Isifungo somongameli wesikhundla simi njengenye yeyona mithendeleko ihlala ihleli kwaye inamandla kubomi bezobupolitika baseMerika. Lixesha lozinzo notshintsho, elisasazwayo lihlala emhlabeni wonke, lijongwa ngabemi neenkokeli zasemzini ngokufanayo. Ngoxa umbhiyozo ngokwawo uhlala umzuzu nje, amazwi athethwayo abophelela umongameli ozayo kwisiseko semigaqo esisiseko esiye saguqula ilizwe kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. Ngaphezu komthetho-siseko, isifungo singumqondiso ophilayo wokulawula idemokhrasi, isifungo sikawonke-wonke sokuxhasa umthetho, kunye nengxelo yehlabathi ehlala iUnited States izinikele kwinjongo yayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela isifungo somongameli esiye saluguqula ulawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi esiluni lwezizwe ngezizwe, njengoko sisebenza ngoozwi elisebenza ngoolawulo lwedemokhrasi emhlabeni wonke.

Imvelaphi yomGaqo-siseko weNtloko yoMongameli

Imfuneko yesifungo somongameli ifakwe ngqo kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1, u-Claus 8 loMgaqo-siseko wase-United States. Oku kubhaliweyo kungqale: “Ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuphumezeni kwe-Ofisi yakhe, uza kuthatha esi sifungo silandelayo okanye isiqinisekiso: - ‘ Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndivume) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi yoMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenza kwilona gunya lam lilungileyo, ndikhusele, ndikhusele, ndikhusele, ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko we-United States.' Eli sigwebo sinye simisela isifungo esingesiso esingenakusetyenziswa ngenxa yokuthatha i-presi. Asilo isithembiso okanye ingxelo yezopolitiko; ngumsebenzi wezomthetho.

Abafaki-mthetho bafaka ngabom le mfuneko kumGaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba umongameli, njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo, uza kubophelela ngokuphandle kumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Ngokungafaniyo nomlawuli ofumana igunya ngelungelo lobuzibulo, umongameli waseMelika ufumana igunya kuphela emva kokufunga ngokusemthethweni kumgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo. Esi senzo siguqula umntu oza kubhaptiza abe ngumkhonzi womthetho. Isifungo sikwayila ixesha elisesikweni lokuphendula: ukuba umongameli kamva uphumeza umGaqo-siseko, uxwebhu olunye lunikela iinkqubo zenkqubo `impethe-meaaament, ukuhlola ingcwabongela-e. Ngalo ndlela sisebenza njengomgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela nxamnye nomphathi-omphathi.

Ngokwembali, isifungo siqaliswe ngokusemthethweni ngoxa amazwi aso engazange aguquke. UGeorge Washington wongeza ngempumelelo ibinzana elithi “ndincede uThixo” ekupheleni kokunikezelwa kwakhe kokuqala, isithethe esithe phantse wonke umongameli walandela ukususela ngoko. Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungafuni ngqinelani nento yonqulo, lo mkhwa ubo ubopheleleke ngokunzulu kumsitho. Oku kugxininisa uxanduva phakathi komGaqo-siseko wehlabathi kunye nenkcubeko yonqulo. Abanye oomongameli baye bakhetha ukuqinisekisa kunokuba bafunge, bagxininise ukuguquka kwesifungo kwabo bane-scruples zonqulo. Noko ke, isiba, isiseko sihlala sinjalo: isithembiso sokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko, hayi iqela, iqonga, okanye inkcuba yonqulo lomntu ngamnye.

Ukusuka EWashington Ukuya Kulo Namhlanje: Isiko Nobunyulu

Unikezelo lokuqala ngo-1789 lwamisela umzekelo oye waguqula wonke umsitho olandelayo. IWashington yafunga iveranda yeHolo yeFederal kwisiXeko saseNew York, isandla sayo sivulekile kwiBhayibhile sikwindawo engacwangciswanga. Lo mfanekiso `inkokeli' ezithoba ekulawuleni umthetho ngokuphandle/ukuzithoba ekuhleni kumthetho () kwaye yamiselwa ngamaxesha oxolo, imfazwe, kunye neengxaki. Ukuqhubeka kwale nkonzo kunika ingqiqo yozinzolo kwinkqubo etshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngonyulo ngalunye. Kwanasemva kwemibhiyo yeyelelo, iSifungo sibonakalisa ukubuyiselwa okucocekile, sikhumbuza uwonke ukuba amaziko karhulumente adlula nawuphi na umntu ohlala ekho.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, indawo kunye neenkcukacha zahlukene. IBhayibhile yaseWashington iye yasetyenziswa ngabalawuli abaliqela; oomongameli abasuka kuThomas Jefferson ukuya kuDonald Trump baye bakhetha iiBhayibhile ezahlukeneyo. Abanye baye benza isifungo kwiCapitol, abanye kwiNdlu eWhite okanye nakuMkhosi woMoya Odwa. Esina sidume kakhulu sitshayelwe ngaphandle kwedesika senzeka ngo19634, xa uLyndon B. Johnson wafungela i-Air Forcend Identier One emva koJohn F. Kennedy ukubulawa kukaJohnson.

