Ukwazisa: Isiseko sokhuseleko lwe-IP

Impahla engoosomashishini (IP) isekelwe kwizoqoqosho zale mihla ngobuchule bokuyila nokuhlaziya okunempumelelo. Ukusuka kuhlobo lonyango olugunyazisiweyo ukuya kwincwadi enoxwebhu olusemthethweni okanye igama elinophawu oluchaziwe, amalungelo e-IP anika abaniniwo ulawulo olupheleleyo kwindalo yabo. Noko ke, xa la malungelo ekhuphiswano ekhuphiswano-ade/ubuphathi, umqathango, ukuchasana, okanye ukuchasana, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamayeza okuzilungisayo, kunokukhula ngokukhawuleza, ukusongela ezo zinto ziqhubela phambili. Oku kuvavanyazisa indima ephambili ye-mali ye-mali, inkqubo esetyenziswa ziinkundla zokulungisa iingxoxo ezisemthethweni, njengendlela engundoqo yokulungisa ezikhoyo. Inika ubuchule obucacileyo, apho ubungqina obucacileyo bucaciswayo, imithetho ecaciswayo, kwaye kuqwalaliswa izigqibo. Eli nqaku lihlola indima e-malini kwii-gcuntlukwano zemali (IP), ii-propati zee-mo zolwazi, iinjongo zayo, i-projective, i-mo ezisebenzayo, i-projects

Kuyintoni Ukulahlwa Kwabemi Kwimeko Ye-IP?

Isivumelwano sangaphakathi sibhekisela kwinkqubo esemthethweni apho inkundla yomthetho icombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela amalunga namalungelo awo oluntu kunye neembopheleleko. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya amaqela angawomntu ngamnye (ii-individia, iinkampani, okanye imibutho) efuna amayeza afana nezokonakaliswa okanye imiyalelo yemali. Kummandla wempahla yenkcubeko, izivumelwano zomthetho zokuphelisa iingxoxo zokufumana amalungelo, amalungelo ombhali, ababhali-mvume, izimvo, iimfihlelo, nezinye iintlobo zempahla ezingaqondakaliyo.

Iziqalelo zokwahlulwa kwe-IP yeSizwe

  • Juristition kunye noBume: Inkundla kufuneka ibe negunya kumbandela wemibandela nakumaqela. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinkundla zesizwe ziva iimpikiswano ze-IP phantsi kwemithetho yazo yasekhaya, nangona izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zingaphembelela iingxoxo.
  • Utoliko lwemithetho: Abagwebi basebenzisa imimiselo (umz., iUS Patant Act, UK Copyright Act) kunye nomthetho wokufumana umlinganiselo nokubaluleka kwamalungelo e-IP.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubungqina obufunyenweyo: buboniswa ngamaxwebhu, ubungqina obungochwepheshe, yaye ngamanye amaxesha iinkqubo zokufumana ukuseka izibakala ezifana nemihla yokudala, ubugcisa, okanye uphazamiso.
  • Izakhono: Iinkundla zingakhupha imiqathango (yokwexeshana okanye esisigxina), iimali ezonakeleyo (ezenzekayo okanye ezisemthethweni), ulawulo lokungagqogqwa kwempahla, okanye olufuna ingeniso.

Inkqubo yokufihla ityala yabemi yenzelwe ukuba ithethele, ithe iqela ngalinye liyinikela phambi kwejaji engenamkhethe okanye abachopheli-tyala. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba iimpikiswano ziconjululwe ngokusekelwe kwilungelo elisemthethweni kunokuba zilungiswe ngamandla.

Ukungahoyi Kwengxabano YeIPR Kuphendulwe Ngeenkundla Zamakhaya

Ukuzibophelela kwamakhaya kuchaphazela iingxabano ezininzi zeIP. Ukuqonda iindidi zeempikiswano kunceda ubonise indima yenkundla.

