Isiseko Esiphilileyo Senkululeko YaseMerika

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States wayilwa njengemithetho esebenzayo, isakhiwo esikwaziyo ukuqhelanisa neemfuno zohlanga olukhulayo. Ngoxa amanqaku aso asixhenxe okuqala emisela isiseko sikarhulumente, yinguquko-(ingakumbi ezo zikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye) ezinika uxwebhu amandla alo okuziphatha. Ezi zimo zisebenza njengezixhobo ezihlala zihleli zikhuselekile nxamnye nengqwangalasela, zichaza imida yamandla karhulumente namalungelo abantu angenakuthengwa. Ukuqonda ezi zinto akuyonto nje yemfundo; yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuba ngummi othelekelele kwi-demokhrasi.

Ukukhululeka koluntu ziziqinisekiso zobuqu kunye nenkululeko urhulumente angenakuyithintela ngomthetho okanye ngokutolikwa kwetyala. Zifakwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokubuyiselwa okulandelayo, zisenza ibala lenkululeko yaseMelika. Ukusuka ekuthetheni nzulu ngengqondo yomntu ukuya ekuqinisekiseni ukuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, la malungiselelo akhusela abantu kwigunya elingenawo amaqhinga. Eli nqaku lihlola iziphelo ezingundoqo ezikhusela inkululeko, zinika ukujonga ngokunzulu kwimbali yabo, intsingiselo, kunye nolawulo lwangoku.

Ngesiqendu esipheleleyo sezigqibo ezixutyushweyo, ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe lunika ikhusi elinegunya. Ukongeza, i-Dominic Liberties Union (ACLU) inika uhlalutyo oluqhubekayo lwendlela la malungelo asetyenziswa ngayo kumadabi angokwasemthethweni angoku.

IBhili Yamalungelo: UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo Olishumi

Iqinisekiswe ngoDisemba 15, 1791, iBhili yamaLungelo imele ulalaniso phakathi kwamaFederali, awayekholelwa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe onamandla wayeyimfuneko, kunye neAnti-Federalist, eyayisoyika ukuba amandla aphakathi ayeza kunyanzela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ezi zindululo zilishumi zazingeyonto yasemva kodwa yayilulwando lwamaqhinga kodwa luluqinisekisiwe ngokuqinisekisa amalungelo abalulekileyo ukuba umGaqo-siseko wokuqala wawungakhuselwanga ngokucacileyo. Basebenzisa ngqo kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente wezwe kwaye, ngokusebenzisa uMmiselo Wolawulo we-1455 oMthambekileyo uClasse, baye bafakwa kwimithetho kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Inkululeko Entlanu

UMthetho wokuqala oLandlisiweyo usisiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ukhusela inkululeko esisiseko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, yokucela. La malungelo axhomekeke ekudibaneni: inkululeko yokuthetha ivumela ukutshintshisana ngeengcamango, isikhuseli-ndaba esikhululekileyo sinika urhulumente ityala, nelungelo lokuhlanganisa abantu abanobuchule bokulungiselela utshintsho. I-Pregiment Clausle ithintela urhulumente ekuthinteleni naluphi na unqulo, ngoxa i-Free Exect Classie ekhusela ilungelo labantu lokuqhelisela ukholo lwabo.

Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yazichaza ezi nkululeko ngokubanzi. Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], iNkundla yathi intetho ekhuthaza isenzo esingekho mthethweni ikhuselekile ngaphandle kokuba ikhuthaza "isenzo sokungathobeli mthetho." INkundla iphinde yakhusela intetho yentiyo phantsi koMphetho wokuqala, elawula Snyder v. Phelp (20) ukuba kwanokuchasa ngokuchasene okuchasene nomthetho kwimicimbi kawonke wonke. Inkululeko yaqinisekiswa ku-New York Times. Cov.[FLD]