Ukuqinisa Imigaqo Yedemokhrasi Ekhaya

Phakathi kweUnited States, isifungo somongameli sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo somhla nezolo sokuba umongameli akangaphezulu kumthetho. Siqinisa imigaqo emithathu yedemokhrasi: umthetho, ukuphendulana, nokutshintsha kwegunya ngoxolo. Ngamnye wale migaqo ubalulekile kwimpilo yeriphabliki, yaye isifungo sibuyisela isigqeba esiphezulu kubo ekuqaliseni kolawulo.

Umthetho uthetha ukuba akukho mntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba unegunya elingakanani, okhululwe kwimiqathango esemthethweni. Ngokufunga ukuba “ukhusela, ukhusele kwaye ukhusele umGaqo-siseko,” umongameli wamkela ubungangamsha bomGaqo-siseko kwizinto azithandayo okanye zobupolitika. Oku kuchasene ngqo nenkqubo yolawulo apho iinkokeli zinokuphinda zibhale imithetho kwakhona. Isifungo sikwabonisa ukuba umongameli uya kuyenza ngokuthembeka yonke imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga nokuxhaswa ziinkundla, ngaphandle kokuba uphathwe njengongamiselwangagunyaziswanga. Oku kukunyaniseka kumthetho kuzisa nokuthembeka, okuyimfuneko kwimpumelelo yezoqoqosho nokuzinziwa kwentlalo.

Isifungo Njengokuhlola Amandla Alawulayo

Isifungo somongameli asingomsitho wokuziphatha kuphela; sineziphumo zokwenene ezingokwasemthethweni. Umongameli othabatha isifungo kwaye kamva enze inyathelo lokubhukuqa umGaqo-siseko angacelelwa “ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye noMsidem.” Ukuvavanywa komongameli uAndrew Johnson, uRichard Nixon (oye warhoxa phambi kovote), uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump bonke abandakanyekileyo batyhola ukuba umongameli udele isifungo sakhe sesikhundla. Kwimeko nganye, isifungo sanika umgangatho ogwetywa yiNko yeBhunga lolawulo.

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo sibangela ukuba ingumsebenzi wetyala kuhlanga. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi isifungo sinyanzelisa imbopheleleko engokomGaqo-siseko yokukhusela ilizwe kwizisongelo zamanye amazwe namakhaya − kwaye lo msebenzi awunakunikwa okanye utyeshelwe. Umzekelo, ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, iHouse Judiary Committee yacaphula ngokucacileyo uMongameli Nixon njengokungathobeli kwesifungo sakhe. Ngokufanayo, umhla kaJanuwari 6, 2021 wahlasela uCapitol wakhokelela kwisivumelwano sesibini sikaMongameli uTrump, ngokugadla iNdl House “egrary Committee ephezulu eCrimes naseMisderes ngokukhuthaza ugonyamelo kuRhulumente waseUnited States ngokuchasa isifungo sakhe. Le mizekelo isifungo asikhobo esisisiswini.

Utshintsho Loxolo Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukudluliselwa koxolo kwamandla kuphawu lolawulo lwedemokhrasi, kwaye umsitho wolawulo lobumongameli yiyona ndlela ebonakala ngayo. Emva konyulo ngalunye, umongameli ophumayo nomongameli ozayo umi kunye. Ngokufuthi kwiqonga elifanayo(ukunikela ubungqina) ngesifungo. Oku kudluliswa kwegunya kuthumela umyalezo onamandla ophela kwibhokisi yezolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwaye lowo uphumeleleyo uyavuma. EUnited States, le sithethe siye sahlala siqinile, sisasinda iimfazwe, ukubulala, kwanonyulo lwama 2000 olunokrungulo olunengxabano olusombululwe yiNkuNkundla ePhakadelela.