Iimpikiswano Ezimandundu

Amatyala anzima asoloko exhomekeka ekuphazanyisweni, ekuxabisekeni, nasekubeni yedwa. Umnikazi osemthethweni umangalela umphikisi otyholwayo oqhelisela into egunyazisiweyo ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Ngokuchasene noko, ummangalelwa angakucel ’ umngeni ukufaneleka kwemvume esemthethweni, aphikisa ukuba yayicacile okanye yayilindelwe ngubugcisa bangaphambili. Iinkundla zamakhaya zivavanya ulwakhiwo, zihlalutya ubungqina obuphikiswayo, yaye maxa wambi zichitha amandla asemthethweni. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obuphezulu kwicandelo elifana namayeza kunye nobugcisa kungabandakanya ubungqina obuntsonkothile benzululwazi kunye nokuchanabeka kwemali okuninzi.

Iimpikiswano Ngamalungelo omqulunqi

Iligigation yamalungelo omqulunqi ibandakanya ukuveliswa, ukusasazwa, ukwenziwa, okanye utshintsho lwemisebenzi yokudala, umculo, iifilimu, i-software. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe ukuba umsebenzi wokuqala uyakhuselwa, nokuba ummangalelwa ukhona na, nokuba ukhona uthelekiso olukhoyo. Ukusetyenziswa okanye ukhuseleko olulungileyo kusoloko kuphikiswa. Imiba engacacanga iquka Google LLC v.MDIC, Inc. [INTLT] [inkundla ye-SFREME] [ibuko yoMkhosi we-United States, 2021] malunga nokukhutshwa kwe Java AP Is.

Inkcitho yorhwebo neNxibo yoThwebo

Ezi mpikiswano zisekelwe kukuphazamiseka, ukuhlasimlis ’ umzimba, kunye nokuzichaza ngemvelaphi. Izixhobo zokuthintela abanye ekusebenziseni iimpawu ezifanayo ezinokulahlekisa abathengi. Iinkundla ziqwalasela oothunywashe abafana namandla, ukufana, ukusondelelana, kunye nobungqina bokudideka. Izivumelwano zoluntu zikwacombulula iimpikiswano zommandla wegama kunye nezibhengezo zobuxoki. Louis Vuittonletier v. Dooney & Bourke imiba ibonisa indlela iinkundla ezahlula ngayo amagama ommandla phakathi korhwebo kunye nezingakhiyo zorhwebo.

Imfihlelo Yokungathotyelwa Kakuhle Kwezorhwebo

Iimpikiswano zezorhwebo zivela xa ulwazi lwezoshishino oluyimfihlo (iinkcazelo, iinkqubo, uluhlu lwabathengi) lusetyenziswa kakubi okanye lutyhilwe. Iinkundla zamakhaya zivavanya ukuba amanyathelo afanelekileyo okufihla ityala ayekhona na, nokuba ulwazi lufumana ixabiso elizimeleyo lezoqoqosho, nokuba ngaba ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali kuye kwavela. Ii-injration ziqhelekile ukuthintela ukutyhilwa okungakumbi, kwaye umonakalo ungafumaneka ngokusekelwe ekutyebiseni okungekho sikweni okanye ekona kulahleko.

Ukungavisisani okukhoyo

Iimfazwe ezininzi ze-IP zisuka kwizivumelwano , izivumelwano zezabelo, izivumelwano zophuhliso oludibeneyo. Iinkundla zichaza ezi zivumelwano ukumisela umlinganiselo, ukuphelisa ulawulo, nokuqhawuka. Isivumelwano samakhaya siqinisekisa ukuba izithembiso ezithenjiswayo malunga ne-IP zinyanzelekile, nto leyo enika ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kolwalamano lwezorhwebo.

Inkqubela yolungiso lwe IP yoMbindi: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

Ngelixesha iinkqubo zingafani ngokwamandla, uhlaziyo lwe-IP lwangaphakathi lulandela indlela eyakhiweyo.

Iqela elikhokelayo

Isalathisi sifakela isikhalazo esichaza isiseko esisemthethweni, izibakala, kwaye sicela isiqabu. Ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo okanye ngentshukumo ukuze arhoxise (umz., ukungakwazi ukulawula, ukungakwazi ukuchaza ityala). Iintshukumo zangaphambili zingayicinezela okanye zicombulule ityala ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo.

