ISibonda soMongameli: Ilitye Elisisingqi SobuGaqo-siseko Borhulumente

Qho iminyaka emine, okanye kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga, iUnited States ibona isithethe esinzulu nesikhawulezileyo: ulawulo lwesifungo somongameli somsebenzi. Lo msitho mfutshane kodwa onzulu ungaphezulu kakhulu kunomthetho nowokomfuziselo. Ngumcimbi osemthethweni nowokomfuziselo apho ukudluliswa koxolo kwamandla. Isifungo, esimiselwe nguMgaqo-siseko, siqinisekisa ukuba ingakhathaliseki imeko yezobupolitika, ukhokelo lwesizwe luhlala lubotshelelwe ngokusemthethweni kwaye umatshini karhulumente uyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Ukuqonda ubunzulu besi sifungo sityhila isizathu sokuba isifungo singesosisisithethe nje esisesikweni kodwa singumthunzi obalulekileyo wozinzo lwedemo-demokhrasi.

UMgaqo-siseko ugunyazisa amazwi achanileyo esifungo kwiGatya II, Icandelo 1: "Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekise) ukuba ngokuthembeka ndiya kuphumeza i-ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa kangangoko ndinako, ndigcine, ndikhusele ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States." Esi sigwebo sinye sichaza umsebenzi oyintloko kamongameli, hayi kwiqela, okanye kwanakumnyuli kuphela, kodwa kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Sisithembiso sesiseko esivumela urhulumente ukuba asebenze ngokusemthethweni ukususela kanye kwixesha lokuqala lolawulo olutsha.

I-oath njenge-ankile esemthethweni neyomGaqo-siseko

Ubunzima obusemthethweni besifungo somongameli abunakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Ngokuthabatha isifungo, umongameli omiselweyo uthatha ngokusesikweni amagunya neembopheleleko zeofisi. Ngaphandle kwayo, akukho mntu unokusebenzisa igunya lobungangamsha. UMgaqo-siseko wenza oku kucace: "Ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuphumezeni i-Ofisi yakhe, uza kuthabatha oku kulandelayo okanye ukuqinisa." Oku kudala umgca ocacileyo ocacileyo inguqulelo esemthethweni kubemi bobucala ukuya kumphathi-ntloko. Ngulo myalelo womgaqo-siseko othintela nawuphi na umsantsa kwigunya lomphathi-baphathi, kwana okwesibini.

Imvelaphi Yabasunguli Bembali Nenjongo Yabo

Abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko babezazi kakuhle iingozi zokutshintsha kolawulo ngequbuliso okanye ngokukhuphisana notshintsho lolawulo. Baye babona ukungabikho komthetho koorhulumente kwimbali yonke, apho ukufa kokumkani okanye ukudityaniswa kolawulo kwakunokufaka uhlanga kwisiphithiphithi. Ngokuzinzisa isifungo kuxwebhu lokusekwa, badala inkqubo eyanyanzela wonke umongameli wexesha elizayo ukuba aqinisekise ekuthobeleni umthetho. Oku kwenza ukuba uGeorge Washington amisele ummiselo wokuqala. Ukumiswa kweveranda weHolo yeFederal kwisiXeko saseNew York, wafaka isifungo esithi "So So nceda uThixo" emva kwesifungo, isithethe esiye saqhubeka siqhutywa ngoomongameli abaninzi abalandelayo, nangona singafuneki kumthetho. Oku kwenza ummiselo obonakalayo, nto eyaqinisekisa urhulumente oselula nowawuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente omtsha umisela imigaqo-mthetho.

Isifungo sikwasebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuphambana kwegunya eliphetheyo. Ngokufuna ukuba umongameli afunge ukuba "akhusele, akhusele kwaye akhusele" umGaqo-siseko, abaseki badala umgaqo osemthethweni apho izenzo zomongameli zinokugwetywa khona. Ngokomzekelo, izicelo zokuququzelela, zisoloko zibhekisela kwisifungo njengobungqina bokuba umongameli udenge umsebenzi wakhe ongundoqo. Oku kujoliswe kuko ukuze agcine intembelo kawonke-wonke namanye amasebe karhulumente.