Ngonyaka wama-2020, lo mcimbi unzima wajamelana nolona vavanyo lwawo lunzima xa uMongameli uTrump wavuma ukuvuma yaye abaxhasi bakhe bahlasela iCapitol ngoJanuwari 6, 2021. Nangona oko kwaphuka, inkqubo yomGaqo-siseko yabanjwa. NgoJanuwari 20, 2021, uJoe Biden wasenza isifungo kumanyathelo afanayo kaCapitol awayegqitywe iiveki ezimbini ngaphambili. Lo mbhiyothelo waba kukuqinisekiswa kwakhona: inkqubo yayihlaselwe kodwa ekugqibeleni yalondolozwa. Utshintsho loxolo, nangona luseye lwathinteleka. Oku kusenjalo kanye oku kufuziselwa kwe-``uMgaqo-siseko womntu ngamnye). Umfanekiso kaBiden uthatha isifungo ngobukho besizwe obuxhotyiswe kakhulu kwisiqalo yayisisikhumbuzi sedemo-demo-demokhtiki, kodwa kwayindlela ekwayo ekwayiyomeleleyo.

Impembelelo Yazwenibanzi Nokuphuhliswa Kokhuseleko Lwedemokhrasi

Ihlabathi lonke, isifungo somongameli sisebenza njengempahla ethambileyo ye-United States. Xa inkokeli yelona lizwe linamandla lingurhulumente wedemokhrasi ifunga ekuhleni ukuba iza kuxhasa umgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi, imiqondiso ibhekisa kumazwe ahlangeneyo nalwanayo ngokufanayo ukuba idemokhrasi yaseMerika izinzile kwaye iyazilungisa. Lo mbhiyozo usasazwa ngeelwimi ezininzi, ukhuthuzelwe kwi-intanethi, kwaye uhlalutywe ngamajelo eendaba angaphandle. Kumazwe azama ukulwa nolawulo lwedemokhrasi, umfanekiso wokufuduselwa ngoxolo kwamandla ungaba ngumthombo wempembelelo okanye umqondiso wokufuna ukufikelela.

Esi sifungo sikwaqinisa indima ye-United States njengomxhasi wolawulo-demokhrasi. I-Agency yeNkcubeko yezizwe ngezizwe, i-National Endowment for Democracy, namanye amaqumrhu asoloko ekhankanya umzekelo waseMerika xa exhasa ingqibelelo yonyulo kunye nolawulo lomgaqo-siseko kwelinye ilizwe. Isifungo sobumongameli sisoloko sisetyenziswa kwizinto zokufundisa ukuvelisa ulawulo-demokhrasi ukubonisa indlela inkokeli ekufuneka izinikele ngayo ngokuphandle kwimida yezomGaqo-siseko. Kwiindawo ezifana neIraq Afghanistan, neUkraine, iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko zisebenzisa umzekelo wesifungo solawulo lwesizwe saseMelika. Ngoxa ezo zizwe zijongeneengxaki zazo, iU.S. umbhiyonganiso ulungiselela isikhokelo sendlela yokuphendula inkokeli ekuthini komsebenzi wokuqala wokuthatha iofisi.

Imiyalezo Ekhawulezayo

Ingcamango kaJoseph Nya ye- “soft joule" ibhekiselele kubuchule bokuphembelela abanye ngokutsala kunokuba banyanzelise. Ukunikezelwa komongameli kukubonakaliswa okusezantsi kwamandla athambileyo aseMelika. Isifungo ngokwaso sihloniphekile kwaye sigxininise, sidlulisela ingqiqo yomandla atsalayo athe amanye amazwe ayazihlonela. Xa oomongameli besebenzisa iidilesi zabo zokuqalisa ukugxininisa amaxabiso edemokhrasi.

Ukhetho lolwimi nemifanekiso. Ngokomzekelo, uMongameli Barack Obama wathatha isifungo esebenzisa iBhayibhile yeLincoln, wazinxulumanisa ngabom nomongameli owakhusela i-Union. UMongameli uTrump wasebenzisa iBhayibhile yeLincoln kunye neBhayibhile awayeyinikiwe ngunina, enenjongo yokunxulumana nembali kunye nesiseko sakhe sobuvangeli. Olukhetho lomfuziselo alulahlekanga kubantu abahlala kumazwe ngamazwe; lunxibelelana nomanyano, ukholo, kunye nophawu lohlanga. Kumazwe apho iinkokeli zidla ngokuxhakamfula igunya ngenkani okanye ngenkohliso, umsitho waseMerika umis umi njengendawo ephikisanayo, ngokukhumbuza ukuba ugunyaziso oluvela kwisivumelwano solawulo, hayi kwitrone okanye kwisihlalo solawulo somkhosi.