Umbuzo

Iindawo zokutshintshiselana iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo ngezantsi/oonobumba, abancina - zincwadi, iingxelo zengxelo zengcali. Kwimeko ezigunyazisayo, ukwakhiwa (ukuva) kwenzeka ukuchaza imvume ekhoyo. Uhlolo lungaba lukhulu kwaye lubiza imali eninzi, kodwa lubalulekile ukuze kuchazwe ubulungisa.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Umgwebo womshwankatho uphikisa ngelithi akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yenyaniso yezinto eziphathekayo, ikhuthaza iqela elishukunyiselwayo ukuba ligwebe njengomthetho. Iinkundla ziyabavumela aba bantu ukuba bathathe inyathelo elinzima xa ubungqina buxhasa kwicala elinye ngokugqwesayo.

Ukuvavanywa

Kwimimandla emininzi, ukumangalelwa kwe-IP kukuvavanywa kwebheriji (kungcanyelwa kuphela) okanye ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala abachopheli-tyala. Ubungqina bunikwa, amangqina, kwaye kuxoxwa ngokusemthethweni.

I-Post-Torial kunye nezibheno

Emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, iqela eliphulukana netyala lingayifaka kwityala elitsha okanye isibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Iinkundla eziqulunqileyo zihlola iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zithobela iingxelo ezingqiniweyo ngaphandle kokuba zikho cacileyo ukuba ziphosakele. Isigqibo senkundla ephakamileyo sisenokuthabatha iminyaka, kodwa isigqibo senkundla ephakamileyo simisela umzekelo wamatyala exesha elizayo.

Iingenelo zokuncitshiswa kwabemi kwiimpikiswano ze-IPR

Phezu kwako nje ukunyuka kolunye ulwando lwesigqibo (ADR), iinkundla zamakhaya zihlala zingagqibekanga kwinkxwaleko ye-IP ngenxa yeengenelo eziliqela ezahlukileyo.

  • Imiyalelo yeNkundla ithwala amandla adityanisiweyo karhulumente. Ii-information zinganqanda ukuchasana okuqhubekayo; umonakalo ungaqokelelwa ngokwendlela esemthethweni. Oku kunyanzeliswa kubaluleke kakhulu xa iqela lingakufuni ukuthobela ngokuzithandela.
  • Izigqibo zeNkundla zipapashiwe, zifak' isandla ekuphuhlisweni komthetho we-IP. Zinika ukhokelo kwihambo yexesha elizayo, zinceda amashishini aqonde amalungelo awo kunye nezibophelelo. Iimithetho zophawu zidla ngokubumba wonke ushishino.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingqokelela yeMithetho ePhambili: yeMithetho yobungqina, yokufumana, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaqela anamathuba okunikela imeko yawo. Uvavanyo lokunqamleza kunye noogcisa bolwazi bobungqina baluncedo ekubalaseleni inyaniso.
  • I-Expective Expective: Amagunya amaninzi ngoku aneenkundla ezinikezelweyo ze-IP okanye amaqela (umz., iNkundla yezibheno ye-US yeFederal, iNkundla ye-UK ye-Intebrecual Intelligence, iNkundla ye-Patant eManyeneyo eYurophu). Le mimiselo inika abagwebi ingqwalasela ngobuchule kunye noqeqesho olusemthethweni, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimithetho engqinelanayo nenolwazi.
  • Iindlela zokwaphula ezikhoyo: Iinkundla zamakhaya zingafakela amayeza adityaniswe kwingozi //imiyalelo yokuthintela umonakalo osondeleyo, imimiselo esisigxina yokunqanda ukwaphulwa komthetho okuqhubekayo, umonakalo wokubuyisela, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha imposiso yemithetho njengesithintelo.

Ezi nzuzo zenza ukuba izivumelwano zamakhaya zilungele ingakumbi iimpikiswano ze-IP entsonkothileyo apho izibonda ziphezulu khona kwaye amaqela afuna isigqibo sokugqibela, esinegunya.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kokuxolelwa Kwamatyala Kwamakhaya

Akukho nkqubo ingenaziphako. Isivumelwano soluntu kwiimeko ze-IP sijongene nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo.

Ixabiso kunye nexesha

I-IP idume ngokubiza imali eninzi. Iimeko ezincinci e-US zingabiza izigidi zeerandi kwimirhumo yamagqwetha, amangqina ochwepheshe, kunye nokufunyanwa kwento. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuphuma kwityala ukuya kwelinye linokugqitha kwiminyaka emibini, kwaye isibheno songezelele ulibaziseko olungaphaya. Amashishini amancinane kunye nabasunguli ngabanye banganqandwa ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo abo ngenxa yemiqobo yemali.

