Ezihlangeneyo kunye nenkqubo ye-WHO yoNxibelelwano lwaMazwana. Iinkqubo zobucuphi zisoloko zingaluchasi uhlolisiso lwehlabathi lwenkqubo yempilo yazo kwaye zisenokungaluvumeli uvavanyo lwemichiza okanye ulwazi lwe-genmomeotic kwisiseko seebhayoloji sehlabathi.

ICandelo

Xa ubhubhani eqalisa, amandla okusabela axhomekeke kwisantya kunye nomgangatho wokwenza izigqibo. Iinkqubo zabalawuli zingathumela ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinyanzelise amanyathelo okuqulatha anokujamelana neengxaki zomthetho okanye ezopolitiko kwidemokhrasi. Ubuchule beTshayina bokwakha izibhedlele zokwexeshana ngeentsuku kunye nokunyanzelisa ukutshixwa kweendawo ngokuhlolwa kwamanani kunye namandla amapolisa abonakalisa ubuchule bolawulo olusembindini ngexesha elinzima lengxaki.

Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zibuyisela iimpendulo ezicothayo zokuqala kubuchule obuphezulu bokuzitshintsha. uBukumkani beUnited Kingdom ekuqaleni batsala nzima novavanyo kunye nokunikezela ulawulo lwetsheyina kwizixhobo zokhuseleko lobuqu, kodwa ukuba nokwenzeka kwale nkqubo kuvumele izazinzulu ezizimeleyo kunye neekomiti zepalamente ukuphawula ukungaphumeleli noxinzelelo lukarhulumente ukuba aphucule. Ngokuchaseneyo, inkcazo yokuqala ye-zero-sekho, ezo iingcali zempilo zamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe zingalukholelwayo, zithintela naluphi na uxanduva olunentsingiselo lokungaphumeleli kokuphendula.

Ulwahlulo lwezibonelelo ngexesha lobhubhani lutyhila iimpawu ezinzulu zolawulo. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezibandakanya imibutho yamabutho oluntu kunye nabadlali bakarhulumente basekuhlaleni batyekele ekusasazeni ubuncwane ngokulinganayo kwimimandla nakumaqela abantu. kuMzantsi Afrika , umanyano lukarhulumente nabasebenzi bezempilo kunye nemibutho yoluntu yasekuhlaleni yaphucula ukufumaneka kokuvavanywa nokugonywa phantsi kwemibutho ekhoyo ephantsi kweemeko eziphambili. Iinkqubo zobucuphini zidla ngokusa ubuncwane obusekelwe kwizinto eziphambili zezopolitiko kuneemfuno zempilo, ukuxhasa amaziko edolophu kunye nemibutho enempembelelo yezopolitiki kumazwe asemaphandleni okanye kumazwe ajongelwa phantsi kwezo.

Ukuthembana Kuluntu Lonke Nokunyanzelwa Kwesimilo

Ukuphumelela kwalo naluphi na umlinganiselo wezempilo kawonke wonke ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke ekuthobeleni ngokuzithandela kwabantu. Oorhulumente banokugunyazisa ukugquma, ukukhuthuza nokugoma, kodwa ukunyanzelisa ukuthotywa komthetho kuphela akunakuyiphumeza inguquko eqhubekayo yokuziphatha efunekayo ukuze kuthintelwe ukudluliselwa kweentsholongwane. Ukukholosa kwabantu kumaqumrhu karhulumente nakumagunya ezempilo kuyinto ebalulekileyo ekumele kuthotyelwe.

Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezigcina ukubonakala ngokucacileyo nokungaqiniseki zithambekela ekugcineni ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke naxa iinkqubo zingaphumeleli okanye zifuna ulungiso. urhulumente we-New Zealand uququzelele iingqungquthela ezithe rhoqo namagosa ezempilo athetha ngokucacileyo ngesiseko sobungqina kwizigqibo, kuquka ukuvuma xa ulwazi lungaphelelanga. Le ndlela ixhaswe kwisantya sokuthobela okuphezulu kunye nemiqathango yomda ukutyhubela 202020 kunye no-2021.

Iinkqubo zogunyaziso zijongene nokungabinamali kwesakhiwo ngenxa yokuba abemi abanakuqinisekisa ulwazi olusemthethweni ngemijelo ezimeleyo. Xa urhulumente waseTshayina ekuqaleni walucinezela ulwazi olumalunga nokusasazwa kwabantu kwi-COVID-19, lonakele ngokupheleleyo ukuthembana kwezempilo esemthethweni. Amaphulo okugonya i-Tshayina akhawulezileyo afikelwa lixhalabisa nakubeni kungekho mbutho wezonyango olulwa norhulumente olungelelanisiweyo, ecebisa ukungaqiniseki ngokunzulu ngogcino-lwazi lukarhulumente.