Isifungo Nokuthuthwa Kolawulo Ngoxolo

Ukudluliselwa koxolo kwegunya kuyinto ephawulekayo yokuphumeza idemokhrasi yaseMelika. Isifungo sobumongameli sisesona siphambili senkqubo. Emini emaqanda ngoJanuwari 20 (njengoko simiselwe yiNguqulo yama-20), igama lomongameli ophumayo liphela kwaye kuqaliswe ibinzana elitsha. Isifungo sinikelwa ngokukhawuleza phambi okanye kanye ngelo xesha, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ndawo ingenamongameli. Olu tshintsho lobumongameli luye lwenzeke ngokuthembeka ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, kwanangexesha lecandelo elinzulu lezobupolitika, imfazwe, neengxaki zezoqoqosho. Isifungo sibonisa ekuhleni ukuba ulawulo oludala luye lwalidela igunya kwaye omnye omtsha uqikele ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kugunyazwe ligunyaziwe ngumthetho-omthetho kuthintela amandla okulwa nokuzinzisa urhulumente wonke, ukulungiselela umanyano lwezongalungele urhulumente.

Ukufuduswa akusoloko kugudile emoyeni, kodwa isifungo siqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka okusemthethweni. Umzekelo, unyulo olunengxabano lwango1800 phakathi kukaJohn Adams noThomas Jefferson lwasombululwa ngokuzolileyo ngokwenxenye kuba omabini amacala aqonda ukuba umsitho wesifungo ekugqibeleni uza kuyisombulula le meko. Ngokufanayo, emva kokuphikisana konyulo lwe-1876, uRutherford B. Hayes wafunga kuthe tye kumhla phambi kokunikezelwa kwasesidlangalaleni ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyaqhubeka. La maxesha embali agxininisa ukuba isifungo singummeli opheleleyo wegunyaziso.

Ukukhangela Utshintsho Olungalindelekanga Ebudeni Bexesha Lexesha Lexesha LeKrisimesi

Isifungo somongameli siba nentsingiselo engakumbi ngexesha longxamiseko okanye iimeko ezingabonwanga kwangaphambili. Abaseki babelindele ukuba umongameli angarhoxa ngokungalindelekanga.

Isigqumo Emva Kokufa okanye Ukwenziwa

Xa uMongameli uWilliam Henry Harrison wafayo ngo1841 emva kwenyanga enye ekwisikhundla, kwakukho ukungaqondakali komgaqo-siseko malunga nokuba uMongameli uJohn Tyler waba ngumongameli okanye ‘ umongameli osebenzayo. ’ UTyler wakhawuleza wafunga ukuba umongameli umisela umzekelo wokuba umongameli ongumongameli abe ngumongameli ngokupheleleyo, hayi nje umlawuli ongomnye. Esi sithethe siye salandelwa ukususela ngoko. Xa uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wabulawayo ngo1865, uAndrew Johnson wathabatha isifungo ngeyure nje enye, eqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wexesha lemfazwe uyaqhubeka nemisebenzi yakhe. Ngokufanayo, ukurhoxiswa koMongameli Spile Ag ngo1979 kunye noMongameli uRicharden Nixon ngo-197e, kwaye uGeraldd waqalisa inkqubo yokulandelelana, kwaye wathatha isifungo njengomongameli wokuqala ngoko ngoko njengomongameli. Kwimeko olukhawulezayo, ulawulo lwesizwe esingumthetho oluneyothulelo lwesizwe esinguwonke.

Ixesha langoku liye lavavanywa nangamalungiselelo oMphetho-Mdabi wama-25 kaRonald Reagan ngo-192, uMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush akazange acele ukubuyiselwa ukuze athathe amagunya okwethutyana, kodwa iWhite House ilungiselele ukwenza oko. Ukubakho kwemfuno yesifungo kuqinisekise ukuba nawaphi na amandla, kwanawo okwexeshana, aya kubekwa kwinkqubo yezomgaqo-siseko. Ngonyaka wama2002 kunye nowama 2007, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wanikezela amandla kuMongameli uDick Cheney ukwenzela iinkqubo zonyango zomkhwa, kwaye uChey wasebenzisa isifungo njengomongameli. Ezi ziganeko zibhaliweyo zibonisa indlela esisiso somcimbiso esibonisa ngayo isifungo soluvulayo.