Ubuntlola bobuchule

ABagwebi namaqumrhu ejaji asoloko engenamvelaphi yobuchule bokuqonda inkqubela phambili yenzululwazi okanye i-software. Kwanangobu bungqina obunengcaciso, ukungaqondani kunokwenzeka. Oku kuntsonkotha kwandisa ubungozi bezigqibo eziphosakeleyo, ezinokuba neziphumo zezoqoqosho ezide.

Ukuthenga Nokungaguqu-guquki

Kwinkqubo yorhulumente, iligigs zingakhetha imimandla egqalwa njengelungileyo (umz., iPriliti ye-Texas yenze amatyala asemthethweni). Oku kunokukhokelela ekuthengeni, kwiziphumo ezingafaniyo, nakwihambo ecwangcisiweyo ephazamisa ukuxelwa kwangaphambili. Nangona utshintsho olufana ne US America Ivents Act luye lwazama ukucombulula oku, iintlukwano ziyazingisa.

Unyanzelo lwamazwe ngamazwe

Amalungelo e-IP akwindawo: imvume yase-US inyanzelekile kuphela ngaphakathi kwe-United States. Xa abachasi besebenza ngaphaya kwemida, ukusetyenziswa kwemida yabemi kwelinye ilizwe kusenokungafikeleli kufutshane. Ukwamkelwa nokugcinwa kwemigwebo yamanye amazwe kuxhomekeke kwizivumelwano okanye kwinani, yaye awasebenzisani onke amazwe. Oku kwenza izithuba kukhuselwa ushishino oluzwenibanzi.

Ukufumanisa Ukuxhatshazwa Kwabantu

Ukufunyaniswa kwengxelo kusenokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokukhathaza okanye ukuqhuba iindleko. Iisicelo zokuveliswa koxwebhu olukhulu, ingakumbi ngexesha lovavanyo, zingawathwalisa amaqela amancinane. Nangona kunjalo, ukufumanisa iimpikiswano kusoloko kulibazisa ukuthethwa.

Ezi ngxaki ziye zabangela umdla kwiinkqubo ezizezinye, kodwa isiphithiphithi sabemi sisengumzekelo ophambili wokucombulula iingxabano zeIPR.

Ezinye Iindlela Nezibonelelo: Iinkundla Ezikhethekileyo ZeADR

Ukunciphisa imiqobo yokuchasana ngokwesithethe, amaqela abheka ngokuqhubekayo kwezinye iindlela zokusombulula impikiswano (ADR), kwaye iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho ziye zayila iinkundla zeIP ezikhethekileyo.

Ukuthatyathwa

Uhlomelo lunika inkqubo yabucala, ekhawulezayo, ebiza imali eninzi apho amaqela akhetha umenzi wesigqibo (ngokufuthi ugqirha we-IP ongathathi-nxaxheba). Amagqabantshintshi adla ngokugqibelela kwaye anyanzeleka phantsi kweNdibano yaseNew York. I-Mediation, inkqubo engabopheleliyo, inganceda amaqela afikelele kwigophe elamkelekileyo. Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zifuna amaqela ukuba aqwalasele ulawulo lwe-mente phambi kokuvavanywa. Ngoko, i-ADR ayinawo amandla okumisela nokuqwalaselwa kwamakhaya, kwaye ayinakufaneleka kwimpikiswano efuna uncedo olufuna uncedo.

IiNkundla ze-IP ezizodwa

Amazwe aliqela amisele iinkundla ezahlukeneyo okanye izahlulo ezikhethe i-IP. Imizekelo iquka:

  • INkundla yezibheno yeFederal Trebes: Yeva izibongozo kumatyala asemthethweni, izisa ubufana-fana. IBhunga leSibheno neSibheno (PTAB) ikwaqhuba uhlolo lwasemva kogunyaziso njengolunye uhlobo lolawulo.
  • UK Ipropati Engaqwalaselwanga Imo yeNkundla yoMsebenzi weNqanawa (IPEC): Inkundla enikezelweyo yeIP enemigaqo ehambayo, iindleko eziphantsi, kunye nee-kepeti kwimposiso, zenzelwe amashishini amancinane naphakathi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkundla yePatant (UPC): Inkundla yezizwe ngezizwe yemvume yaseYurophu, ivumela ukubekwa komphakathi kunye nokunyanzeliswa komda onqamlezayo.
  • Inkundla yeQumrhu leJamani: iva izenzo ezitshitshileyo kunye nezibongozo ezivela kwi-Ofisi yePaten, equkiwe ngabagwebi abanobuchule.

