Ulwalamano Phakathi Kwenkqubo Elindelekileyo Nokungalawuleki

Inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokucingela ukuba umsulwa zintsika ezimbini zenkqubo yobulungisa banamhlanje, ukanti ulwalamano lwabo ludla ngokuqondwa okanye luthatyathwe lula. Emazantsi olu lwalamano, luqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwendlela esesikweni nesemthethweni . kwaye ukuba wonke umntu omangalelwayo umi phambi kwenkundla engenatyala de ibonakale ifanelekile. Le migaqo ayikho yedwa, iyaqinisana, yenza isiseko somthetho-siseko nesiseko somthetho okhuselayo nxamnye namandla angenangqiqo. Eli nqaku lihlola imvelaphi yentandabulumko, oomatshini bomthetho, oomatshini bokubhakalbhariscode, kunye nengxaki zamaxesha achaza ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokungabi nabucala, inikeza imbono ebanzi yabafundi, nabani nabani nabani na ongokwasemthethweni.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo ilandela umnombo wayo ukuya ku uMagna Carta [1215], evakalise ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi ohlwaywe “ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe.” Olu miselo lwangaphambili lwaluyiyo oluthintela ngqo ulawulo lokumkani kunye nokutyala imbewu ngokokuba kuzakubakho okusesikweni. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, umthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani ungayi kuyohlwaya le ngcamango ngeHabeas corpus, ilungelo lokuya kumangqina, kunye nokwalelwa kokuzilawula. Xa abaquluni bequlungela umHluko wesihlanu, baya kumiselwa inkqubo elungele ukulawulwa ngokwesizwano: “Akukho mntu oza kukuthi ahluzwe... inkululeko, okanye ipropati yomthetho, ngaphandle kwendlela yomthetho womthetho.

Kodwa inkqubo efunekayo asiloluhlu nje olubalulekileyo. Lunomlinganiso osezantsi nolandelayo. Ikhorali yeNkcubeko yoLwazi olusemthethweni ichaza ukuba inkqubo encinci efunekayo ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko , umtshato, kunye nozimele-mzimba (ukungenelela kukarhulumente, kwanaxa kulandelwa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Kumongo wolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo: ifuna isaziso, inkundla engenakhethe, ilungelo lokunika ubungqina, ilungelo lokunika ubungqina, kunye namangqina okunqamleza. Ezi zinto zidala imekobume elungeleleneyo apho ukungazinzileyo kokungabi nabucala kusebenza.

Ukuqonda Ingcamango Yokungabi Nanto

Ukubekwa kwetyala ngumgaqo oqinileyo womthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, osoloko ulandelwe kumgaqo we Roma ei kwi-cumbit probitio qui diit, engaqhubiyo, i-qui negat. I-sqithi silele kulowo ugomelayo, hayi kulowo ukhanyela. Ngamany' la maxesha, kuthetha ukuba umtshutshisi uthwele umthwalo wokungqina zonke izinto zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Umangalelwa akudibani na oku, akamele aveli aphumele, okanye aqinisekise ubumsulwa. Lo mgaqo ukhuselwe ngokucacileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni; umzekelo, [[FLT:] i-EUPUP]

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, ityala lisebenza kungekuphela nje ekucinyweni kodwa naphakathi kweenkqubo zangaphambi kovavanyo. Izigqibo ze-Bail, ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili, kwanonxibelelwano lwamapolisa kufuneka zenziwe ngendlela engamchasiyo umkroti ngokungathi sele emiselwe ityala. Njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iphawulwe Estelle v. Williams [1997], inyanzela ummangalelwa ukuba avele kwimpahla yentolongo aphazamisane kuba ethetha ukuba ityala limele ukuba libanjwe phambi kokuba kuviwe nabuphi na ubungqina. Oku kubonisa ukuba i-mgcibo-m wemini.