Imingeni yanamhlanje iquka imithetho yemigangatho yezentlalo-ntle, ulungelelwano phakathi kokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nokhuseleko lwasezikolweni, kunye noxinezeleko phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo nemithetho elwa nocalucalulo. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa komthetho uhlala ungummandla ophambili wengxoxo engokwasemthethweni, njengoko ubugcisa busoloko buphinda uphucula indlela amaMerika ayisebenzisa ngayo le nkululeko ingundoqo.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izixhobo

ISindululo Sesibini sithi: "Isindululo esilawulwa kakuhle esinguMilitia, esiyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, asiyi kuphazanyiswa." Kwimbali enkulu yaseMelika, esi sindululo sachazwa njengesihlanganisi sasekunene okubotshelelwe kwinkonzo yasemkhosini. Noko ke, i-Diality of Columbia v. Heller [2008], iNkuNkundla enguMnumdulo ephakamileyo yaqonda ilungelo lokuba nentonga yentonga yeye-ofeleme-efa ekhayeni. Oku kwanyuselwa kumthetho owezwe kuthethwa Mdocted.[FFFF:3]

Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngobungakanani baleli lungelo, kuquka imiqathango yeentlobo ezithile zezixhobo, ukuxilongwa kwemvelaphi, imithetho ebomvu yeflegi, kunye nokuphatha imipu phambi kwabantu. UMthetho wesibini wokuHlaziya ungomnye wezona ndawo zibekwa ityala ngokwezobupolitika, ubonakalisa ukungavisisani okunzulu ngokhuseleko loluntu nokuzimela ngokwawo.

Uhlaziyo Lwesithathu: Amajoni Alungelelanisiweyo

UHlaziyo lwesithathu lukwalela urhulumente ukunyanzelisa abemi ukuba bahlalise amajoni emakhayeni abo ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume yabo, kwaye kuphela ngendlela emiselwe ngumthetho ngexesha lemfazwe. Nangona kunqabile ukunconywa, oku kubonakalisa ukungathembani koMsunguli wemikhosi emileyo nomnqweno wabo wokukhusela ubungcwele bekhaya. Ikhankanyiwe kumatyala anxulumene nemfihlo, anje Griswold v.Connecticut[[FL:1] [1955], njengoko kuboniswa ilungelo elibanzi lomgaqo-siseko wokuzimela.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesine: Ukukhusela Kwizinto Ezingekho Mthethweni Nezingekho Mthethweni

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni okubangelwa ngurhulumente. Kufuna ukuba umthetho ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, esixhaswa sifungo okanye isivumo, kwaye ngokungqalileyo sichaza indawo efuna ukuphengululwa nabantu okanye izinto ezimele ziphathwe. Oku kukuchasana okuqatha nxamnye namandla azimeleyo nakukhuseleko lwamapolisa.

Mapp v.O. (1961]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka umthetho wokubhaliswa, othintela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasene noMgqino-mva wesine ekusetyenzisweni ekuvavanyweni kolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukufika kobugcisa bamanani kuzise ubuntlola obutsha: iNkundla yeNkundla elawulayo Ry v. California [2010] (u-2010] ngokuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokukhangela isiganeko secell phone sokufumana, ukunika ubuninzi bogcino-lwazi lobuqu lwamagumbi aqulathiweyo. Ngokufanayo, [FLT:] i-Cetlexpenterreeve.[5]][5])

Umthetho wanamhlanje weSihlaziyo sesine ulwisana neembambano ezifana nokujongwa kwamapolisa, ubugcisa bokwazi ubuso, ukuphengulula imida yezixhobo zombane, nokufikelela kukarhulumente kwinkcazelo egcinwe ngamaqela amathathu afana nabasebenzi be - Internet.