Iinkqubo ze-hybrid zijongene nolona celomngeni lunzima lokuthembana kuba zidibanisa inkcazelo ethintelweyo kunye nokunganyaniseki kunye nokunganyaniseki. ERashiya, ngama-45 ekhulwini kuphela abemi basekuhlaleni abavakalisa ukukulungela ukufumana isitofu se-COVID-19 xa saqala ukufumaneka, kwaye amanani enyani eenkqubo zokugoma asala phakathi kwabaphantsi eYurophu kuyo yonke loo bhubhani. Inkolelo yabemi yokuba urhulumente wayesebenzisa ubuchule bokulungisa ulawulo lwezopolitiko kwaye ebeka phambili umgangatho wempilo kawonke kwimigudu yokugonyaza.

Ukuchacha nesifundo sexesha elide

Unyango lwesifo esibulalayo lubandakanya ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwezoqoqosho, ukulungiswa kwenkqubo yonyango, kunye nokufundiswa kwezemfundo yamaqumrhu. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zidla ngokuzenzela uphando oluzimeleyo kunye nophando lwepalamente oluthi lubhale ukungaphumeleli nokuvelisa iingcebiso zokulungiselela ixesha elizayo. Ezi mibuzo zinokukhokelela kutshintsho lomthetho, uqingqo-mali, okanye ukumiselwa kwakhona okuphucula ukuphucula ugcino-lwazi olude.

I-United Kingdom’s Public Inquiry kwisifo se-COVID-19, ngeli xesha siqhubeka, sele siveze uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lokusilela kubuchule bokuvavanya, imigaqo yokunyamekela ikhaya, kunye nolawulo lwetsheyina lokunikezela. Ezi ziphumo zidala uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko lwezobupolitika lokuguqula kwaye zinika ulwazi kubenzi benkqubo bexesha elizayo. Iinkqubo zobucuphi bezingasoloko ziqhuba imibuzo enenjongo kuba ukuvuma ukungaphumeleli kusongela ukhokelo ngokusemthethweni. I-China ayikhange ivelise uhlolo oluzimeleyo lwempendulo yayo yezifo ezimazanyaza, kwaye amaphepha angaphakathi acebisa ukuba uhlalutyo olunokutyhilwa kobugosanenobo.

Ukungabikho kwemfundo yolawulo oluphezulu kwiinkqubo ze-athom kuthetha ukuba iziphumo ezifanayo ziyaqhubeka ukutyhubela amanqam amaninzi. Ukuphendula kweTshayina kwiCHOVID-19 kwaphinda-phinda imizekelo emininzi efanayo eyabonwayo ngexesha lokuqhambuka konyaka wama-2003 SARS, kuquka ukucinezelwa kolwazi, isohlwayo sabavuli-ziqhulo, kwaye belibazise uganano namagunya ezempilo ehlabathi lonke. Ngaphandle kokwenza ulawulo, oorhulumente abanyanzelisi bolawulo olunegunya bangenazo izisusa zokuzalisekisa iinguqulo ezisekelwe ekuweni kwempazamo yangaphambili.

Uphando lwetyala ekulawuleni nasekuphenduleni

UMzantsi Korea: Ukuzivumelanisa nedemocratic

Ukusabela kwesifo esingubhubhani waseMzantsi Korea kubonisa amandla olawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nobuchule obunamandla bolawulo. Amava elizwe kunye noqhaphu lweziko loburhulumente adala uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko lokuguqula inkqubo yempilo kawonke-wonke, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvezeni utyalo-mali kwizibonelelo, ubugcisa bokulandelela unxibelelwano, kunye negunya lokulawula amaqumrhu okulawula izifo. Xa i-COVID-19 yafika, uMzantsi Korea wasungula icebo lokuphendula elisekelwe ekuvavanyeni okudwelisa, ukulandelela ngoluvo, kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo ngaphandle kokufaka uqhagamshelwano olunochukujoyishwa olubonwa eTshayina.

Umongo wedemokhrasi wavumela ulwamkelo lukawonke-wonke loqhagamshelwano olungenazingcinga zobuqu kuba urhulumente wagcina imbonakalo ecacileyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi kwaye wamisela imigaqo esemthethweni ekuxhatshazweni kolawulo olunengqwayilelo. Uxilongo lukawonke-wonke lweveki ngeveki oluyi-15 yoLawulo lwezikhuseli zezifo nolokuthintela lunika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ezinika abemi ulwazi ngesimilo sabo. Olu manyano lobuchule bobugcisa kunye nokuthenjelwa nguwonke wonke lwavelisa elinye lamazwe awona aphantsi kwinani lokufa okufumaneka kunyaka wokuqala wesifo.