Indlela elindelekile ngayo inkqubo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokudibanisa uphazamiso

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kunye nokucingela ukuba umsulwa akuziciki-zici zodwa; ziyaziqinisa. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, i-option iyagotywa. Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente uyalikhanyela ilungelo lokumangalelwa ukujamelana namangqina − inkqubela efunekayo--asethi efunekayo . umtshutshisi angaxhomekeka kukuvava olungavavanywanga, ukuze kungabi nakwenzeka ukuba ummangalelwa acelw' ummangalelwa avavanye ngetyala. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba iprojectation iculo iyacola (uthetha, ngokuthetha ngokushwa kwangaphambi kwendlela okanye ngebheyili egqithisileyo), ukhuseleko lwendlela efunekayo ephambili yokufumana inkqubo efunekayo ingadityaniswa ngenxa yokuba i-injini efunyenweyo-injini-neecercercer-get okanye ijajir-get)

Qwalasela umthwalo wobungqina: inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna ukuba ityala limiselwe ngomlinganiselo wobungqina obubonisa ubunzulu bezibonda. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, lowo mlinganiselo “ngaphandle kobunyani,” umiselo olusuka ngqo ekucingeni ukuba akukho tyala. INkundla Ephakamileyo, kwi-winship [1970], ibambelele ekubeni imilinganiselo esengqiqweni ye-ult ingumlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokunciphisa umngcipheko wenkolelo ekwimpazamo eyinyaniso." INkuNkundla ePhakathiweyo ibophela ngokucacileyo le nkqubo ikhusela ukutyholwa ngaphandle kokungaqiniseki ngaphandle kokunga ngqinelaniwa ngokufanelekileyo kwemeko yolwaphulo-mthetho. Aphakath'akanye imigaqo emibini idibanisa umyalelo omnye.

Amalungelo amaninzi afunekayo ukuze kugcinwe oku kudityaniswa:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokunika icebiso: Ngaphandle komelo olusemthethweni olusebenzayo, umntu omangalelweyo akanakulisebenzisa ngokunentsingiselo ilungelo lakhe ukubeka urhulumente kubungqina bakhe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ekunene ukuthula: Ilungelo elichasene nokuzimela ngokwalo lithintela urhulumente ukuba anganyanzeli ummangalelwa ukuba abe nenxaxheba kukholo lwayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Elungeni kwinkqubo enyanzelekileyo: Ukukwazi ukubiza amangqina kwaye ubungqina obukhoyo buyimfuneko ukuxhasa izityholo zobuxoki.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelikawonke-wonke: ukulibazisa okanye imfihlo ingasitshabalalisa icebo ngokuvumela urhulumente ukubamba ummangalelwa ngokungenasiphelo phantsi kwelifu lokukrokreleka.

Imizekelo Ebonisa Uphawu Olulolonga Ulwalamano

UGideon . Wainwright (1963)

Gedeon v. Wainwright, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yavumelana ukuba isicelo sakhe sokunikwa iSindululo seSithandathu sokucebisa lilungelo elisisiseko esenziwe ukuba sisebenze kumazwe nge-145th Reformation’s Reformation Claus. UClarence Earl Gideon wamangalelwa ngokuqhekeza nokungena kwigumbi lembutho eFlorida, kodwa akakwazanga ukuhlawula igqwetha. Urhulumente wakhabalela isicelo sakhe sokunikwa isiluleko esimiselweyo, yaye uGidiyon wanyanzeleka ukuba azimela ngokwakhe; wagwetyelwa iminyaka emihlanu entolongweni. INkundla yarhoxabela ukuba, iqikelelw ’ ulutyo lolwaphulo-mthetho, nawu othe qhathanga mvumi, umntu othene, obethwayo ukuba afumane igqwethaye igqwetha ityala, akanakuqinisekiswa ngaphandle kokuba enikwe icebiso ngokufanelekileyo."

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

[[NTLT:0]. UMenda v. Arizona wathetha intsebenziswano yokuncinwa kwelungelo lowiso-mthetho. INkundla yathi ilungelo lokuLawula lokuHlaziya kweNhlanu ngokuchasene nokuzithethelela lifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba uqaphele abakrokrele ngamalungelo abo kunye nelungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka kunye nelungelo lokubuza igqwetha. Ukungawafaki nawaphi na amagqabaza alandelayo. Ukungawachaphazelis' amaxwebhu. Inkundla yagxininisa inyanise ukuba ingulowo ukrokreqo umele ukuba umele ukukhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba ukhuselekile ekukhuseleni ilungelo lokuzikhusela.

