Table of Contents

Inkqubo yemfundo isebenza njengenye yezixhobo ezinamandla zokwakha intlalo elinganayo, equka bonke abafundi apho bonke benelungelo lokuphumelela kungakhathaliseki ukuba bavela phi okanye bavela phi. Indima yenkqubo yemfundo ekukhuthazeni ukudibana kweentlanga ingaphaya nje kokubeka abafundi beentlanga ezahlukeneyo kwiklasi enye, iquka ukuvelisa iindawo apho iinguqu zixabiseke khona, oovimba basasazwa kakuhle, kwaye bonke abantwana bafumana imfundo ephezulu. Njengoko sisebenzisa impumelelo yenkulungwane yama-21, ukuqonda indlela imigaqo yemfundo engokwakheka ngayo ukudibana kweentlanga neentlanga ekwisi sikolo esinye.

Imbali Yokwahlukana Kobuhlanga Kwimfundo

Imbali yokwahlulana kobuhlanga kwimfundo yaseMerika isekelwe ngokunzulu kucalucalulo olulawulwa ziinkqubo zomthetho nomthetho owahlula abafundi ngokucacileyo ngokohlanga. Kwimbali emininzi yaseMerika, amathuba emfundo ahlukene ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yobuhlanga, kunye nabafundi abaNsundu, abaMfilam, abaMlambo, abaseAsia, nabaseMerika boMdabu abajongene nokubhaliswa, izakhiwo eziphantsi, kunye nokufumana imilinganiselo elinganiselweyo yoqeqesho entle.

IXesha Lokwahlulana Ngokusemthethweni

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweye-20, ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo lwalungamkelwanga kuphela ngokwentlalo kodwa lwalugunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi kuwo wonke uMzantsi. uJim Crow wakhuthaza oku kwahlukana, edala inkqubo entlu - mbini yemfundo eyanika ubuncwane obungalinganiyo namathuba. Abafundi abantsundu bafunda kwizikolo ezithengelwa phantsi kwemichiza ephelelwe lixesha, amagumbi okufundela axineneyo, kunye nezakhiwo ezihlala ngokungekho semthethweni, ngoxa abafundi abamhlophe babezinkolisekile ezingcono.

Imfundiso "yokwahlukene kodwa ilingana," emiselwe sisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-1896 Plessy v.Fruguson, yanikela ugwebo olusemthethweni kule nkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, inyaniso yayiyiyo yokuba amaziko ahlukeneyo ayengalingani. Izikolo ezikhonza abafundi abaNsundu zafumana inxalenye yemali enikwa izikolo ezimhlophe, kwaye umgangatho wemfundo wachaphazeleka ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yoko.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo: Imo yenqanawa eweleyo

Umhlaba wemfundo yaseMerika watshintsha ngokusisiseko ngoMeyi 17, 1954, xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States yakhupha isigqibo sayo esingqinelanayo kwiBrown v. Board of Education. Esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo savakalisa ukuba izikolo zikarhulumente ezicalulwe ngokweentlalo zalwa noKhuselo olulinganayo lweNkqutyana ye-1448 yokuHlaziya iNgxelo yoMphengululo zazamisa zaye zamiswa ukuba "zikolo ezihlukeneyo kodwa ezilinganayo" zazingalingani ngokwemvelo kwaye zingenaburhulumente. Esi sigqibo sabonisa ukoyisa okuphawulekayo kwabaxhasi bamalungelo abantu ababelwe ngokungakhathali ukuphelisa isiseko somthetho esixhasa i-Rodlu.

Noko ke, inkqubela yokuphelisa ucalucalulo yayicotha yaye yahlangabezana nenkcaso ekrakra evela kubantu abaninzi, kwimibutho, nakwizikhulu zikarhulumente ezazifuna ukulondoloza inkqubo echaphazelekayo. Kwezinye iimeko, zonke izikolo zavala izikolo zazo kunokuba zidibane. Ukuphunyezwa kukaBrown kwafuna izigqibo ezongezelelekileyo zenkundla nongenelelo lorhulumente ukuze kunyanzeliswe ukuthobela.

IXesha Lamalungelo Abemi Nemigudu Yokwahlula Amalungelo

Iminyaka yee-1960 kunye nee-1970 zaphawula ixesha lenkqubela ebalulekileyo ekukhutshweni kwesikolo. Esi sigqibo sakhokelela ekuphunyezweni komsebenzi wolawulo lwezikolo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kaGreenw we-1968. IBhodi yeSikolo sephondo leNew Kent County yomeleza imigudu yokuphelisa intlukwano ngokuvala "inkululeko yokuzikhethela" izicwangciso ezithe zasetyenziswa kumasebe ukuthoba iiplani zekonkcenkcezelo zeko yomanyano kwimimandla emininzi. Esi sigqibo sakhokelela ekuphunyezweni okusetyenziswa koomatshini bokusasaza neenkqubo zokulawula iibhulo, ezilungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa ngokobuhlanga, iinkqubo eziqhubekeka kwii-1990 kumaqela athile.

UMthendeleko we-Civil Rights ka-1964 walungiselela izixhobo ezongezelelekileyo zokwandiswa kocalulo lwemfundo, ukuthintelwa kwemali yamagunya azimeleyo ekuchongeni abantu ngenxa yohlanga, imibala, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Oku kudibene kungenelelo olusemthethweni nomthetho kwaphumela kulwando oluphawulekayo ekudibaniseni izikolo ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970, okumela incopho yemigudu yokuphelisa intlalo kwimfundo yaseMerika.

Uhlanganiso Lwangoku Lwesikolo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela eyenziwa kumashumi eminyaka emva kweBrown v. Board of Education, iminyaka engama-70 emva kwesigqibo esiphawulekayo, uhlanga lusenemibandela kwimfundo yaseMerika. Uphando lwakutshanje lutyhila utyekelo olukhathazayo: ucalucalulo phakathi kwabafundi abamhlophe nabantsundu luye lwanyuka ngama-64 ekhulwini ukususela ngowe-1988 kwimimandla elikhulu eli-100, yaye ukuhlukaniswa ngokwemeko yezoqoqosho kuye kwanyuka malunga nama-50 ekhulwini ukususela ngowe - 1991.

Ukukhula Komanyano Kwizithili Ezikhulu Zesikolo

Ukuphinda kuhlangane kwezikolo zaseMerika kuphawulwe kakhulu kwimimandla emikhulu yezikolo zasezidolophini enceda abafundi abaninzi abanombala. Amanqanaba okuhlukaniswa kwemigangatho yesikolo akakho kumgangatho wangaphambi kweBrown, kodwa aphezulu kwaye ebenyuka ngokuthe ngcembe ukususela ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980. Olu lwando luye lwenzeka kwanjengokuba iinguqu zokuhlala nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuye kwancipha kwiindawo ezininzi, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukhetho lwemigaqo kunokuba iinguqu zamanani abantu ziqhubele phambili.

Ngaphezu kwesithathu sabafundi (malunga nezigidi ezili-18,5) baye kwisikolo esineemvelaphi ezifanayo/isikolo sobuhlanga ebudeni bonyaka wesikolo wama-2020-21, ngokwengxelo ye-ofisi ye-Austriation yoRhulumente yase-United States. Ngaphezu koko, abafundi abali-14% baye kwizikolo apho phantse bonke abafundi babeluhlanga olunye/ubuhlanga.

Imizekelo Yomanyano Lweentlanga Nezizwe

Iindlela zokwahlulwa kocalulo zahluka kakhulu kumaqela ahlukeneyo eentlanga namaqela eentlanga. Kwizikolo ezinkulu, ucalucalulo olumhlophe oluphakathi kwezikolo lwanda ka-35 ekhulwini kunye no-mhlophe-Asiya lwaphinda-phindeka kabini ukusuka ngo-1991 ukuya ku-2020. I-White-Hispanic ihleli inyusiwe, nangona yafikelela kwincopho ekupheleni kowama 2000.