Ezi ziququzelela zidibanisa iprocedthy ephumelelayo nobuchule obuncinci, ukuphucula ubunjani kunye nesantya sokwenziwa kweminye imimandla.

Ukwahlula Okusehlabathini Lonke Nokuvisisana

Iimpikiswano ze-IP zidla ngokunqumla imida. Ukumanyana kwabemi kufuneka kulandele izivumelwano ezintsonkothileyo zamazwe ngamazwe nemithetho yesizwe.

Isivumelwano seTRIPS

I- Isivumelwano esikwindawo yorhwebo-Regrated Objects of Intentating Precial Premotion Rights (TRIPS), elawulwa yi-World Trade Organization, imisela imilinganiselo encinane yokukhusela nokuqinisekisa. Ifuna amazwe angamalungu ukubonelela ngeenkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni ukwenzela ukunyanzelisa, kuquka imiqathango, iimali, ilahleko, nokuthamba. I-TRIPS iphembele ngokuphawulekayo imithetho yesizwe ye-IP, ikhuthaza isiseko somthetho we-proceturalture.

Ukungqubana Kwemithetho Nesityholo

Xa impikiswano ibandakanya amaqela asuka kumazwe amaninzi, iinkundla kufuneka zimisele ukuba nguwuphi umthetho osebenzayo nokuba unalo na igunya. Brussels I Regate (EU) kunye ISinyuko seNkomfa yeNkundla [[[FLT:]]] inika izicwangciso zokuqaphela igunya kunye nokumisela imigwebo kwimicimbi yentengiso, kuquka i-IP. Ngoko ke, amalungelo e-IP ahlala eqeshiweyo ayinakunika umyalelo we-US.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwamanye Amazwe

Nokuba inkundla ikhawulela umgwebo, ukuqokelela umonakalo okanye ukunyanzelisa umyalelo kwelinye ilizwe kufuna ingqwalaselo ezohlukeneyo okanye ulwahlulelo phantsi komthetho wobulali. WiPO Arbitation kunye neZiko leMdibaniselo inikela iinkonzo zokucombulula iimpikiswano ze-IP zamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka iimpikiswano zommandla phantsi komgaqo-Mgaqo-siseko we-FUFREA (URP).

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukubulawa Kwabemi Kwiimfazwe Ezimaxongo

Iimfazwe zefowuni ezigunyazisayo ehlabathini lonke zonyaka wama - 2010 zibonisa kakuhle indima yoluntu. Phakathi kwazo, uApple noSamsung bamangalelana kaninzi kulo lonke elaseUnited States, eYurophu naseAsia, betyhola imvume yokufumana imvume, yokuyila, yokuyila nemiqondiso ebhaliweyo.

E-US, iSithili saseMntla weKhalifoniya songamele ityala eliphawulayo. Abachopheli betyala bafumanisa ukuba uSamsung waphazamisa imvume ka-Apple kunye nokunikwa ityala elingaphezulu kweebhiliyoni zeerandi (ityala elikhulu le-IP embalini.) ityala lasebenzisa izibongozo ezininzi, kuquka neNkundla ePhakamileyo (i-Samsum Electronics Co. v. Apple, 2016), eyathi yabhinqinisa intelo yemibalo yokuyila. Le ngxelo idipoyitha yabonisa amandla neengozi zomcimbini: yanika isigqibo esiqinisekileyo kwiimfanelo kodwa ngexabiso elikhulu kakhulu.

Iimfazwe zefowuni zabonisa ucelomngeni lokunyanzeliswa kwamagosa ehlabathi lonke. Ngoxa iinkundla ze-U.S. zanika umonakalo, iziphumo ezihambelanayo kwezinye iindawo zavelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo, ezibonisa imithetho eyahlukeneyo nenkcazelo yenkundla. Ekugqibeleni, iimpikiswano ezininzi zalungiswa, zibalaselisa ukuba ukugwetywa kwemibango yamakhaya kusoloko kusebenza njengesiseko sengxoxo.