ETshayina: Ukungaphumeleli kombhali nokungabikho kolwazi

Ukusabela kweTshayina kwi-COVID-19 kubonisa amandla kunye nothintelo lwesifo esineedentiliki. Ukucinezelwa kokuqala kolwazi olumalunga ne-herrovirus yekroza yentliziyo ngoDisemba 2019 kwavumela intsholongwane ukuba isasazeke iiveki ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente avume ubungqingqwa boqhambuka. Xa ukhokelo lugqibe kwelokuba luthathe amanyathelo, inkqubo ephakathi yaqokelela oovimba abangaqhelekanga: ukwakhiwa kwezibhedlele ezibekwe phambili, ukuthunyelwa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshi bezonyango abasuka kulo lonke ilizwe, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokwahlulwa kweendawo ezikhulu kwimbali yoluntu.

Inkqubo yolawulo olungqongqo yafunyanwa kufuphi nokusasazwa okungakhawuleziyo eTshayina phakathi-2020 ngexesha intsholongwane isajikeleza emhlabeni wonke. Noko ke, le mpumelelo yafikelela kwixabiso elikhulu: uxilongo olwathi lwaphazamisa izigidi zabantu, iinkqubo zokuhlola ingxolo ezaqhubeka emva kwesifo esimandundu, kunye nokungabikho ngokupheleleyo kolawulo lolawulo okanye unxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke. Iziphumo zexesha elide zempilo kawonke-wonke zale nkqubo azikacaciseki kuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka emisela imiqathango ezimeleyo yeziphumo zezifo ezimachiza.

EJamani: Intsebenziswano Yamacandelo Nengqiqo

Inkqubo yesizwe saseJamani, esasaza igunya lempilo kumazwe ali-16, ekuqaleni edala iingxaki zomanyano ngexesha lobhubhani. Noko ke, isithethe esinamandla selizwe sentsebenziswano yezoburhulumente kunye nenkqubo yokukhuthaza inzululwazi ekugqibeleni yavelisa impendulo esebenzayo. I-Robert Koch Institute yavela njengomthombo othembekileyo wogcino-lwazi nokhokelo, kunye neengqungquthela zevidiyo ezithe rhoqo phakathi kwamagosa ezempilo esizwe zabangela ukuba kubekho ulungelelwaniso lwenkqubo elungeleleneyo naphantsi komgaqo-siseko.

Ubuchule obuphezulu bovavanyo lweJamani kunye nothungelwano lokunyamekela abantu abagula kakhulu, utyalo-mali olwenziwe phantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi amashumi eminyaka, lunika izibonelelo ezibukhali ngexesha lobhubhani. Unxibelelwano olucacileyo lukarhulumente malunga namanani eemeko, umthamo wezibhedlele, kunye nokusebenza kwemichiza yokugoma kwagcina uluntu luthembekile kulo lonke ulwasuleleko. Ngelixesha iJamani yafumana ukufa okuphawulekayo ebudeni beliza lesibini, ukusebenza kwayo yonke inkqubo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwabonisa indlela ukuma kolawulo-demokhrasi okunokukwazi ngayo ukumelana neengxaki ngokulungelelanisa kunokuba kulwaniso.

Uxanduva loLawulo lwezempilo

Unxulumano phakathi kweenkqubo zokulawula kunye nokulungiselela ubhubhani luneziphumo ezinzulu zentsebenziswano yempilo yehlabathi lonke. IMithetho yezeMpilo yeZizwe Ngezizwe, enika ilungiselelo elisemthethweni lokuhlola nokusabela kwezifo zehlabathi lonke, ithatha umlinganiselo osisiseko wokubonakala nokuthobela ukuba iinkqubo zedemokhrasi azinakunikela ngokuthembeka. Ukusilela okuphinda-phindiweyo koorhulumente abalawuli abalawula ngegunya ukuchaza ulwazi oluqhamayo ngokukhawuleza kuye kwaziphazamisa iinkqubo ezilumkisayo zakudala ehlabathini lonke kwaye kwavumela izifo ukuba zisasazeke ehlabathini lonke ngaphambi kokuba kuhlaziswe amanyathelo okuzibamba.