Malunga nama-37% kubafundi abantsundu kwi-U.S. ababhalisa kwizikolo ezininzi zabamhlophe ngowe-1918, kodwa ngo-2018, ipesenti yehla yaya kutsho kwi-19%. Kubafundi baseSpeyin, ukuhla komgangatho wesikolo kunyuke ngokuthe ngcembe ngokuhambelana nokutshintsha kwabemi, kwaye abafundi baseSpeyin ngoku bajongene nomgangatho ophezulu wokwahlukana kwesizwe kunabafundi abaNsundu kwimimandla emininzi.

Nangona ama-45% abo bonke abafundi base-U.S. ayemhlophe, umfundi oqhelekileyo oMnyama waya kwisikolo esine-76% esingengobamhlophe ngowama-2021, ngoxa umfundi oqhelekileyo we-Latino waya esikolweni esineephesenti ezingama-75% ezingemhlophe. Olu hlomelo lwabafundi bemibala kwizikolo ezingengobamhlophe lunentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwimfundo elungelelanisiweyo nakukusasazwa kweempahla.

Ukudibana Kwezoqoqosho Ezikolweni

Ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo ludityaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokwahlulwa ngokwezoqoqosho. Phantse isixhenxe kubantwana abamnyama abalishumi (69.2%) baya kwizikolo apho uninzi lwabafundi lunombala, yaye bangaphezulu kwesixhenxe kwishumi labafundi abantsundu (72.4%) bafunda izikolo eziphezulu, xa kuthelekiswa nomnye kubafundi abathathu abamhlophe (31.3%).

Kwizikolo ezinkulu, ucalulo phakathi kwabantwana abangamahlwempu (abafundi abafanele ukudla isidlo sasemini sesini) kunye nabafundi abangasweleyo lwanyuka ngama-47 ekhulwini ukususela ngo-1991, kunye ngo-2020, umlinganiselo wobuhlwempu kwisikolo sabafundi abangamahlwempu wawumalunga nama-20 eepesenti ngaphezulu kunakwisikolo sabafundi esingasweleyo kwisithili esinye. Oku kudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho kubangela iingxaki ezijamelene nabafundi abanombala, njengokuba izikolo eziphezulu eziphezulu zingenamava, abafundisi-mava, kwaye zingena kumsebenzi ophezulu.

Umahluko weenkcubeko kumanyano

Ukwahlukaniswa kwezikolo kuyabonakala ngokwahlukileyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ye-United States. Ngelixesha inkcaso iye yanxulunyaniswa ngokwembali noMzantsi we-Jim Crow, imizekelo yamaxesha ebonakalisa ukuba ucalucalulo lukho kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngo- 1988, malunga no 7.4% wezikolo zelo lizwe zahlulwa kakhulu, kodwa ngo-2021, elo nani laya libhankiwe malunga nama-20%.

Izikolo zaseKhalifoniya ezinabantu abahlukene kakhulu zanda kakhulu, zihlohlwa ukusuka kwi11% ukuya ku44%, ngexesha uMaryland, New Mexico, Nevada, kunye neTexas zazineepesenti ezininzi ezinyukayo kwizikolo ezidume kakhulu. Ezi ntlobo-ntlobo zomhlaba zibonisa imeko-bume eyahlukileyo, ukwenziwa kwamanani, kunye nembali yeendawo zokuhlala.

Uninzi lwamaqela ezikolo luphakathi kwezikolo kunokuba lube phakathi kwazo. Abafundi ababhaliswa ngokungafaniyo kwimimandla yezikolo ngeemvelaphi, ubuhlanga, nemeko yezoqoqosho, nto leyo edala umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwemimandla ekufuphi. Umzekelo, ezinye imimandla zasezidolophini zikhonza abafundi abanemibala emininzi kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, ngoxa imimandla ekufuphi nedolophu isebenza ngokuyintloko kubafundi abamhlophe abavela kwiimvelaphi ezityebileyo.

Imfundo Engundoqo Ikhuthaza Ukwanda Kobuhlanga

Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemfundo ziye zaphunyezwa ukukhuthaza ukudibana kobuhlanga nokuhlahlelana okuzingisileyo. Le nkqubo isuka kungenelelo olugunyazisiweyo lwenkundla ukuya kwiinkqubo zokuzithandela ezilungiselelwe ukwandisa iinguqu nokuphucula ulungelelwaniso lwemfundo.

Inkcazo yeNkundla

Inkundla elungelelanisiweyo ngokwembali iye yaba yenye yezixhobo ezinamandla zokukhuthaza ukudibana kobuhlanga ezikolweni. Emva kwesigqibo seBrown, iinkundla zephondo zagunyazisa izicwangciso zokudibanisa imimandla yezikolo kulo lonke ilizwe, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinembali zedere revolution. Le miyalelo yenkundla ifuna ukuba isithili sithathe amanyathelo okukhulula iinkqubo ezisusiweyo ngokobuhlanga, ngokufuthi ngemigaqo-siseko sabafundi, iinkqubo zokusasaza iitrafishi, kunye nenkqubela-phambili kwezoshishino.

Ngexesha lencopho yenkundla yenkundla ekhutshiweyo kwi1970 kunye neyowe-1980, izithili ezininzi zafumana imigangatho ebalulekileyo yokudibana. Kodwa ukususela ngo1991, malunga nee-3 ezintathu zeendawo eziphantsi kolungelelwaniso lwenkundla zikhululwe ekuveleni kwenkundla. Ukususwa kweliso lenkundla kuye kwafak ’ isandla ekuphindeni kongezelelo lwentlalo kumazwe amaninzi, njengoko isithili singasafuneki ukugcina imigudu yolwaniso.

Isenzo sokuqinisekisa kunye neMithetho yoLuhlanga

Iinkqubo ezizinzileyo zijolise ekunyuseni amathuba amaqela eentlobo ezimeleyo eembali alungelelanisiweyo kwimfundo, ingakumbi kumangenelo emfundo ephezulu. Le nkqubo igqala uhlanga njengothunywashe omnye phakathi kwezigqibo ezininzi ezisekwamkelini ukukhuthaza iinguqu kunye nokuphendula imbali. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ivumile inyathelo linceda ukunyusa imimandla yokudlala kubafundi abaye bajamelana nemiqobo, lo gama abagxeki bephikisa ukuba imigaqo enjalo yenza ucalucalucalulo.

Imeko engokwasemthethweni enxulumene nokuvuma iye yaguquka ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngo-2023, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhupha isigqibo kuBafundi beFair Adgistracts v. IHarvard eyakuthintela ngokuphawulekayo ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yokuvunywa kwemiqathango yesizwe kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Esi sigqibo siye sakhuthaza amaziko ukuba ahlole ezinye iindlela zokulondoloza iinguqu zezakhiwo ngexa kuhambelana nesakhiwo esitsha somthetho.

Izikolo zeMagnet kunye neeNkqubo zokuDila

Izikolo zeMagnet zimela indlela yokuzithandela yokukhuthaza unxulumano ngokunika ingeniso ekhethekileyo okanye iinkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukutsala abafundi abahlukahlukeneyo. Ezi zikolo zidla ngokuba nemixholo yemfundo eyodwa enjengenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa, ukwenza ubugcisa, okanye izifundo zezizwe ngezizwe, ukuzoba abafundi ukusuka kumacala esithili. Ngokunika iindlela zemfundo eziphezulu ezinomtsalane kwiintsapho ezivela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo, izikolo ezinomtsalane zingenza ukuba kubekho ukudibana ngaphandle kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yokwabelwa.

Iinkqubo zokuzithandela zokudibanisa amaqela ziquka izikolo ezilawulwa ngamaginya, apho iintsapho zikhetha izikolo eziliqela ngoxa isithili sisenza imisebenzi elungelelanisa ubuhlanga nezoqoqosho.

Uhlengahlengiso Lwesikolo Nemida

Imimandla yesikolo nemida yesithili ephembelela ngokuphawulekayo iindlela zokwahlukana nokudibana. Uhlengahlengiso olucwangcisiweyo kule mida lungakhuthaza ukwahluka-hluka ngokuqinisekisa ukuba izikolo zitsala abafundi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo enemida yobuhlanga nezoqoqosho. Ezinye imimandla ziye zasebenzisa imigaqo yokuyila ngabom imida ekufuphi kwaye zidala amaqumrhu abafundi ahlukene ngakumbi.