Ekuphumeleleni kwakhona (1970)

Eli tyala landisa iqondo elisengqiqweni lobunjunjubaqa babantwana, kodwa indlela eliqiqa ngayo isebenza ngokuphandle. IJaji Brennan yabhala: “Ummangalelwa otyholwayo ngexesha letyala usengozini yokufumana intlawulo ebaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba mhlawumbi angalahlekelwa yinkululeko yakhe ngokuqiniseka nangenxa yobungqina bokuba uza kugxekwa ngokuqiniseka. Ubungqina obungaqinisekiyo bungathandabuzekiyo, ugqibele ukuba, “yimfuneko yetyala” esekelwe kwinkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokunganyaniseki. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] ubonise indlela uxilongo olusebenzayo phakathi kwemigaqo emibini, lubonisa indlela yokusebenza kwesiseko somsebenzi omele ukuthwalwa kwemeko.

Coffin v. waseUnited States (1895)

Ngoxa ithe yakhula kancinci, Coffin v. United States iyaphawuleka ngenxa yokuba yavakalisa ngokucacileyo ukucaciswa kokungabi natyala ukuba “kukukubonakalisa” inkqubo efanelekileyo. INkundla yathi isaziso sisixhobo sobungqina esidalwa ngumthetho ojongelwa ummangalelwa, apho ubumsulwa bakhe buthathwa de kufunyanwe ukuba unetyala." Lo mzekelo wangaphambili waqinisekisa ukuba imbono ayiso nje isisosakhono kodwa umthetho osemthethweni omele uhlonelwe ngalo lonke ixesha.

Iingxaki Kule Miba Isemthethweni

Inkcitho ephambili kunye nebhatyile

Esinye sezisongelo ezicinezelayo sokucingela ukuvalelwa kobumsulwa kukusetyenziswa okuxhaphakileyo kokuvalelwa ngaphambi kovavanyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, abantu babanjwa iiveki okanye iinyanga phambi kokuvavanywa, ngokufuthi ngenxa yokuba bengakwazi ukuthenga ibheyile. Ingxelo yonyaka ka-2018 ye- i-Prison Politilitifitition[ ifunyanwa ukuba abantu abangaphezu kwama-470,000 babanjiwe kwiintolongo zengingqi ekwilindelo lobulali belindele ukuvavanywa eUnited States kuphela, kwaye abaninzi bathelekelelwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuvalelwa okuqinileyo kunokubangela izicelo ezibolileyo, ukuphazamisa ukusebenza kunye nezibopho, kwaye kuyenza inzima ukunyusa ingxube inkqubo yokuzikhusela nokulungisa ityala phambi kokuba ityala. [FTLD][5]

Uphando lwamajelo eendaba nolwamaqumrhu

Umjikelo weeyure ezingama-24 kunye nezixhobo zokunxibelelana nabantu ezikhoyo ungayiphembelela kakhulu ingcamango yokuba msulwa. Amatyala aphezulu eprofile asoloko evavanywa enkundleni yoluvo lukawonke-wonke ngaphambi kokuba bafike kwinkundla yenkundla. Ingxelo echuliweyo, ubungqina obuvusiweyo, kunye nenkcazelo ye-intanethi ye-intanethi ingadala ingxelo yokuba netyala lokuba abagwebi (nee-panee-panel) ngokunjalo ne-voir dash-srugle ukubeka ecaleni. Izixhobo zenkqubo ezifana nokutshintsha indawo, i-sescestered jars, kunye nemiyalelo ekhoyo yokuphelisa oku, kodwa ayizothulo izisombululo. Ucelomngeni luyinkcingo olusisiseko lungokwesithethe: uluntu olunexabiso lokuzinziswa kwemicinelo entle kwintetho kawonke malunga neemeko ezithe ngqo.