Izizwe Ezikhuthaza Idemokhrasi

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yama-20 kunye nama-21, isifungo somongameli wase-U.S. siye saba ngumthombo wempembelelo kubalandeli boburhulumente be-produscrates kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ngexesha lemfazwe yomlomo, ilizwi laseMelika lichaza ukunikezelwa kwemibhiyozo efikelelwe emva kweKhathenti, ebonisa abemi bamazwe aseSoviet ukuba ukudluliswa kolawulo okukhululekileyo nokoxolo kwakunokwenzeka. Ngo-19 1989, abafundi baseTshayina eTianamen Square bakha umfanekiso weSime seLiberty, kodwa kwakhona bajonga kumzekelo we-Washington wolawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

Kutshanje, ebudeni be-Arabian Spring, abaxhasi abaninzi bachaza izithethe zedemokhrasi base-Merika njengemizekelo. EYiputa, eTunisia, naseLibya, abaguquli baqhubela phambili ngenxa yokusikelwe umda ngokusemthethweni besenza izifungo ezingokwasemthethweni zokulawula. Nangona loo maqela aye afumana iziphumo ezidibeneyo, umzekelo waseMerika uhlala ukho. Ngo-2014, umongameli wase-Ukraine uPetro Poroshenko wafunga ngesiqum, isandi esicacileyo somsiko womthetho-U. Nakumazwe anjenge-Myanmar neHungary, apho idemokhrasi ingumokhrasi ingu, umfanekiso womongameli waseMerika ofungela ukukhusela umgaqo-siseko womthetho-mthetho wesizwe usetyenziswa ngabantu ukuphikisa ulawulo lwesizwe ukuba ahlole ulawulo lweziko.

Ingqikelelo-manani: Ii-oats kwezinye ii-Democracca

I-United States ayiyodwa efuna isifungo somongameli, kodwa inguqulelo yayo icacile kwaye ibhekiselwe kumgaqo-siseko. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umongameli waseFransi ufunga “ukuhlonela nokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko,” kodwa kwakhona wongeza“ ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yohlanga kunye nokuthembeka komhlaba walo.” Isifungo sikamongameli waseIndiya siquka isithembiso sokuba “ukhusele, ukhusele, ukhusele kwaye ukhusele umGaqo-siseko nomthetho” kunye “nokuzinikela kwinkonzo nakwintlalo entle yabantu baseIndiya.” Umongameli weJamani uthembisa“ ukukhusela uMthetho osisiseko” kunye “needefatha lamalungelo abantu baseJamani.”

Okwahlula isifungo se-U.S. kukungamkelwa kwaso ngokupheleleyo nakuphi na ukuthembeka kukumkani, iqela, okanye igunya lamanye amazwe. Isifungo sikumGaqo-siseko kuphela. (hhayi kubantu, uhlanga, okanye uthixo. Oku kubonisa ukukrokrela okunzulu kwamandla olawulo-mthetho oluphezulu. Kwiipalamente ezininzi, abalawuli-mikhosi yeenkokeli abafuni sifungo esisemthethweni sobuphathi; endaweni yoko, bafunga ukuzinikela kukumkani. Umongameli wase-U.S. ngaloo ndlela isifungo sakhe singumthetho okhethekileyo kunye nomgaqo-siseko somGaqo-siseko. Siyimveliso yokusekwa kweMerika kunye nengxelo eqhubekayo yokuba umongameli usisidalwa somthetho, kungekhona ulawulo lobuqu.

Ingxowa Yamaxesha Engxaki Yesizwe Nokubuyiselwa Kwayo

Ezinye zezinye zezinye izinto ezingenakulibaleka eziye zenzeka ngexesha lengxaki yesizwe, xa isifungo sasinobunzima obungakumbi. Ngamaxesha anjalo, amazwi nokuziphatha kukamongameli kuqwalaselwa ukuze kubonwe imiqondiso yesigqibo, umanyano, okanye ukuthobeka. Isifungo siba yincam ejikelezayo: ixa elidlulileyo liphelile, kwaye kuqalisa isahluko esitsha.