Noko ke, izigqibo zomda zidla ngokuba nengxabano, njengoko zichaphazela amaxabiso empahla, amaxesha okuhamba-hamba, kunye neempawu zoluntu. Ukuhambela phambili kwesithili, apho izikolo zahlukana khona kwisithili esikhoyo, ziye zavela njengesizathu esinye sokungabi nankqubela ephawulekayo ekudibaniseni, kunye nezithili ezintsha ngokubanzi zimhlophe kwaye zityebile kunezishicileli eziseleyo.

Icandelo loLawulo loMntwana

Ukusabela kwimiqathango esemthethweni yeenkqubo zesizwe ezingaziqondiyo, ezinye izithili ziye zamkela iinkqubo zabafundi ezisekelwe kwintlalo yentlalo yentlalo nezoqoqosho eziqwalasela ingeniso yentsapho, imfundo yabazali, okanye iimpawu zengingqi. Le nkqubo izimisele ukukhuthaza umanyano lwezoqoqosho nolobuhlanga, ziqonda ukudibana okunamandla phakathi kohlanga kunye nobume bentlalo-ntlalo-ntle eUnited States.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusebenzisana kwentlalo nezoqoqosho inokuba luncedo ekubangeleni izikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngoxa kuthintelwa iingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni ezinxulumene nokuhlelwa kohlanga olucacileyo.

Ingcebiso equlunqweyo neNkcubeko

Ukuphuhlisa iprojekthi ebonakalisa izithethe, imbali neembono ezahlukeneyo kumele enye indlela ebalulekileyo yokukhuthaza ubudlelane nokulingana. Imigaqo-nkqubo equka ukufundisa iqinisekisa ukuba abafundi abavela kuzo zonke iimvelaphi bazibone bekwizinto zabo zemfundo yaye bafunda ngenkxaso yabantu abahlukeneyo kwibutho labantu.

Uqheliselo lokufundisa olunenkcubeko ludlulela ngaphaya kolwazi lwemfundo ukuquka iindlela zokufundisa ezibonisa nokuyila kwiimvelaphi nakumava abafundi. Ezi ndlela zinokubanceda ekubangeleni ukumamkelwa nokuphumelela kokufunda okuzinzileyo kubafundi abanemibala engafaniyo, okunako ukuphucula iziphumo zemfundo kunye nokudibana kwezentlalo kwizikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Noko ke, imigudu yokusebenzisa iiklasi zesikolo eziquka ubupolitika iye yajamelana nenkcaso kweminye imimandla, impikiswano ngendlela yokufundisa ngentlalo, ubuhlanga, nembali yaseMerika iyanda ukuba ibangele iingxabano. Amanye amazwe aye amisela umthetho othintela iingxubusho ezithile ezinxulumene nobuhlanga nocalucalulo ezikolweni, nto leyo eye yabangela ucelomngeni kubafundisi - ntsapho abafuna ukucombulula ezi ngxaki ngokunyanisekileyo nangokuphandle.

Iinkqubo zothutho nezothutho

Iinkqubo zokuhamba, kuquka iinkqubo zokulawula, ziphumeze indima ebalulekileyo kwimigudu yesikolo. Ngokulungiselela izithuthi kubafundi abafunda ezikolweni ezingaphandle kwemimandla ekufutshane, isithili singaloyisa imimandla ehlala abantu kwaye senze iindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuhlala. IBust yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ebudeni bencopho yoo-1970 neyee-1980 ukufikelela ulungelelwano lobuhlanga ezikolweni.

Ngoxa iinkqubo zokulawula zandisa ngokunempumelelo ukudibana kwabantu kwiindawo ezininzi, nazo zabangela impikiswano ephawulekayo kunye nokuchasa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukusetyenziswa kwemithwalo enzima ezintsatsheni, ukudilika kwezikolo zasekuhlaleni, kwaye ukungaphumeleli ukusingatha imicimbi ekhoyo yeendawo zokuhlala. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokuhamba ngebhasi zahlaziywa okanye zapheliswa njengoko ulawulo lwenkundla lupheliswa, nto leyo eyayifak ’ isandla ekuhlawulweni kwemithetho yenkundla.

Iinkqubo zodityaniso lwecandelo

Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwamacandelo ezikolo aphakathi kwesithili, iinkqubo zokudibanisa imimandla zingumsebenzi obalulekileyo. Ezi nkqubo zivumela abafundi ukuba baye kwizikolo ezikwisithili ezikufuphi, nto leyo enokuba yimiqobo ebangelwa yimida yesithili edla ngokwahlula imimandla ngeentlanga nangeklasi.

Iinkqubo zephondo zijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo lokuzalisekisa, kuquka amalungiselelo emali, iinkqubo zezothutho, kunye nokuchasa kwezobupolitika ezisuka kuluntu oluxhalabele ukuphulukana nolawulo okanye ubuncwane basekuhlaleni. Sekunjalo, iinkqubo eziphumelelayo zodityaniso lwangaphakathi zibonisa ukuba ukuhambelana okunqamlezileyo kungandisa amathuba abafundi nokukhuthaza ukudibana.

Impembelelo Yemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Endimele Isikolo Esisikhethayo

Ukwanda kwemigaqo yesikolo yokukhetha, kuquka izikolo zomgaqo - siseko neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa, ngokusisiseko kuye kwayiguqula indlela abantu baseMerika abafunda ngayo yaye kwaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo indlela abantu ababunyene ngayo ubuhlanga nokwahlukana.

Izikolo Zetshati Nocalulo

Le ngxelo inikela ubungqina obutsha ngempembelelo ebangela inkqubela kwicandelo lesikolo, ibonisa ukuba ukwanda kwezikolo zerhafu kuye kwadlala indima, njengoko icandelo lemithetho-siseko liye lakhula ukususela ngowe - 1998. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukwanda kwesikolo somthetho - siseko kuye kwafak ’ isandla ekwandeni komanyano oluseluntlungwini kwiindawo ezininzi, nangona ulwalamano luntsonkothile yaye lungafani ngokwendawo.

Izikolo zetshati, eziqhuba izikolo ezizimeleyo kunezo zikawonke wonke ngoxa zifumana inkxaso kawonke wonke, ziye zanda kulo lonke elaseUnited States kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edluleyo. Ngoxa ezinye izikolo zomthetho-mvume zinceda ngokunempumelelo amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo abafundi, ezinye ziye zahlukahluka ngokweendidi, mhlawumbi zikhonza kakhulu abafundi abanemibala ekwimimandla yedolophu okanye abafundi abamhlophe abaninzi kuluntu lwasemaphandleni.

Iziphumo eziyahlulayo zezikolo zomthetho-siseko zisuka kwizinto eziliqela, kuquka ukukwazi kwazo ukutsala abafundi kwiingingqi zesithethe, izigqibo zendawo abaya kuyo, iindlela zabo zorhwebo, kunye nokuzikhethela ngokwazo iintsapho ezikhetha ukuzibhalisa. Ngaphandle kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokudibanisa, izikolo zomgaqo-siseko zingaqinisa okanye zifake iintlobo ezikhoyo ze-paration.

Iinkqubo ze Voucher kunye nokuKhetha kweSikolo Sabucala

Amaphepha okuqinisekisa ezikolo athunyelwa okokuqala emva kweBrown v. iBhodi yemfundo njengendlela yokugcina ukwahlukana kobuhlanga emva kokuba iinkundla ziyalele izikolo zikawonke-wonke ukuba zidibane, neenkqubo zokuqala zokuqinisekisa ezenzelwe ngokucacileyo ukuphelisa isikolo emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe-1954. Le mbali ikhathazayo iyaqhubeka iphembelela iingxoxo zamaxesha angoku malunga neenkqubo zokuxhasa kunye neziphumo zazo ekudibaniseni.

Ulwandiso lwe Voucher luphinda luhlaziywe izikolo ngohlanga nangengeniso kwaye lubonakalisa inkqubo esekelwe ekuxhathiseni ukudibana kwezikolo. Iinkqubo zangoku zokuqinisekisa, ezinika abafundi imali kawonke-wonke yokuya kwizikolo zabucala, zinyuke ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngaphezu kwama-30 amaziko ngoku asebenzisa i-screenter okanye iinkqubo zescreenzelo, kwaye ubuncinane ali-18 lamkele ubuchule bomhlaba wonke.