UMthetho wama - 25 Ohlaziyiweyo Nendima Yeoli

ICandelo lesi-2 linika inkxaso-mali yeCandelo leSindululo sama-25 sicacisa inkqubo yokulandelelana komongameli kunye nokukhubazeka. Icandelo 1 liqinisekisa ukuba isekela lomongameli liba ngumongameli ekususweni, ekufeni, okanye ekurhoxisweni. Icandelo lesi-2 lilungiselela ukugcwalisa ubusekela bomongameli. Icandelo 3 nelesi-4 ledilesi yexeshana. Kwimeko zonke, i-propatisidenti kufuneka ithathe isifungo sobumongameli ngaphambi kokuba isebenzise nawuphi na umGaqo-siseko. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba kwana xa umongameli engakwazi ukukhupha imisebenzi, umongameli usebenza ngokusisigxina segunya elinye. Isifungo sisebenza njengesicelo sokwexeshana nakungaphi na umongameli osebenzayo, sibakhumbuza ukuba igunya labo limele liqululwe kwaye lithintelwe ngumGaqo-siseko.

IsiHlaliso sama-25 sasetyenziswa okokuqala ngo 1985 xa uMongameli Reagan wenza utyando, kwaye uMongameli ongumPhathiswa uBush wasebenza njengomongameli malunga neeyure ezisibhozo. UBush wenza isifungo kumsitho omfutshane kwiNdlu eWhite. Esi siganeko sabonisa ukuba ukulungisa kusebenza njengoko kucetyiwe kwaye isifungo siyindlela evumela ukufuduswa okufutshane. Ucaciso olulungiselelwe sisifungo luthintela nabani na ongaqondakaliyo ukuba unegunya nangawuphi na umzuzu .

Imvukelo Nemilinganiselo Yomfuziselo

Ngapha koko kusebenza ngokusemthethweni, isifungo somongameli sisisithethe esinamandla sikawonke-wonke. Umsitho wokunikezelwa, kuquka nesifungo, ukhokelwa ngamakhulu amawaka eSizwe samaMall kwaye ujongwa zizigidi ehlabathini jikelele. Isifungo sasesidlangalaleni sibopha umongameli kungekuphela nje kumGaqo-siseko kodwa kwanakubantu baseMerika. Sisihlandlo somanyano lwesizwe olwabelweneyo, nangona iinkokeli ezintsha zithembisa ukukhonza uhlanga lonke.

Indawo Nesithethe

Inkoliso yoomongameli basebenzisa isifungo kwi-Capitol yase-U.S., kwiNtshona yeMgaqo-siseko, ijongene neSizwe. Le ndawo ibonakalisa ukuma kuhle korhulumente kubantu. IJaji Eyintloko yaseUnited States idla ngokusebenzisa isifungo, iqinisekisa ukuzimela kwejaji. IBhayibhile idla ngokusebenzisa umsi u-Abraham Lincoln ithetha ngembali; umzekelo, u-Abraham Lincoln wasebenzisa iBhayibhile kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye uBarack Obama wasebenzisa iBhayibhile kaLincoln. Ezi zigqibo zisebenzisa izifungo ezi zinxibelela umongameli omtsha kwimbali yesizwe kunye nemibingelelo yeenko yangaphambili. Kwanexesha lokusetyenziswa kwezo maxesha elidlulileyo ngoJanuwa 20 .

Ukukhutshelwa kukawonke-wonke nomqondiso wehlabathi

Umsitho wesifungo uqinisekisa abemi ukuba urhulumente wabo uhlala ezinzile. Ngamaxesha amanqam, njengasemva kokuzama ukubulala okanye unyulo olunengxabano, uwonke-wonke ubona ukuguquka okucacileyo, koxolo. Oku kuqinisekiswa kwamehlo kunceda iimarike ezomileyo, ukugcina ucwangco, kwaye kubonise utshaba lwamanye amazwe ukuba iUnited States ayiyi kungena kwisiphithiphithi. Kwakhona isifungo sikwabonisa amajoni kunye nabasebenzi basekuhlaleni ukuba itsheyina lomyalelo lisemthethweni kwaye kufuneka bathobele umphathi omtsha wemikhosi-ntloko-ntloko. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ngexesha lokurhoxa ngokukhawuleza, njengokuyeka kukaMongameli Nixon, xa uMongameli uSongameli uBuyisele ekuthembeni urhulumente.