Utyekelo Neenguqu Zexesha Elizayo

Ukungavumelani kweengxabano zeIP kuyaqhubeka kuguquka ngenxa yengcinezelo yobugcisa neyobuxhakaxhaka.

Utshintsho lwamanani kunye ne-E-Discovery

Ukwanda kobungqina bamanani (ikhowudi yemvelaphi, i-metadata, uthungelwano lwe-electronic) kufuna iprotocol eyomeleleyo e-e-avceroct. Iinkundla zamkela uhlolo-lwazi oluncedisiweyo (RA) kunye nekhowudi exelwe kwangaphambili ukulawula iiseti zogcino-lwazi olukhulu, ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nexesha.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nesidisi

I-Al iqala ukunceda abagwebi kulwakhiwo olusemthethweni, phambi kohlalutyo lobugcisa, kunye nophawu lohlolo olunokwenzeka lokudityaniswa. Bambi baqikelela ukuba i-Al ekugqibeleni ingasebenza njengesixhobo senkxaso yesigqibo okanye kwanomlamli. Kodwa ke, imibuzo yokuphendula, ingxengxezo, kunye nokubonakala ngaphandle ayipheliswanga.

Iinkqubo zojikelezo ezikhawulezayo ezikhethekileyo

Ukulungisa amaxabiso nolibaziseko, ulawulo oluninzi luye lwasungula iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] i-US Office'S Fast-Track Uvavanyo lwe- kunye ne-UK IPEC efuna umzila wendlela encinci [[ inikeza izisombululo ezikhawulezileyo ngexabiso elisezantsi, yenza ukuphicotha koluntu kufikeleleke ngakumbi kwizinto ezincinci.

Intsebenziswano yomda onganqamleziyo

Izindululo ezifana ne UPC kunye nee-ofisi eziLungileyo zijolise ekunciphiseni uqhekeko. Unyuko lwezizwe ngezizwe lwempikiswano ye-IP, ingakumbi ekudluliseni kunye nokudluliswa kobugcisa, lucebisa ukuthandeka okukhulayo kobuchule bokwenza isigqibo esiyimfihlo, obuthambileyo. Kodwa ukhuphiswano lwabemi luza kuhlala luhleli kumqolo womsebenzi wokugcina i-IP, kunika ukuqiniseka okusemthethweni okuxhomekeke ekuphuculweni kwehlabathi lonke.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuphelisa Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Ukuzibophelela kwabemi kungaphezulu kunendlela yokukhupha impikiswano, kwaye kusisixhobo sokwenza isigqibo sento enzima. Ngokunika i-fomati apho amalungelo akhethekileyo anokugqitywa, asonakalise, kwaye anikwe iziyalo, iinkundla zinika uzinzo kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili okukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwemali kwi-R&D, ukudanyaza, nokuyila. Ngoxa imingeni yexabiso, ukuntsonkotha, nokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ziyaqhubeka, iintlawulo zezizwe ngezizwe ziyaqhubeka, iinguqu eziqhubekayo , iinkundla ze-ADR, ukusetyenziswa kweprocedrective, kunye nezixhobo zamanani , zinika ubuchule bokukhuthaza inkqubo yorhwebo. Njengoko ubugcisa behlabathi besazulu nokukhula, ukusetyenziswa kwemali kuya kuqhubeka ukutshintsha, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo enkcubalwayo agcinwe kwaye ahlonelwa. Kubenzi bendalo, kwii-Adnovarsers, nakumashishini, ukuqonda indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iinkundla zamanani zanamhlanje.

[[UMTLL:0] Izalathiso ze-External:[[UMTL:1]

  • [[UMTL:0] WIPO Lex: Umthetho we-IP yehlabathi kunye neMithetho yeNkcubeko
  • [[UMTL:0] UCINQUSTO Patant Uvavanyo kunye nebhodi yezibheno
  • Iwebhsayithi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo eGunyaziweyo
  • [[UMTHL:0] Iqumrhu loLwazi lomthetho loMququzelelo we-IP
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Isivumelwano sorhwebo lwehlabathi – iTRIPS