Kumazwe amaninzi kulo lonke eli lizwe, ulwandiso lwezikolo ezigunyazisa ukuchongwa kwamaqela nokunyuswa kokhetho lwezoqoqosho, abafundi abamhlophe abatyebileyo nababhityekileyo ngokungenakulinganiswa kwizicwangciso zabucala ngexesha beshiya izikolo zikawonke-wonke zineemfuno eziphezulu nezingenayo. Izikolo zobuqu ezithabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokufaka isiqinisekiso azifuneki ukulandela ukhuseleko olunye lwamalungelo abantu okanye imilinganiselo yokuphendula njengezikolo zikawonke wonke, zinyusa inkxalabo malunga nocalucalulo kunye nolungelelwano.

NgoJulayi 2025, iKhonkqulu yagunyazisa inkqubo yokuqala yesikolo sabucala sesizwe, eyakhiwe njengetyala lerhafu lesizwe "iityala lomthetho" elivumela abantu ukuba banikele ngemali emalunga ne-R2,700 ngonyaka ukunikezela ngemali yemali eninzi yokunikezela ngemibutho nokufumana ityala lerhafu karhulumente eliyimali-mali, kunye nocwangciso olunokuthi luphambukise phakathi kwee-$30 zezigidi zezigidi kunye nama-50 ezigidi zezigidi ze-50 kwimfundo karhulumente kwilizwe lonke. Le nkqubo karhulumente ingenza utyekelo olunzulu ukuya kunyuso lwemali ekhuthayo kwaye inciphiswe oovimba besikolo abasebenza kakhulu abafundi bemibala.

Izikolo Zasekuhlaleni Nokhetho Lwabazali

Ngenxa yokuba ama-70% abafundi base-U.S. abaya kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke eziselumelwaneni, abamelwane abanocalucalulo lobuhlanga baye bawamisela ngokwembali amatyala ezikolo ezicalucalulo zobuhlanga. Ukugxininisa kwizikolo ezikufutshane kunye nokhetho lobuzali, ngoxa kukhuthaza iminqweno yeentsapho ezininzi ngolawulo noncedo lwasekuhlaleni, kunokukhuthaza ucalucalulo xa imiphakathi ngokwayo icalulwe ngokweentlobo zohlanga nodidi.

Kwizithili ezininzi ezinkulu, ucalucalulo lwezikolo luye lwanda ngexesha iinqobo zokuhlala kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho okukhoyo kuthe kwancipha, kwaye okufunyenweyo kubonisa ukuba ukhetho lwenkqubo – hayi iinguqu zamanani abemi – zibangela ulwando. Oku kucebisa ukuba ukuphambuka kwimigaqo yokusebenzisana ngokunxulumene neenkqubo ezisekelwe kwikhethelo kuvumele izikolo ukuba zihlukane kakhulu namazwe eziwakhonzayo.

Ukuyila imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhetha ukuze kukhuthazwe umanyano

Ngoxa iinkqubo zokukhetha izikolo zidla ngokuba negalelo ekwandiseni ukwahlukana, azifuneki ukuba zenze oko ngokungenakuphepheka. Izithili zesikolo zingazalisekisa iinkqubo zokwandiswa kwemiqathango yokwahlula-hlula, kuquka iinkqubo zokuzithandela zokudibanisa intlalo-ntle, iinkqubo zokufundisa ezisekelwe kwinkcubeko yezoqoqosho, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhetha yesikolo ekhuthaza umanyano.

Amanye amagunya asungule amalottery alinganiswe ngokulinganiswa abonisa ukuba abantwana ababhaliswe beya kuphucula iinguqu, abekelwe izihlalo abafundi abasuka kumaqela angaphantsi, okanye amaphulo olwazi akhuthaza iintsapho ukuba ziqwalasele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zezikolo. Ezi ndlela zibonisa ukuba ukhetho nonxulumano lunokuba lulungelelaniswa xa imigaqo yenzelwe ukukhuthaza zombini ngabom.

Iingenelo Zezikolo Ezineentlobo Zobuhlanga

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba izikolo ezidityanisiweyo ngeentlanga zinika iingenelo ezibalaseleyo kubafundi abakwizizwe namaqela eentlanga, kwakunye nebutho labantu ngokubanzi. Ukuqonda ezi ngenelo kubalulekile ekwenzeni le meko ukuze kubekho imigaqo ejongene nomanyano.

Iziphumo ezizizo

I-Specian ikhangeleka ingunobangela weziphumo zemfundo kuba inike abafundi abamnyama nabakwizikolo zobuhlwempu obuphezulu, nto leyo ephumela ekubeni bafumane amathuba angafaniyo okufunda. Abafundi abanemibala engafaniyo nabafunda kwizikolo ezinxulumene nobuhlwempu obusezantsi kunye nabaninzi kubafundi abamhlophe benza bhetele, ngokomlinganiselo, kwiimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo kunoontanga babo kwizicwangciso ezithe ngqingqwa.

Iingenelo zemfundo ezifumaneka ngokudibanisa zisuka kwiimeko ezininzi, kuquka ukufikelela kwizikolo ezingcono, ukuchanabeka koontanga abaneziqu zemfundo ezahlukeneyo nezilangazelelo, kunye nokuncitshiswa kocelomngeni olunxulumene nobuhlwempu. Izikolo eziqeqeshiweyo zinika umsebenzi owenziwe ngokuhambela phambili, abafundisi-mfundo abanamava, kunye nezakhiwo ezingcono kunezikolo ezinabantwana abasebenza ngokugqithisileyo bebala.

Uphando lukwabonisa ukuba ukusebenza kwabafundi abamhlophe esikolweni akubangelwa kukuya kwizikolo ezidityanisiweyo, ngokuchasene noloyiko oluboniswa ngamanye amaxesha ngabachasi bomanyano. Enyanisweni, bonke abafundi bangangenelwa kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo namava akhoyo ekudibaniseni imekobume yokufunda.

Iingenelo Entlalweni Nasebuthweni

Ngaphandle kwemiphumo yemfundo, izikolo ezidityanisiweyo ziluncedo kwintlalo nakwintlalo yabantu. Abafundi abafunda kwizikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo bafunda ukuzazi ngakumbi izithethe, banciphisa ikhethe, yaye baphucula ubuchule bokujamelana neemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo, yaye bayakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ebaluleke ngakumbi kwibutho lethu labantu nezoqoqosho.

Izikolo eziqeqeshiweyo zivelisa amathuba abafundi abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ukuze bakhe ubuhlobo kunye nokuvelisa ukuqonda okungaphelisa umahluko oqhelekileyo nokunciphisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwamaqela. Olu lwalamano kunye namava aphakathi koluntu lunokuba neziphumo ezihlala zihleli, ziphembelela isimo sengqondo sabafundi, ukhetho lomsebenzi, kunye nokuzibophelela kwezentlalo kuluntu ubomi babo bonke.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba abafundi abafunda kwizikolo ezidityanisiweyo badla ngokuhlala kwiindawo ezidibeneyo nabantu abadala, basebenze kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, baxhase imigaqo-nkqubo ekhuthaza ukulingana kobuhlanga. Le miphumo inde ibonisa indlela ukudibana kwezikolo okunokuba negalelo ngayo ekumanyaneni kwamaqela abantu nokuncitshiswa kobuhlanga.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nolokusebenza

Ukuvala imisantsa yemivuzo yobuhlanga nokufikelela kwimali kunye nemfundo yobuncwane kuya kunceda ekukhuliseni uqoqosho, ngenxa yocalulo, ukususela ngowama- 2000 i-United States ilahlekelwe zii-R34 zezigidi zee-R3 zezigidi kwimpahla neenkonzo. Ukudityaniswa kwezikolo kunegalelo kwinkqubela yezoqoqosho ngokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bafumana amalungiselelo abawafunayo ukuze baphumelele emsebenzini kwaye banegalelo ekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho.