UMthetho Wesihlanu Ohlaziyiweyo: Amalungelo Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu sinikela intlaninge yokhuseleko olubalulekileyo kubantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu unokuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle inkqubo yomthetho '. Ikhusela ekukhuseleni [[[[FLT:]] uknambulo olubalulekileyo [[[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]] olubini [[FLT]] [[FLT:]]] lufuna ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olubini. Lufuna ukuba kunyukelwe isilumkiso esidumileyo se-Mirbaas noluthintelo lwempahla yobuqu ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwaso. [FLT:]

Ilungelo elichasene nokuzikhusela ngokwakho lalisembindini imanda v. Arizona (66), eyayalelwa ukuba imfuno yetyala ixelelwe ngamalungelo ayo. Inkqubo efunekayo isetyenzisiwe ukuquka uSigqeba wamalungelo amaninzi akhuselekileyo kumazwe. Ukuthatha u-Claus kuqinisekisa ukuba xa ulawulo oluphezulu lukarhulumente, kufuneka kuhlawule ixabiso elifanelekileyo lentengiso yokuthatha impahla, nangona Klo v. Isixeko saseNew London (2005] ngokuphikisanayo yandisa inkcazelo ye "ukusetyenziswa koluntu" ukuqukelisa uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala Elifanelekileyo

IsiHlaliso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke-wonke ngenkqubo yokuchophela ityala engakhethiyo yesizwe nesithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenziwe khona. Iqinisekisa ilungelo lokufumana [[ imvume yamangqina [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[3] [iiiiimpepho ka-Clate], [iicebo lokukhusela], [[FLT]] imodelic'eeeeenkqubo [[[FLT:]]' [[FLT]] i-flect [indev] v.[5]] i-FT] i-flect, nokufumana amangqina alungileyo, [[Foct:6] kunye nokunika amatyala afunekayo kunikezelo myalelo.

Imfuneko yokuchophela ityala ikhusela ekumangalelweni ngasese, nangona iinkundla zinokuvalela inkundla yetyala ngenxa yokhuseleko okanye izizathu eziyimfihlo phantsi kweemeko ezilinganiselweyo. Ilungelo lomchopheli-tyala ongakhethi buso liye lacelw'ilwa kukungacaci ngobuhlanga ekukhetheni ityala kunye nempembelelo yokubhengezwa kwangaphambi kwenkundla. UMthetho wokuHlayishwa kweSithandathu usoloko ubalulekile ekuphuculeni inkqubo yokulawula inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho eye yahlolwa ukuba inyanzeleke intlukwano nobuhlanga.

Ukulungiswa Kwehlabathi: Iimvavanyo Zobugwebi

UHlomelo lweSebethi lugcina ilungelo lokuqulunqa ityala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala asekuhlaleni apho ixabiso lempikiswano lingaphaya kweedola ezingama-20. Kwakhona lithintela ukufunyaniswa kwengxelo eyinyaniso yenkundla ukuba iphinde iphindwe ihlolwe yinye inkundla ngaphandle kwemithetho eqhelekileyo. Nangona le nguquko ingafakwanga ekusebenziseni amaphondo, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi unezikhuseli ezifanayo. Ubonakalisa imbopheleleko enzulu yokuba nenxaxheba kulawulo lwabemi, ivumela abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba bagqibe kwiimpikiswano kunokuba ubashiyele kubagwebi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

Uhlaziyo lwesibhozo luyalela [[[FLT: 0] ibheyile yebheyile yebheyile , intengiso ye-actives, [[FLT:] kunye [FLT]] nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga [[. Oku kulungiswa kuye kwaba yinqwelo-mafutha yemilinganiselo ecacileyo yesohlwayo se-Melika. Inkundla Ephakamileyo ibambe ukuba isohlwayo sokufa asiyiyo isohlwayo sodidi oluthile lwezolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ezo zengqondo (]]] v.[FLTLT], 2002],[FLT],[FFT]][5]]],[5]]

Ulungiso lukwasibekela umda ubude besigwebo sentolongo: Graham v. Florida (2010), iNkundla yabuvala ubomi ngaphandle kokwamkelwa koolutsha oluvalelwe amatyala angalawulwanga. Ukungavunyelwa kwemali eninzi, ukuqiniseki kwendlela yokubulala, ukuphinda kuqinisekiswe Timbs v. Indiana (2029), kusebenza kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ukukhusela abanikazi bezinto ezingakhange zifumanekelwe kwi-packrea. Imibangs eqhubekayo iyaqhubeka nokuba iindlela ezithile zokubulala okanye iimeko zokuvalelwa ziluhlobo oluthile ziluhlobo olunenkohlakalo nezohlwayo.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - 1000: Amalungelo Abantu Ayawafumana