Ibhanile Esetyenziswayo: Izicelo Zale Mihla

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, isifungo somongameli sisesona sisixhobo sibalulekileyo sokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka, njengokuba imingeni ivela. Ukungagqibeki, iindyikitya zokungquzulana, iintlekele zendalo, kunye nokuthamba kwezobupolitika konke kuvavanya ukuzinza kukarhulumente. Isifungo sinikela ingongoma ehlala ikho: naziphi na iimeko, umongameli ubotshelelwe ngamazwi afanayo athethwayo eWashington. Oku kuqhubeka kozibopha kunceda isebe eliphetheyo liqhubele phambili kucelomngeni olutsha phakathi komthetho.

Ukuceba nokuphumelela

Urhulumente wezwe lonke unezicwangciso ezineenkcukacha zokuqhubekeka-phambili korhulumente (COG) otyumbe abathathi-nxaxheba kumongameli kunye nomongameli, kunye namalungu ekhabhinethi namanye amagosa angundoqo. UMthetho woMongameli wokuLandela we-1947 umisela umgca wokulandelelana emva komongameli ongumongameli: uMlawuli weNdlu, uMlawuli weProfesi weNdlu yeNdlu, kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi becabhatene ekulandeleni kwendalo. Ilinye i-Prona elingenayo kufuneka lifaneleke ukuba libe ngumongameli (ummi wendalo, ubuncinane oneminyaka engama-35 ubudala, kunye nowakhenke ahlala iminyaka eli-14 ubudala) kwaye kufuneka athathe isifungo sesikhundla ngaphambi kokuba athathe amagunya ka-059. La maqhinga aqinisekisa ukuba kwanesiganeko esiyintlekele esikhokeli abaninzi esiphakathi sesizwe esingekho sigqeqeshina.

Isifungo sikwanendima ekufunyanisweni kokhuseleko lwesizwe nokuphathwa kolwazi olucatshuliweyo. Umongameli uphathiswe iimfihlelo ezinzulu zelizwe ukususela ngexesha elithatyathwa ngalo isifungo. Uluntu olukrelekrele, umkhosi, kunye noosomashishini lonke luxhomekeke kwisibakala sokuba umongameli ufungile ukuphakamisa umGaqo-siseko, okuquka umsebenzi wokukhusela ilizwe. Oku kuthenjiswa kuhlaziywa ngolawulo ngalunye ngesifungo.

Ukuthelekiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Neempawu Ezikhethekileyo

Ngoxa amazwe amaninzi enezifungo zomGaqo-siseko ezingoomlawuli bawo, inguqulelo yase-U.S. yahlukile ekujoliseni kwawo kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo kunokuba ukhusele abantu okanye umlawuli. Umzekelo, iGawula-mikhosi yaseKhanada ufunga ukunyaniseka kukumkani, ngelixa uMongameli waseFransi efunga ukuba "yawuhlonela kwaye aqinisekise ukuba uyawuhlonela umGaqo-siseko." Isifungo se-U.S. sifuna ukuba umongameli akhusele aze akhusele" umGaqo-siseko, agxininise umsebenzi osebenzayo. Lo myalelo unika isifungo esibukhali: umongameli odelela ngabomGaqo-siseko unokuthi udele ngokuchasene nesifungo sawo, anike izifungo zokungaqululeki nokususa. Le nkqubo yokuziphendulela inyanzelo ibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni umthetho.

Amanye amazwe aye ajongwa kwimodemokhrasi yaseUnited States. Uninzi olutsha luquka isifungo somgaqo - siseko esifanayo kumaxwebhu awo okusekwa, eqonda indima yaso ekuguquleni imiyalelo. Ngoko ke isifungo saseUnited States asiloqheliselo nje lohlanga kuphela kodwa singumgangatho wehlabathi lonke wokuqhubeka kwedemokhrasi.