Izixhobo Zemithetho Karhulumente Nezekhemikhali Kubulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Iinkqubo zomthetho eziya zixhomekeka kwimithetho-nkqubo yomngcipheko ukwenzela ibheyile, isigwebo, kunye ne-polishi. Ezi zixhobo zidla ngokuvavanya oothunywashe abanjengembali yolwaphulo-mthetho, ubudala, kunye nekhowudi ye-zip ukuze zenze iziphumo ezixela kwangaphambili ukuba zikhohlakele. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba imigaqo-algorithm enjalo ingaba yi-okthrist yohlanga kunye ne-social commotionstion, ekhokelela kwizigqibo zokuba abantu babeke ityala iimpawu ezingaphaya kolawulo lwabo. Ngaphezu koko, ukungaziboni kakuhle kwemithetho-algorithm kunokuthi abamangalelwa bethuba lokunciphisana nabo ngokuchasana nobungqina obusetyenziswayo qhamcimo lwendlela efanelekileyo. Imanyano yezentengiselwano yezentelekelelo-algoricstion ] iphawule, nokuphendula kwisigqibo sokuzinziswa kwe-almolicric.

Ingqikelelo-magama yothelekiso: Inkqubo elindelekileyo ngaphaya kwemimiselo yomthetho

Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo efunekayo kunye nokucingela ukuba msulwa akufani ehlabathini lonke. Kumthetho oqhelekileyo (United States, United Kingdom, Canada), ukusetyenziswa kwalo mgaqo kukhuselwa ngokunamandla yintlanganisela yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho ecacileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe angomthetho wamakhaya (France, Germany) ayawuqaphela umcimbi, kodwa iinkqubo zophengululo ziyahluka. Umzekelo, eFransi, i- i-d’informationotion[ (umphetho woburhulumente) uqhuba uphando lwangaphambi kovavanyo olunokusenza iziphumo phambi kokuvavanywa. Nangona kukho ukhuseleko, abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ukuba le nkqubo iyakwazi ukufiphanda phakathi kophendlo nokwe-amfashoni, iyakwazi ukukhutshwa komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, [FTrective [2] kunye ne-Stivectortialn, umqondiso we-Provition (Prencelsontial))) (54) utyikadiod , utyikadiod

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zoogqirha Abasemthethweni

Kumagqwetha akhuselayo, ukulondoloza ukubonakala kobumsulwa kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile. Ukuhamba ngako konke ngaphambi kwezo vavanyo (‘ nokuba kuzakucinezela ubungqina, okanye ukukhuphisana ngetyala,ˈsisixhobo esifanelekileyo sokulungisa esiqinisa ityala. Abatshutshisi, nabo, banomsebenzi ofanelekileyo wokuhlonela iprojekthi. [[FLT: 0] Imodeli Yomthetho YobuChwebi yeNkquzelo[ ithetha ukuba umtshutshisi makangafaki zityholo ngaphandle kosizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ahlonelwa. Abagwebi bafanele bafundise ngokucacileyo ii-jumblotion, bangabufaki ubungqina obufunyenweyo ekuphulweni kwenkqubo efanelekile, kwaye bagwebe nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na inkatho yokuzilawula.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kunye nokucingela ukuba umsulwa ayiyonjongo engekho ngqiqweni; zimigaqo ephilayo enika ulwakheko kwinkqubo esetyenziswayo. Ulwalamano lwabo luyi-symbian, kwaye inkqubo ekhoyo iyayinika isikhongozeli, kwaye ukujongwa kokungabi natyala kuyayigcwalisa ngentsingiselo. Xa ithe yabuthathaka, zonke iziko zobulungisa zolwaphulo-mthetho zisengozini. Iimeko zembali ezifana [[[FLT: 0]] Gideon[, , [[FLT]] imanda [, [[FLT], [[FLT], [FLT] zonke] [imvu] [iiiiindlela] yobulungisa ekhoyo yendlela elungele ukukhusela nokukhusela okungagunyazelelwayo. Kodwa ibonakalisa indlela yokukhusela okukhoyo. Kodwa ukusukela kwi-premistlth-sting [icet syt syt] imigaqo elungeleneyo, elungele ukuqondwa ngokwenene, imele iqonde ukuba isetyenziswe ngokusemthethweni