ISinyuso se-Ninth sithi: "Ubalo kuMgaqo-siseko, lwamalungelo athile, aluzukuthathwa njengolukhanyelwa okanye luhlulwe abanye abantu. Oku kulungisa kwakujoliswe ekucimeni impikiswano yokuba ukuba ilungelo alidweli, alikho. Luye lwacelwa ukuxhasa ilungelo elisemthethweni lokuzimela, ngokukodwa kunyaka wokuqhomfa [[FLT:] [[FLT]] u-Grislold v.[FLD][FOL:1] [1955] [195] [ngendlela enokubamba ukuthintela, kunye [[FL:2] v.[FLT] v.[FLT] isoloko ingekho.[[2][3] [7] [7] [ekusukela ukurhoxiswa [FL:4].]

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi: Ulawulo Olugcinelwe EUnited States

UMthetho-siseko weSihlaziyo weshumi leSihlalo uqinisa umgaqo wolawulo lwezwe: "Amagunya anganikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga ngawo eUnited States, ngokulandelelanayo, okanye ngabantu." Oku kulungiswa kuthintelwa komda wegunya lesizwe kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente. Ikhankanyiwe kumatyala acelw'iiiintengiso, njengoMthendeleko we-Mdicaid ( Ibutho lesizwe le-Intevision v. Selius, 2012]). Isindululo seshumi somthetho siyaqhubeka sisenza ingxube yempikiswano engorhulumente, etshileyo, nolungeleneyo lwemeko-mthetho efana nelungeleneyomthetho.

ISindululo Samalungelo Abantu Esandisa Inkululeko Yabemi

Emva kokutshintshwa kokuqala kweshumi, umGaqo-siseko watshintshwa izihlandlo eziliqela ukwandisa inkululeko yabemi nokulungisa ukungalungisi kwembali. Ezi zimo zibalulekile ngokufanayo ekuqondeni umlinganiselo opheleleyo wenkululeko yaseMerika.

UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo we - 1865: Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka

IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesithathu sawavalela amakhoboka kunye nobukhoboka ngaphandle kokuba nesohlwayo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kwakungelokuqala kwiZihlaziyo zokwandiswa kwemithetho yezomthetho. Oku kwakumela ukutshintshwa okukhulu kwebutho lamaMelika. Ngoxa kwakuphelisa ubukhoboka obusesikweni, "isohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho" esiye sasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukunyanzeliswa kwemiqathango enyanzeliswayo kwinkqubo yentolongo, umbandela weengxaki eziqhubekayo zomthetho. Le njongo ikwanika iNkombutho amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo ayo ngomthetho ofanelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizenzo zamalungelo abantu kwiminyaka kamva.

I - 14th Amendment (1868): Ubumi, Inkqubo Efanelekileyo, Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine loMphetho-mva kweBhili yamaLungelo. Ulungiso lwalo lobuPontime lwaguqula iNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 0] red Scott isigqibo ngokuvakalisa ukuba bonke abantu abazelweyo okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ngabemi belizwe kunye norhulumente apho behlala khona. [[FLT:] [FLT]] i-Batcomment Procession Clause [ i-D [FLT] yandisa ukhuseleko lweBRCLLLT [igss' lwamalungelo orhulumente ngemfundiso yokungena ephambili.

Oku kuye kwaba sisiseko soloyiso lwamalungelo abantu abadumileyo, kuquka Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) eyaphelisa ukukhethana kwezizwe kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, ] isokuphuma v. Virginia [1967]) eyaphelisa ukuvalwa komtshato we-intlabange, kunye no-Obergefell v. Hodges (2020) eyamkela umtshato owe-extiverentive. Ukukhusela uClaus kuhlala kusesona sixhobo esinamandla sokwenza uvavanyo lwemithetho ye-crimentinareator kunye nemisebenzi enje, imisebenzi yemisebenzi, kunye nemfundo.