Abafundi abafunda kwizikolo ezidityanisiweyo bakulungele kakuhle ukufikelela kwiindawo zemisebenzi ezahlukahlukeneyo kwaye bayakwazi ukufikelela kwii-intanethi ezibanzi ezinokubangela amathuba omsebenzi anokubangela ukuba abantu bafumane amathuba angakumbi. Ngokunciphisa imfundo ehlukeneyo nokukhuthaza amathuba alinganayo, imigaqo-nkqubo yokudibanisa inceda ekuphuhliseni ikomkhulu labantu kuzo zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu, oko kuqinisa uqoqosho jikelele.

Impilo nentlalo-ntle

Iziphumo zokwahlulwa kocalulo lwesikolo zidlulela ngaphaya kwemfundo ukuze ziphembelele impilo nentlalo-ntle. Abafundi kwizikolo ezinolwahlulo, ubuhlwempu obuphezulu bajamelana noxinezeleko oluphezulu, impatho ebuhlungu, kunye neemeko ezingalunganga ezinokuchaphazela impilo engokomzimba neyyingcali yengqondo. Ukuxinezeleka kokungalungelelani kwizikolo ezinocalucalulo kudala iimeko apho abafundi besenokulwisana nokunganqabiseki kokutya, ukungazinzi kwezindlu, nokuchanabeka kugonyamelo.

Izikolo eziqeqeshiweyo ezinenkxaso eyaneleyo zinganika iinkonzo ezibanzi eziquka ukunikela ingcebiso, iinkonzo zempilo, kunye nokuphucula amathuba akhuthaza intlalo-ntle yabafundi. Uxinezeleko oluncitshisiweyo namathuba aphuculiweyo anxulumene nokuya kwizikolo ezidityanisiweyo, zinokuba neziphumo ezintle kwimpilo yabafundi eqhubeka isemgangathweni.

Ucelomngeni Lokufikelela Ukwanda Kobuhlanga

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo ezicacileyo zezikolo ezidityanisiweyo nakumashumi eminyaka eenkqubo, ukumanyanisa ubuhlanga ngendlela eyakhayo kuselucelomngeni olunzima olunemiqobo emininzi.

Ucalulo

Umthombo wokwahlulwa kwabantu ezikolweni lucalucalulo oluhlala abantu, njengoko isabelo sokuhlala nesesikolo sinxulunyaniswa nesithethe sezikolo ezilawulwa ngasekuhlaleni. Imizekelo yemimiselo yokuhlaliswa kwabantu ngokweembali, ebunjwe kukucalucalulo, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nemisebenzi yezoshishino yezindlu eqhubekayo, ibangela imiqobo ebalulekileyo ekumanyaneni kwezikolo.

Kukho izizathu zembali ezibangela ukuba abamelwane bakhangele indlela abakhangeleka ngayo, njengoko inxalenye ethile yaloo nto ibangelwa yindlela ilizwe lethu elikhetha ngayo ukukhuthaza okanye ukumisela umda indawo abantu ababenokuhlala kuyo, yaye nangona iPair Howard House Act yowe - 1968 yayilucalucalulo olungekho mthethweni olusekelwe kuhlanga, kwamanye amazwe, umthetho wangoku ukhuthaza uluntu olukwanti.

Ukulungisa umahluko wesikolo ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukujamelana nokwahlulwa kohlanga oluhlala abantu ngemigaqo-nkqubo yezindlu ezifanelekileyo, ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, nemigudu yokunciphisa ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Noko ke, ezi nguqulelo zibanzi zijongene nocelomngeni lwazo lwezobupolitika nolusebenzisekayo.

Ukuchaswa Kwezobupolitika Nebutho Loluntu

Imigudu yokuqhatha iye yajamelana nenkcaso ephawulekayo engokwembali evela kuluntu nakwiinkokeli zobupolitika ezichasa iinguqu kwizabelo zesikolo ezikhoyo, ukoyika ukuhla kwemilinganiselo yempahla, okanye ukuchasa ikhethe lobuhlanga. Oku kungabonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukususela kwiimeko ezingokwasemthethweni ukuya kudibanisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokubhabha nokubhabha okumhlophe ukusuka kwizikolo nakumazwe adityanisiweyo.

Ukuxhathisa ukudibana kudla ngokuthatha iindlela ezichuliweyo kunenkcaso egqithisileyo yexesha lamalungelo abantu, kodwa ihlala ingumqobo onamandla. Abazali basenokuvakalisa inkxalabo ngexabiso lesikolo, imilinganiselo yemfundo, okanye ukhuseleko olugquma amaxhala obuhlanga. Iinkokeli zezobupolitika zingaxhasa "ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni" okanye ukhetho lwamazinyo" ngeendlela ezikwaziyo ukukhusela ukwahlukana.

Ukwakha nokugcina umanyano lwezobupolitika kufuna umanyano oluqhubekayo, imfundo yoluntu, kunye nokhokelo oluthe lwangqinelwa ngokulinganayo. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso emandla evela kubenzi bezomthetho neenkokeli zoluntu, imigudu yokudibanisa isenokungabi nampumelelo okanye ixhaswe ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Umahluko weZibonelelo kunye nokuHlanganiswa kweNgxongo

Ezona ziqithi zingenazintlu zifunyanwayo kumazwe alishumi: iAlabama, iArkansas, iFlorida, iGeorgia, iLouisiana, iMississippi, iNevada, iNew Mexico, iNorth Carolina neTexas, kunye nezisibhozo kwezi mimandla zifumene imigaqo engqinelanayo. Imali engalinganiyo phakathi kwesithili sesikolo idala kwaye iqhubele phambili imigangatho encinane ephazamisa imigudu yomanyano.

Izikolo ezinamaqela amaninzi amaHispanic, amaIndiya angamaBlack namaMerika/ama - Alaska amaIndiya - amaqela amancinane akwiqondo eliphezulu lobuhlwempu kunabafundi baseMerika nabamhlophe nabaseAsia – nazo ziyasanda, nto leyo ethetha ukuba inxalenye enkulu yabantwana abambalwa abangenayo nje kuphela kwizikolo ezicalucalucalulwe ngokweentloko, kodwa nezikolo ezingenabo ubuncwane bungako kubo.

Ukulungisa umahluko phakathi kwezibonelelo kufuna utshintsho kwinkqubo yemali yezikolo ezixhomekeke kakhulu kwiirhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni, ezikhuthaza ukungalingani phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. Amazwe kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba imali eyaneleyo nelinganayo kuzo zonke izikolo, kunye noovimba abangakumbi abajoliswe kwizikolo ezikhonza abafundi abaneemfuno ezingakumbi.

Uthintelo Olusemthethweni

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo ezisemthethweni zezikolo ezilawulayo kuye kwaya kusiba nzima kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zazimisela umda izixhobo ezikhoyo ezifuna ukukhuthaza ukumanyana, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa kohlanga kwizigqibo zezabelo zomfundi. I-2007 Parents Attein in Community School School School School s. 1 isigqibo sanyanzela ngamandla aphawulekayo ukuba izithili zisebenzise iinkqubo zobuhlanga, kwanasemigudu yokuzibandakanya ngokuzithandela.

Kutshanje, i-2023 yaBafundi beFair Adgings v. Isigqibo seHarvard sikwathintelwa ngakumbi iinkqubo zemfundo ephezulu ezingeyomfuneko. Ngoxa esi sigqibo sathetha ngqo ngokusemthethweni ngee-oventies kunokuba sibe yimfundo yeK-12, sibonakalisa ukuchasa okusemthethweni kokusingqongileyo okuthe ngqo ukuqwalaselwa kohlanga kwinkqubo yemfundo.

Ezi ziphakamiso zinyanzelisayo ezisemthethweni ezifuna ukudityaniswa ngohlobo lobuhlanga, njengemigaqo-nkqubo esekelwe kwintlalo yezoqoqosho, esenokungancedi ekufumaneni iinguqu zobuhlanga. Ukutyunjwa kolu hlelo lunzima olusemthethweni kufuna ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yobuchule kwaye kudla ngokuba nentsingiselo yemithombo yomthetho.