Ingcamango Yesibini KaLincoln: Ukubuyiselwa Kwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

UAbraham Lincoln wathabatha isifungo sakhe sesibini ngoMatshi 4, 1865, njengoko imfazwe yamakhaya yayisondela ekupheleni. Intetho yakhe yokuvula ithathwa njengenye yezithethi ezikhulu kwimbali yaseMerika, kodwa isifungo ngokwaso sasifutshane. Noko ke, umongo wasenza sanzulu. ULincoln wayesele ekhokela uhlanga kwiminyaka emine yemfazwe; uMgaqo-siseko wawuvavanywe ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Ngokusenza isifungo kwakhona, uLincoln waqinisekisa kwakhona ukuba nasemfazweni, umongameli wahlala ebotshwe yisiseko somgaqo-siseko. Idilesi yakhe, ngokubiza “inkonzo ngakunganye” kunye nolulo “umqondiso wonke, wafaka isifungo njengesifungo sokuphilisa. Lo mfanekiso kamongameli wexesha lemfazwe, ubeka isandla sakhe kweBhayibhile nokufunga ukukhusela umanyano lwesizwe.

Iingcinga zexesha lemfazwe zeFDR: Ukuqina Phantsi komlilo

UFranklin D. Roosevelt wamiselwa izihlandlo ezine, ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na elinye umongameli. Ukunikezelwa kwakhe kwesithathu ngo1941 kwathi kwathi nyaka wemfazwe yehlabathi II yaqalisa eYurophu nase-Asia, nangona i-U.S. wayengekabi ngumlawuli. Eyesine ngo 1945 yenzeka nje kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, imfazwe isaqhubeka. Kuzo zombini, isifungo sanika uzinzo lwesizwe esasijongene nokungaqiniseki okukhulu. Idilesi kaRose-Dioselvelt yayimfutshane, kodwa isithembiso sakhe sokuba “ikhusele, ikhusele kwaye ikhusele umGaqo-siseko” sathwala ubunzima benkokeli ababesele besanda amandla okulawula kwi-New Deal kunye nemilinganiselo yemfazwe. Umsitho womkhosi waqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yedemokhrasi iqhubeke naphakathi kwemfazwe yomhlaba.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku: Ukhetho Lwama - 2020 Nesithethe Esixinezelekileyo

Unikezelo lwama-2021 lwayisikhumbuzo esicacileyo sokuba amandla esifungo abonakala kakhulu xa inkqubo iphantsi koxinzelelo. Emva kwesiphithiphithi seCapitol, ukhuseleko lwalungakhange lubonwe ngaphambili. IJaji Brett Kavaugh, owanika isifungo kuViko loMongameli Kamara Harris, waye engumntu othanda ukuphikisanayo. Umbhiyozo wakhutshwa izihlwele eziqhelekileyo ngenxa yesifo esigqugqisileyo nokhuseleko. Kodwa isifungo saphinda saphindwa. Amazwi ayengekaguquki. Umongameli omtsha uthembisa ukukhusela uMgaqo-siseko, kunye nomatshini worhulumente oqhubeka. Ngalo mzuzu wabonisa ukuba isifungo asixhomekekanga kwimizo okanye kwimigunyaziso; singumthetho ne-ankile ebambe inkqulunkqele.

Isiphelo: Amandla Ahlala Ehleli Edinga

Isifungo somongameli solawulo asingomthetho wesithethe nje owesithethe. Singumyalelo womgaqo-siseko osebenza njengesiseko sokuziphendulela kwabalawuli, isithethe esixhasa imigaqo-siseko yedemokhrasi, nomqondiso wehlabathi lonke wokuzibophelela kweMelika kulawulo lomthetho. Ukusukela kwisandla sokuqala sikamongameli waseWashington kwiBhayibhile egadwe nguCapitol ka-2021, isifungo sibonise ukuba isifungo singqine ukuqina kwaso. Sixelela ihlabathi ukuba imilinganiselo yeUnited States iyaqhubeka ikhomba phambili phezu kobuntu, umthetho olawulayo, kunye nedemokhrasi ngaphezu kolawulo-mmandla ozimele-mthetho. Njengoko ezinye iintlanga zibambenelo lwedemokhrasi nokuphakama kwenkokeli ezinamandla, isifungo saseMerika sisikhumbuza ukuba ingumsebenzi wokuqala wenkokeli asiyo kodwa asiyokusebenza ngamandla.