UMthetho - ngqangi We - 15 (1870): Unelungelo lokunikela uncedo kungakhathaliseki ukuba uluphi uhlanga

UHlaliso lweshumi elinesihlanu loMphetho-nkqubo lwakwa-Olderns lwalela oorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente ukuba bangamvumeli ummi ukuba afumane ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, okanye kwimeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili. Phezu kwako nje ukupheliswa kwale rhafu, iirhafu zobugrogrisi, iimvoti zovavanyo lokubhata-bhata, kunye noloyiso logonyamelo lokususa i-Afrikanfranching County (inters) yenkulungwane. I-Voting Rights ka-65 yamiselwa ukuba inyanzelise uLawulo lwe-Rhulumente, kwaye izigqibo ezilandelayo zeNkundla eziphezulu ziqhube i-ovectory ziyaqhubeka zibumba umthetho wamalungelo okuvota. Noko ke, imithetho yakutshanje enjenge-[FLT.] Shelby County v. Haker[FLt:] [2013]) idekt , iye yanciphisa izitshixoto eziphambili zeR.

ISindululo seshumi elinesithoba (1920): Isithintelo samabhinqa

ISinyusi seshumi elinesithoba savakalisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota "alingasayi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe ngu-United States okanye nguAlice Paul. Le njongo yaba yisiphelo semfazwe yamashumi eminyaka yabafazi, eyayikhokelwa ngamanani afana noSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, kunye no-Alice Paul. Yandisa unyulo ngokuphawulekayo kwaye yaba ngumzekelo kwimibutho yamakhaya eyalandelayo. Intengiselwano ayizange izenze ngokuzenzekelayo ibangele ukuba onke amabhinqa afumaneke, njengoko amaMelika, amaMelika ne-Asiya namabhinqa amnyama ayejongene imiqobo de kamva kwabe ngumthetho wamalungelo abantu.

UHlaliso lweMaphu amabini anesine (1964): Ukupheliswa kwerhafu

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine lwakuvala ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwamazwe. Iirhafu zerhafu zasetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwana asemazantsi ukuthintela ukufunyanwa kwe-Afrika ephantsi ekuvoteni. Ukususwa komqobo wezoqoqosho ukuze ungenelele, nangona amazwe afumana ezinye iindlela zokuthintela ukuvota. INkundla ePhakamileyo yandisa ukuvalwa konyulo kurhulumente ku- Harper v. Virginia Court of Evolutions [19666], ilawula ukuba ubutyebi abuyiyo imfanelo esebenzayo yokuvota.

UHlahlo-Mbetho wama-201: Ukukhuthaza

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lwehla iminyaka yobudala bokuvota ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18, lukhuthazwa yimpikiswano yokuba ukuba abantu abaselula babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bafumane ukulwa eVietnam, babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bavote. Ukurhoxiswa kwiintsuku ezili-100 nje kuphela, oku kuguqula kwabonisa ukukhula kobuntwana bokuvota kwaye kwandisa inxaxheba kwizigidi zamaMelika.

Indlela Oku Kuhlaziywa Oku Okunokuthanani Ngayo Nobomi Banamhlanje

Izilungiso azikho kwi-athom; zivavanywa yonke imihla nxamnye nobugcisa obutsha, imibutho yoluntu, kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente. Ukwamkelwa kwamanani, umzekelo, kujongene nemfuneko yokufumana imvume yoMgaqo-nkqubo wesine efana nokuqokelelwa kolwazi ziinkampani zobugcisa neenkqubo zobuCwangciso-lwazi. IsiHlamlo sokuqala sijongene nombuzo ngomthetho wokuthetha ngentiyo kwii-media zoluntu, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-algoritimes kumsebenzi wokuqokelela iindaba, nokuxhaswa kwemibutho lezobupolitika njengendlela yokuthetha.