Ukusebenzisa Ucelomngeni

Kwanaxa imigaqo-nkqubo yokudibanisa ivunyiwe, ukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo kubangela ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo. Iinkqubo zothutho, izabelo zabafundi, ii-algorithm, izithintelo zomthamo wesikolo, kunye nonxibelelwano neentsapho zonke ezi zinto zifuna ucwangciso olucokisekileyo kunye nobuncwane obaneleyo. Imimandla yesithili kufuneka ilungiselele abafundisi- ntsapho kunye noobaphathi ukuba basebenze ngokunempumelelo kwizicwangciso ezahlukeneyo kwaye bathethe ngeengxubakala okanye iimbambano ezisenokubakho.

Ukunxulumana okuphumelelayo kufuna okungaphezulu kunokubeka abafundi beentlanga ezahlukeneyo kwisakhiwo esinye. izikolo kufuneka zibangele iimeko eziquka zonke apho bonke abafundi baziva bemkelekile kwaye bexabisekile, bephumeza uqheliselo lokufundisa olungokwesithethe olusabelayo, kwaye bathethe naziphi na izinto ezingafaniyo kwingqeqesho, ukufundiswa, okanye ukufikelela amathuba kwizikolo ezidityanisiweyo.

Ugcino-lwazi kunye neziphumo

Kufuneka ibutho lemfundo yehlabathi lonke nelesizwe ukuba lithathe inyathelo elinamandla nxamnye nobuhlanga obuchaphazelekileyo, lihlola kwaye libhekisa phambili ngendlela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga oluchaphazela ngayo ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwezemfundo kunye neziphumo ezithile. Noko ke, nawuphi na umzamo wokuthetha ngo 'ukungalungisi' kwimfundo kufuneka uhlahlo-mthetho ngqo – kuzo zonke iimeko zesizwe – iimeko ezivelisa kwaye zixhase ubuhlanga.

Iinkqubo ezininzi zemfundo azinalwazi olubanzi ngemiqathango yokwahlula abantu kunye neziphumo zabo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuphawula iingxaki, ukungenelela okunempumelelo, okanye ukwenza amaziko abe netyala lokukhuthaza ukudibana. Iinkokeli zemfundo ephezulu, amaziko, kunye neenkqubo zifuna ugcino-lwazi oluchanekileyo, olufikelelekayo, nolususwe luhlanga nalucalucalulo ngeendlela ezibonisa ukwanda kweendidi zabafundi banamhlanje, njengoko ulwazi olunjalo lubalulekile ekuboneni iindawo eziyimfuneko, ubuncwane obunempumelelo, kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo zokulwa.

Ukuqokelelwa kweenkcazelo eziphucukileyo nokunikelwa kwengxelo yokwahlulwa koluntu ezikolweni, kunye neenkqubo ezinika ingqwalaselo ephambili, zinokuba negalelo ekuqhubeni phambili. Kodwa, ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo ezinjalo kufuna ukuthanda kwezobupolitika kunye nobuncwane obusoloko bungekho.

Iingxubano-nkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo weli xesha kunye

Iingxoxo ezikhoyo ngokuphathelele inkqubo yemfundo nokudibana kweentlanga zibonisa uxinezeleko olukhulu kwibutho labantu baseMerika ngohlanga, ukulingana nendima karhulumente ekucombululeni ucalucalulo.

Ukwahlukahlukana Kwezinto, Ukulingana Nokusebenzisana Kwabantu Ngeendidi

Iinkqubo zokufundisa, ukulingana, nokufakwa (DEI) ziye zabangela impikiswano engakumbi. Umbutho oquka iManyano yoBafundisi baseMerika wamangalela iSebe Lemfundo ukuvavanya ukufaneleka komthetho weleta ethandekayo, eyathi ngokuphandle yaphawula imigudu yokukhuthaza ulwahluka-hluka, ukungaguquguquki, nokubandakanya imfundo njengekhethe lobuhlanga elingekho mthethweni kunye nezenzo zokunyanzelisa ezisongela ukuthatyathwa kwemali yesizwe.

Abaxhasi beenkqubo zeDEI baphikisa ngelithi bayimfuneko ukuhlangabezana nokungalungisi okuqhubekayo nokudala iimeko ezihlala abantu apho bonke abafundi benokuphumelela khona. Abahlalutyi bathi iinkqubo ezinjalo zilwa nocalulo kubafundi abamhlophe okanye zimisela iimbono zeembono. Le ngxoxo ibonisa ukungavisisani okungundoqo ngendlela yokuqonda nokulungisa ukungalingani kobuhlanga kwimfundo.

Ingcamango Yohlanga Olubalulekileyo Nezikhundla Zokuyila

Impikiswano ngendlela izikolo ezifundisa ngayo ngentlalo, ubuhlanga, kunye nembali yaseMerika ikhule kwiminyaka yakutshanje, namanye amazwe amisela umthetho othintela imixholo ethile okanye iindlela zokuthetha. Ezi mpikiswano zidla ngokubiza igalelo "lenkcazo yohlanga," nangona ezona zikolo zemfundo zelo gama zinqabile ukufundiswa kwizikolo zeK-12.

La madabi okufundisa anentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwimigudu yokudibanisa, njengoko echaphazela amandla ezikolo okwakha imekobume ehambayo kunye nokucombulula imiba yobuhlanga kunye nocalulo ngokukhululekileyo. Ootitshala bangaziva benyanzelekile ekuxubusheni imixholo enxulumene nokudibana kwezizwe, imbali yamalungelo abantu, okanye imibandela yeentlanga zanamhlanje, enokuthi ibangele ulwelo lolwakhelo lokuqonda lungahlanga.

Imfundo yesikolo kunye nombhobho wesikolo

Iprojekthi 2025 ifuna ukuba kwenziwe inyathelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na ukhokelo okanye umgaqo ochaza isiHloko VI soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 uyichase ngokucacileyo ingcamango echaphazelekayo yokungahlawulwa kwetyala, isithi iincutshe zikarhulumente zinyanzelele iinkokeli zesikolo ukuba zibeke phambili ubuhlanga kwingqeqesho yesikolo kukhuseleko lwabafundi, nto leyo eya kubeka urhulumente worhulumente amandla okukhusela abafundi ekucalucalucalulo.

Ukwahluka kobuhlanga kwimfundo yesikolo kumela umba obalulekileyo wendlela yokulawula iinguqu, nabafundi abamnyama befumana intlukwano engenakulinganiswa yokuzinzisa nokugxotha. Ezi zinto zokwahlukana zifak' isandla kumbhobho wesikolo ukuya kwintolongo kwaye zinciphisa iingenelo zokudibana xa abafundi bejongene nokuphathwa kakubi ngemibala kunabanye abamhlophe abakwimimiselo edityanisiweyo.

Imigudu yokulungisa uqeqesho ngokugqwetha ngezenzo zokulungisa kunye notshintsho kwiinkqubo ezingekhoyo ezivumela imvume ibonise isithembiso, kodwa bajongene nenkcaso kwabo babeka inkcaso yesithethe kwingqeqesho yesikolo nokhuseleko.

Indima yomanyano kumgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

Indima efanelekileyo karhulumente ekukhuthazeni ucalucalulo kwimfundo isaxhatshazwa. Ngoxa imithetho yamalungelo abantu nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu yeyona ibalulekileyo ekumanyaneni kwenkqubela, abanye baphikisa ulawulo olungakumbi nolwasekuhlaleni kwimigaqo yemfundo.

Ukutshintshana kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yakutshanje kuye kwabangela ukungaqiniseki ngokuzimisela kukarhulumente ukunyanzelisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu nokukhuthaza ukuhlaliswa. Ukutshintshwa komthetho obalulekileyo, amaxwebhu okhokelo, nezigqibo zenkxaso-mali kungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo imigudu yomanyano kumazwe nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.

Iinkqubo zokukhuthaza kunye neendlela ezintsha zokuqhuba

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, ezinye izikolo namaqela ezikolo ziye zasebenzisa iindlela eziye zabangela ukuba abafundi abanemibala emininzi bamanyane baze baphucule imiphumo.