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka

Phezu kwako nje amandla ayo, isifungo somongameli asigobelwanga kwimpikiswano. Imibuzo iye yaphakama yokuba umongameli angasuswa kusini na ngenxa yokwaphula isifungo, kwakunye nokunyanzeleka kwesifungo. Abanye abaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi isifungo asinyanzelekanga ngokwaso; kufuneka sidityaniswe nemithetho ethile okanye ukungavumelani. Abanye bagocagocagoca ngokuthi isifungo sibangela umsebenzi owenziwe ziinkundla. Le ngxoxo ibala elibalaselisayo liyinjongo, kodwa amandla aso ekugqibeleni axhomekeke kwinkqubo yezobupolitika exhasayo.

Olunye ucelomngeni lukukuba umongameli ozayo angasifuni isifungo. UmGaqo-siseko awuchazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umongameli-omatshini abalawulayo uhlehla. Isifungo sisenokubonwa njengorhoxa, kwaye isekela lomphathi-mongameli liza kuthatha isikhundla. Noko ke, esi simo asizange sibonwe ngaphambili kwaye siya kukuvavanya ukuqina kwenkqubo. Isifungo sikwafuna ukuvunywa kwaso, ngoko ke umongameli ozama ukuthabatha isifungo ngasese ngaphandle kwamangqina angajongana neengxaki ezifanelekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, isifungo sinokuba ngumthombo wempikiswano yezobupolitika xa oomongameli bechaza imisebenzi yabo ngokwahlukileyo. Umzekelo, uMongameli uAndrew Jackson owaziwayo ngokuchasa isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo, kuthiwa, "uJohn Marshall wenze isigqibo sakhe; ngoku makasinyanzelise. Ngoku abahlalutyi baluphikisa olu fungo lwakhe lokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. Kutshanje, oomongameli baye basebenzisa iintetho zokusayina ukuchaza ukuba abasayi kunyanzelela imithetho ethile, bephakamisa imibuzo engokunyaniseka kwiNkuNkundlalelo. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba isifungo asiphumeleli ngokuzenzekelayo; simisela umgangatho omele unyanzelelwe ngamasebe ezobupolitika ngomGaqo-siseko, ngomkhethe, nangokungathethi.

Isiphelo: Indima Ehlala Ikho

Isifungo somongameli sisithethe esilula ngokukhohlisayo esinemiphumo enzulu. Sisitshixo somthetho esivula umongameli, iglu yomfuziselo edibanisa ukutshintsha, nomgaqo-siseko ochaza imida yamandla olawulo oluphezulu. Ukususela ekusungulweni kwale mini, isifungo siqinisekise ukuba akukho mongameli ```onke' onyuliweyo, ophakanyisiweyo', okanye osebenzayo' ogunyazisa igunya ngaphandle kokuzithoba kuqala kumGaqo-siseko. Le mfuneko iqinisekisile ukuqhubekeka korhulumente ngokubulala, ukuyeka, iimfazwe, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, kunye nonyulo lwengxabano. Sihlala sinye sezona zikhuselwa zibalulekileyo kwidemo-demokhrasi yaseMelika, isivakalisi esithwele umlinganiselo omfutshane wolawulo lomthetho wesizwe.

Njengokuba i-United States ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha, isifungo siza kuqhubeka sisebenza njengendawo yokuqala yolawulo ngalunye. Amazwi ayo akaguquguquki, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuyatshintsha nomongameli ngamnye kunye nemeko nganye yamanqam. Ukuqhubekeka kukarhulumente kuxhomekeke kungekuphela kwimimiselo esemthethweni kunye neeplani ezicwangcisiweyo kodwa nakwisibopho sobuqu senkokeli nganye kwisithembiso esenzayo. Ngale ndlela, isifungo somongameli sisisithethe nesixhobo esiphilayo, qhazuz'ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente waseUnited States uya kuhlala ehleli, akukho nto iyenzekayo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimbali kunye nentsingiselo esemthethweni yesifungo sobumongameli, bona isikhokelo somGaqo-siseko sohlanga kwiZiko lokuXhasa kwiQumrhu II kunye nekopi yamaZiko yogcino-lwazi loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [. Izimvo ezongezelelekileyo kwiGawulayo yama-25 zifumaneka ukusuka kwi [[FLT:]] Icandelo lolwazi lweSikolo soMthetho we-Cornell [[FLT]]