ISichithi sesibini soHlaziyo sisahlala sisesazuluni sengxoxo ephikisanayo ngokuthintelwa kompu, iinkundla zilungelelanisa amalungelo abantu ngokuchasene nemigaqo yokhuseleko loluntu. UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo uyaqhubeka uzisa utshintsho kumthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ingxubusho engowona mqathango, ukuvalelwa wesikhalazo, nesohlwayo sokufa. ISibonelelo soMphengululo se-145th soKhuselo luka-Claus sicet Claus sicelwa ekulweni ngenxa ye-LGBTQ, ukuvuma, kunye nenkqubo yokungena kwabantu.

Uhlalutyo olunzulu lwamatyala akhoyo eNkundla Ephakamileyo ebandakanya ezi zilungiso, iprojekthi ye-Oyez inika ushwankathelo olubanzi lwetyala kunye nokushicilelwe kwesandi kwempikiswano ezidluliselwa ngomlomo. Ngokungakumbi, iziko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unika oovimba abanokuphendula kunye nengcaciso.

Umlo Oqhubekayo Wokulondoloza Ukukhululeka Kwabemi

Inkululeko yabemi ayizinyanzelisi; ifuna ukuphaphamela, ukuphaphamisa, kunye nejaji ezimiseleyo ukuxhasa imigaqo yesiseko kwanaxa kujongwa uluvo oluqhelekileyo. Iziphelo ezingundoqo beziyindawo yemfazwe yezona zinkulu zokulwa iimfazwe zentlalo. Izisongelo kula malungelo orhulumente omabini abagqwesi nabacuphi basekuhlaleni, nangona umGaqo-siseko umisela ngokuyintloko inyathelo likarhulumente. Iintsebenzi zobulungisa bobuhlanga, ukulingana kwelungu, iLBGTQ+ amalungelo, kunye namalungelo abaphambukeli bonke baxhomekeke kulwimi lweBhili yamaLungelo kunye neziHlaziselo.

Abafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi kufuneka baqonde kungekuphela nje umbhalo wezi zimo kodwa kwanomongo wembali abathi bamkelelwa kuwo kunye neenkcazelo eziye zaguqula intsingiselo yabo. Umgaqo-siseko ongafundwayo nongakhuselwanga ngumgaqo-siseko obeka ubomi esichengeni sokukhutshwa. Ngokubandakanya la maxwebhu esiseko, amaMerika athatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yokwenza umanyano olufezekileyo.

Isiphelo: Amandla Ahlala Ehleli Akhuselwa NgumGaqo-siseko

Ulungiso olungundoqo loMgaqo-siseko wase-United States asingolwamaxesha angaphambili; zizithembiso eziphilayo ezimele zihlaziywe kwisizukulwana ngasinye. Ukusuka kukhuselo loMthambeko wokuqala lokuchasa amazwi nokuqinisekisa kwe-14th Communist Amelikation isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko olulinganayo, la malungiselelo abumba ukwakhiwa kwenkululeko esemthethweni yaseMerika. Ngoxa iingxoxo malunga nobungakanani kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ziza kuqhubeka, injongo yazo engundoqo ihlala ingatshintshi: ukulinganisela amandla karhulumente nokukhusela isidima somntu ngamnye.

Ukuqonda ezi zinguquko kuvumela abemi ukuba bagcine ityala likarhulumente, baqonde xa amalungelo abo echaswa, nokuxhasa utshintsho olufanelekileyo. UmGaqo-siseko awuze ugqitywe, kodwa umGaqo-siseko unika izixhobo zokulwa. Njengoko uMgwebi weNkundla ePhakamileyo uWilliam Brennan wakha waphawula, umGaqo-siseko "ngumthetho-siseko wenkululeko engalunganga", uchaza oko amazwe angenakukwenza kuwe. Ukukhusela abo "Banegalelo" ngumsebenzi olungileyo kubo bonke abayamkela inkululeko.

Abo banqwenela ukuphanda ngokubhekele phaya, Iziko lolwazi lomthetho we-Cornell [ linika uhlobo olucacisiweyo lomGaqo-siseko olunamakhonkco kwimizekelo yemiqathango.