Imigudu Yokukhuthuza Ezweni Ephumelelayo

Iinkokeli zesikolo kwimimandla emine zaphucula iziphumo zabafundi abane bemibala ngemigudu yokulungisa iinguqu zobuhlanga, ngokunika ingqiqo kwiinkokeli zemfundo nabenzi beenkqubo benjongo yokunciphisa ukwahlukana nokuphucula ukulingana kweentlanga ezikolweni. Ukufunyanwa kwezikolo ezine ezisemazantsi kubonisa indlela iinkokeli ezisebenzisa ngayo ucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo, ukwakhiwa kwamandla, ukusetyenziswa kolwazi, ukwabiwa koovimba abalinganayo, kunye nokhokelo oluqhubekayo lokunciphisa iiyantlukwano ezingapheliyo.

Le migudu iphumelelayo ibandakanya iindlela ezibanzi zokuqwalasela imiba emininzi yemisebenzi ngexesha elinye, kuquka iinkqubo zomsebenzi wabafundi, ukwabiwa kweemali, ulwahlulo lwezifundo, uqeqesho, imozulu yesikolo, kunye nokudityaniswa koluntu.

Ukufuduka Kwabantwana Beselula

Iimeko ezintle zemfundo zinokukhokelela kwiingenelo zemfundo nezentlalo kubantwana, ukanti inkoliso yeenkqubo zemfundo zabantwana besebancinane ngokuphawulekayo zicalucalulwe ngokweembono zokwahlukana kwabamelwane nezigqibo zemigaqo, nangona uphando olutsha lubonisa indlela abenzi bemigaqo - siseko abanokuyila ngayo inkqubo ekhuthaza ukudibana kunokuba kubekho ukwahlukana.

Ngokweentlanga, ngokwentlalo, nangentlalo yentlalo nezoqoqosho ziyingenelo kubafundi abaselula, kodwa iinkqubo zabantwana bamandulo zinokucalucalulwa kakhulu kunezikolo eziphambili neziphakamileyo, ngokunika uphando iindlela ezintlanu zokukhuthaza izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zokufunda kwasekuqaleni. Ukuthetha ngocalulo kumgangatho wabantwana bamandulo kunganceda ekumiseni iindlela zokudibana eziqhubeka ngomsebenzi wemfundo wabafundi.

Inkcubeko yengingqi kunye neMetropolitan Approach

Ngokuqwalaselwa ukuba ulwahlulo luphakathi kwesithili, iindlela zengingqi ezinceda ukuncedisana ukunqumla imida yesithili zibonisa isithembiso. Iinkqubo zeMetropolitan ngokubanzi ezivumela abafundi ukuba baye kwizikolo kwiilayini zesithili, balungelelanise izinto zokuhamba, kunye noovimba abahlukeneyo banokunceda ukusoyisa imiqobo ebangelwa yimiqobo eqhekekileyo.

Ezinye iindawo zimisele iinkqubo zokudlulisa ngokuzithandela, izikolo zoonozibuthe zengingqi, okanye iinkqubo zokukhetha ezisebenza kwisithili esininzi. Ngoxa ezi ndlela zijongene neengxaki zezobupolitika nezezoshishino, zibonisa ukuba zikho izisombululo zengingqi zokuthetha ngomahluko.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuhlaziywa

Ubugcisa bunika izixhobo ezintsha zokukhuthaza ukudibana nokusetyenziswa kwe-equotpt, kwi-intanethi enika ulwazi malunga neendlela ezinokusetyenziswa kwizikolo kwiinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezinceda ukujonga imimandla kunye nokulungisa imilinganiselo yokwahlukanisa. Amathuba okufunda ngokwenyani anokudibanisa abafundi kwimida yomhlaba, nangona engenakukwazi ukuzitshintsha ngokupheleleyo iingenelo zokudibana kwemeko-bume yokufunda.

Ukubuyiselwa kolwazi lwezabelo zabafundi, ukuthunyelwa kwezithuthi, kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano zinganceda ekuphumezeni iinkqubo zokudibanisa ezinempumelelo nempumelelo. Noko ke, ubugcisa kufuneka busetyenziswe ngokunobuchule ukuqinisekisa ukuba bukhonza iinjongo ezithe tye kunokuba bukhuthaze ukungalingani okukhoyo.

Ubandakanyeko Nokulungelelanisa Uluntu

Imigudu ephumelelayo yokudibanisa ibandakanya ukudibana okunentsingiselo neentsapho kunye noluntu, ingakumbi abantu abanemibala eninzi abasoloko bethotywa phantsi kwizigqibo zemfundo. Ukulungelelaniswa kwabazali, ubuchule boluntu, nokwakhiwa komanyano lungadala inkxaso yezopolitiko ukuze kuhlangane imigaqo-nkqubo ibonise iimfuno nezinto eziza kuqala kuluntu oluchaphazelekayo.

Izixhobo ezincedisa ukudibana kwezikolo ziye zaphumelela kakhulu kwezinye iindawo, zibonakalisa amandla okulawula izikolo. Le migudu idla ngokudibanisa iimfuno zokunxulumana kunye nokufuna ukufundiswa, ukuxhaswa kwemali okwaneleyo, nokulawulwa kwezemfundo kwizikolo.

Icala lexesha elizayo lomgaqo-nkqubo wodityaniso

Ukuze kungenelelwe umanyano olunentsingiselo lobuhlanga kwimfundo kufuneka ukuzinikela ngokutsha nokwenza inkqubo entsha ethetha ngembali neengxaki zanamhlanje.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo eququzelelayo

Abafundi abafikelela kwimfundo ephezulu abamele bamiselwe kwangaphambili buhlanga, kodwa ukwahluka kobuhlanga kwimfundo kuyaqhubeka, iState Handbook for Readrowing Perference Perfection Equity inika isiseko esinokusetyenziswa ziinkokeli zemfundo kunye nabenzi bemigaqo ukuhlola nokuhambela phambili ukulingana kwemfundo ngobuchule bomgangatho wesizwe.

Imigudu yokudibanisa kwixesha elizayo kufuneka ifakwe kwimiqathango ebanzi ejongene nemigangatho emininzi yamathuba okufundisa ngexesha elinye. Oku akuquki nje kuphela iinkqubo zezabelo zomfundi kodwa kubandakanya nemali elinganayo, uqeqesho oluphezulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu, imozulu yesikolo exhasayo, kunye nendlela yokuphumelela ekholejini nasemsebenzini.

Ukucombulula Oonobangela Abayintloko

Inkqubela eqinileyo enxulumene nomanyano ifuna ukuhlangabezana noonobangela abasisiseko bokwahlukana, kuquka ukwahlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwezentlalo, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nobuhlanga. Inkqubo yemfundo iyodwa ayinakucombulula ezi ngxaki zibanzi zokwakha, kodwa iinkokeli zemfundo zinokuxhasa kwaye zilungelelane nemigudu yezindlu, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemfundo, izindlu, ezothutho, kunye namaqumrhu aphuhlisa izoqoqosho kungadala iindlela ezibanzi zokukhuthaza ukudibana nokufumana amathuba.

Ukuqinisa Ingxelo

Imithetho-siseko neyohlanga kufuneka igcine inkqubo yemfundo ibeke ityala ngokukhuthaza ukulingana ngomanyano nokusasazwa koovimba. Iinkqubo zokuphendula ityala kufuneka ziquke amanyathelo okukhetha nokudibanisa, neziphumo zesithili esilela ukwenza inkqubela nenkxaso kwezo zisebenzisa iindlela ezisebenzayo.

Urhulumente norhulumente kufuneka aqokelele aze anike ingxelo ngenkcazelo ebanzi engokwahlulwa koorhulumente bezikolo, iziphumo zokongamela ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye asebenzise le nkcazelo ukukhokela inkqubo kunye nokwabiwa koovimba. Ukubonisa ngaphaya kweepatroli zokwahlula iinqobo kunokukunceda ulwamkelo loluntu kunye nokufuna utshintsho.