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ijongene nengxaki ecwangcisiweyo: indlela yokuzibandakanya noorhulumente abalawula ngegunya abalawula ugcino-lwazi olubalulekileyo lwezentlalo-ntle kunye nempilo yabemi ngaphandle kokugunyazisa ulawulo olufak' isandla kulwalamano olude lwempilo. Intlangano yezonyango yehlabathi neTshayina ngexesha lesifo seCHOVAD, esiphawulwa ngokuthoba amagosa aseTshayina nokungakufuni ukugxeka ukucinezelwa kolwazi, ukonakalisa ukuthembeka nokusebenza kwentlangano.

Ukuqinisa ukulungiselelwa kwezifo ezimandundu komhlaba wonke kufuna ulawulo lwezibonelelo zezonyango kumgangatho wesizwe, hayi nje ubuchule bokwakha. Amanyathelo okhuseleko lwezempilo lwezizwe ngezizwe kufuneka aquke iinkqubo zolawulo ezinika umvuzo wokubonakala, ukuphendula, kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwabantu ngokwemiba yezonyango kunye neebhedi zeendawo ezizimeleyo zezibhedlele. Amazwe agcina iziko lobuchule obuzimeleyo, akhusela amalungelo omsebenzi wezempilo, kwaye aqinisekisa ukufikelela kulwazi ngexesha longxamiseko lwezempilo kufuneka afumane ufikelelo oluphambili kwimali yempilo yehlabathi lonke kunye noncedo lobugcisa.

I-American Pandemic Cleeds Plan kunye ne-European Health Union imela imigudu yokulungiselela izifundo ezisuka kwi-COVID-19 kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ezi zenzo zisebenza kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwedemokhrasi, umlinganiselo wokuchaphazeleka kwemveliso, kunye nobuchule bokulungelelanisa izinto ngexesha lolawulo lwedemokhrasi ngokugcina ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kulawulo lwepalamente kunye nengxelo yoluntu. Ukuba ezi zingeniso ziyaphumelela kutshintsho lwezopolitiko kwaye zikhuphisana ngokuneyo nezinye izinto eziphambili zihlala zingumbuzo ocacileyo, kodwa ulawulo oluneenkqubo ezizinzileyo ziya kubumba ukugqugqitha kobu mashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Isiphumo: Ulawulo njengoMchasi wempilo

Ubungqina obuvela kwizifo ezininzi ezibulalayo, kuquka i-COVOID-19, iH11, ne-Ebola, bubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zokulawula azingobundindi bokuzalisekisa inkqubo yempilo kawonke-wonke kodwa zisebenza izithinteli-ziphene zeziphumo zempilo. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zidala iimeko zokulungiselela ukuxhobisa okuzinzileyo ukubonakala, ukuphendula, kunye nokubophelela uluntu, kwanaxa isantya sazo sokuqala sokuphendula sisemva kolawulo olunegunyathayo. Iinkqubo zolawulo-omperensita zingenza imilinganiselo ekhawulezileyo kodwa ephantsi kwemilinganiselo elawulayo nokuhlisa ukulingana kolwazi, zidala izinto ezibonakala kumaxesha amade.

Akukho nkqubo yolawulo ephezulu ngokwemvelo kuzo zonke iinqanaba zesifo esigqugqisayo. Intlanganisela elungileyo ingatshata umthamo wolawulo olungqongqo okhawulezileyo, wokusebenza kunye nesenzo solawulo lwedemokhrasi ekubonakaleni, amalungelo abantu, kunye nokufundiswa kwezemfundo. Ucelomngeni olusebenzisekayo lusekuyimiseleni ulawulo lwezinguqulelo eziqinisa ukhuseleko lwempilo yesizwe ngaphandle kokunika amandla okuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi. Amaziko ezempilo amazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka ahlakulele izicwangciso ezinika umvuzo wokwabelana ngolwazi olucacileyo, icebiso elizimeleyo lenzululwazi, kwaye enze izigqibo ezipheleleyo, zivelise izisusa zokuzikhuthamela ulawulo lwesizwe nakwiinkqubo ezimelana notshintsho lwedemo-demokhrasi.

Imigudu yokulungiselela ikamva kufuneka imisele izakhiwo ezinamandla okulawula kunye nobuchule bokuzibonelela. Amazwe afaka imali kumasebe ezempilo azimeleyo, axhasa uphando lwezenzululwazi, akhusele imibutho yoluntu aya kulungiselela kakuhle ungxamiseko olulandelayo kumazwe anikela ingqalelo kumandla, athintele ulwazi, kunye nabagxeki abathinti. Isakhiwo sikarhulumente asisosiphelo sentsabelo yezifo ezimandundu, kodwa sibumba uludwe lweziphumo ezinokwenzeka ngeendlela ezifuna ingqalelo enzulu kubenzi benkqubo nabantu.