Ukuveliswa Konyuko

Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka bafake ingeniso kwimfundo kawonke-wonke ukuze izikolo zitsale iintsapho ezivela kuzo zonke iimvelaphi zize zikhulise abafundisi- ntsapho neenkokeli zesikolo ezikwaziyo ukufundisa abantwana kwiindawo ezidityanisiweyo. Imali eyaneleyo kwizikolo zikawonke wonke ibalulekile ekwenzeni umsebenzi womanyano, njengoko iintsapho zingayi kukhetha izikolo ezahlukeneyo ukuba zizibona njengeziphantsi.

Ingeniso kufuneka ixhase ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zomanyano, inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa yabafundisi-mfundo abasebenza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, inkqubela-phambili yocwangciso-nkqubo ebonakalisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo, kunye neenkqubo ezikhuthaza unxulumano oluhle phakathi kwamaqela. Urhulumente womanyano norhulumente kufuneka banikeze izikhuthazo zemali kwimimandla ekhuthaza ukudibana ngempumelelo.

Ukwakha Umnqweno Wezobupolitika

Mhlawumbi olona celomngeni lubalulekileyo lukukwakha nokuxhasa ezopolitiko ukudibanisa kwixesha lokukhula komanyano kunye nokuchasa iinkqubo zesizwe ezingabonakaliyo. Oku kufuna ukhokelo kumagosa anyuliweyo, iinkokeli zemfundo, kunye nabaxhasi boluntu abakulungeleyo ukwenza ulwamkelo lokudibana nokumelana nenkcaso.

Amaphulo okufundisa abantu ngokubanzi anganceda ekukhuliseni ukuqonda iinzuzo zokudibanisa nokulwa neembono eziphosakeleyo. Ukugxininisa imigudu ephumelelayo yokudibanisa kunye neziphumo ezifanelekileyo zingabonisa ukuba ukudibanisa kuluncedo kwaye kuyingenelo. Ulwakhiwo lomanyano lungabangela inkxaso ebanzi kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokudibanisa.

Ukuhlaziywa komthetho nomgaqo-nkqubo

Inikwa imiqathango esemthethweni kwimigaqo-nkqubo yohlanga engaziqondiyo, uphuhliso lwenkqubo yezobupolitika lubalulekile. Oku kuquka ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zokudibanisa intlalo nezoqoqosho, ukwenza iinkqubo zokuzithandela ezibangela ukuba ubhaliswe ngokwahlukeneyo, nokufumana iindlela ezivumelekileyo ezisemthethweni zokuqwalasela uhlanga njengothunywashe omnye phakathi koninzi ekukhuthazeni iinguqu.

Ukuxhasa okusemthethweni ukukhusela imigaqo-nkqubo yokudibanisa kunye nokucel ’ umngeni izenzo zokwahlula. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu iyaqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni ukhuseleko olukhoyo nokunyanzelisa imigaqo-nkqubo eyomeleleyo ngokufaka igalelo kunye nokulawula.

Uphando Nobungqina

Uphando kufuneka lube yiloo ibizwa ngokuba yi "umsebenzi obalulekileyo": uphando olwenzelwe ngabom ukuba lube nempembelelo yokwenene ekuthetheni nasekuphuculeni iindawo zengxaki, ezibandakanya uphando olucwangcisiweyo nolwenziwe ngokulandelelanayo ukuphucula inkqubo yophando nokuguqula iziphumo ezikumsebenzi nenkqubo.

Uphando oluqhubekayo ngemigaqo-nkqubo yokudibanisa, ukuzalisekisa kwayo, kunye neziphumo zayo zibalulekile ekuziseni impumelelo indlela yokusebenza. Oku kuquka ukuhlolisisa imigudu ephumelelayo yokudibanisa ukuqonda oko kusebenzayo, phantsi kweemeko, nokuba ngubani. Uphando kufuneka luhlolisise iziphumo zexesha elide zokudibana kobomi babafundi kunye neepateni ezibanzi zoluntu.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yemfundo idlala indima ephambili ekukhuthazeni okanye ekuthinteleni ukudibana kweentlanga ezikolweni nasebuthweni. IBrown Board of Education, uhlanga lusebalulekile, yaye njengabaphandi bemfundo, abaphengululi, abachazi-mthetho, kunye noogcisa, umsebenzi kukuhlolisisa eyona mbambano intsonkothileyo kunye nocelomngeni olujongene nemfundo nokufumana ingxelo efunyenweyo, ukwenza le nkqubela yempatho ngesimilo efuna ukuhlangabezana neengxaki ezithe kratya ezibhekene nabantu kunye neendawo ekufuneni imfundo namathuba okufumana.

Imeko yangoku yokwahlukaniswa kwesikolo, enolwahlulo olukhulayo lobuhlanga noqoqosho kwiindawo ezininzi, imela ukurhoxa okukhulu kwisithembiso sikaBrown v. Board of Education. Ukwanda kwakutshanje kwintlukwano yesikolo kubonakala kungumphumo ngqo wenkqubo yemfundo nezigqibo ezisemthethweni, icebisa ukuba ukhetho lwemigaqo eyahlukeneyo lungaphelisa ezi meko zikhathazayo.

Ukufikelela umanyano olunentsingiselo kufuna ukujamelana neenyaniso ezinzima malunga nobuhlanga obungapheliyo kunye nokungalingani kwabantu baseMerika. Kufuna ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo kubenzi bobuzwe, abafundisi-mthetho, iintsapho, kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni ukumisela ukudibana nokulingana nokubandakanyeka kwanokwenza oko kulucelomngeni lwezobupolitika okanye kungabi nazintloni ngokobuqu. Kufuna ubuncwane obaneleyo, inkqubo eqwalaselweyo, ukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo, nokuziphendulela ngokuqhubekayo.

Iingenelo zokwandiswa kweziphumo zemfundo eziphuculiweyo, ukuncedisana kwentlalo, ulungiselelo olungcono lwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye noluntu, kunye nedemokhrasi eyomeleleyo, zenza lo mgudu ube luncedo. Isiseko solawulo-moya olunempumelelo oluninzi loluntu sibutho labantu apho imfundo ephezulu, imisebenzi elungileyo, kunye nokuhamba kwezoqoqosho zifumaneka kubo bonke, njengoko bonke abantu baseMerika bengenelwa emsebenzini nakumaziko apho wonke umntu axatyiswa khona, ngetalente ephi nanga abacebisi bemithetho efuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ithuba linjalo, njengokususa imiqobo yabantu abantsundumasila kunye namanye amaqela akwilizwe athene eempula.

Nangona iingxaki zibalulekile, azinakupheliswa. Imigudu ephumelelayo yokudibanisa abantu kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo ibonisa ukuba inkqubela inokwenzeka xa kukho ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, ubuncwane obuneleyo, kunye nokuzibophelela okuzinzileyo.

Njengoko sihambela phambili, inkqubo yemfundo kufuneka isekelwe ekuqondeni ngokucacileyo zombini iziqu zembali kunye nezinto ezenzekayo zale mihla. Kufuneka yaziswe ngobungqina bophando malunga noko kusebenzayo nokukhokelwa ngamazwi abantu abachaphazeleke kakhulu kukukhethana nokungalingani. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kufuneka inyanzeliswe lukuzinikela kumgaqo osisiseko wokuba bonke abantwana bafanele bafikelele kumgangatho ophezulu, udityaniso lwemfundo ebenza balungele impumelelo kwibutho ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Indima yenkqubo yemfundo ekukhuthazeni ukudibana kobuhlanga ayingobuchule okanye ulawulo kuphela qha, ithetha ngohlobo lwebutho labantu esifuna ukulidala kunye namathuba esifuna ukuwanika izizukulwana ezizayo. Ngokukhetha iinkqubo ezikhuthaza umanyano, ukuthengiselana, kunye nokubandakanya, singasebenzela ekufumaneni umbono wethuba lemfundo nobulungisa bobuhlanga obuye babonakala bunzima ixesha elide.

Kulwazi oluninzi olungomgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo kunye nohlobo lobuhlanga, tyelela i- Icandelo lokwazi umgaqo-nkqubo kunye ne Iprojekthi yamalungelo e-UCLA[. Izibonelelo ezongezelelekileyo kucwangciso lokudibanisa isikolo zingafumaneka kwi [[FLT:]] Centursy Foundation.