Unxulumano olumandundu phakathi koncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe nophuhliso lolimo

Uncedo lwangaphandle luhlala lungenye yezixhobo ezinamandla zokulungisa ukungazinzi kwendlala, ubuhlwempu, kunye nenkqubo yokutya. Ngelixesha imisebenzi emikhulu yezesibonelelo kunye nokufumana isiqabu sokutya okungxamisekileyo kusoloko kungena kwintloko-ndaba, inxalenye enkulu yoncedo lophuhliso ijoliswe kumgangatho wengca. Ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho wokufumana ukutya kwehlabathi ithelekisa amakhaya amancinci angama-500 ezigidi afuyimilimzi e-fama [[FLT] 1]. Ezi ntsapho zihlakulela ushishino oluneyo olude kukhuseleko lokutya, uqoqosho olunexabiso elingaphantsi kwama-hektha, nolungiso lwemeko yezoqoqosho, nolungiso lwemozulu.

Imingeni encinci abangenayo abajongene nayo mikhulu. Imiqathango elinganiselweyo yokufikelela kwizinto ezisemgangathweni, izixhobo zale mihla, iinkonzo zemali, kunye neemarike ezithembekileyo igcina ingaphantsi kakhulu kwethuba. Ukuwohloka kwelizwe, ukunqongophala kwamanzi, kunye nokuguquguquka kwemo yemozulu kudityaniswa kwezi ntlobo zemozulu. Iinkqubo zoncedo lwamazwe angaphandle (xa zenziwe kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo) ezi zizithuba ezizizo zobugcisa, izibonelelo-makelelwano, kunye nenkxaso yemali eyenza abanini-mali bakwazi ukwaphula imijikelezo yokulima nokuhamba besiya phambili, besenza imisebenzi eluncedo, ebambekayo, nenengeniso.

Isizathu Sokuba Abalimi Abancinane Bebalulekile Ukuze Bakhuseleke Ekutyeni Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukuveliswa kokutya kwasekuhlaleni nokungagungqi

Abalimi abancinane basisiseko senkqubo yokutya yasekuhlaleni kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo. Bavelisa izityalo ezisisiseko ezifana nombona, irayisi, umdumbula, amabele, neembotyi, ezibumba isiseko sokutya komafama abangamawaka ezigidi zabantu. Xa aba balimi bephumelela, iimarike zasekuhlaleni zifumaneka, amaxabiso okutya ahlala eqinile, kwaye uqoqosho lwasemaphandleni lukhula. Ngokungafaniyo, xa abanini-mali belwa kwembalela, ukuqhama kwezifo, okanye ukuswela kwemali ngetyala lemali.

Ngokwe-[Qumrhu lokutya nezolimo le- Intlangano ye-FO)[FAT:1], iifama ezincinane zinomthwalo wokunciphisa indlala nokungondleki okuchithwayo kumazwe aphantsi kakhulu. Oku kwenza imveliso yazo ibe yeyokunqanda ukutya okuninzi kwesizwe. Ngoko ke ukuqinisa abanini-mali kuxhomekeke kakhulu, kuxabisa imali eninzi ukunciphisa indlala nokungondleki ngokwesikali.

Iziphumo Ezininzi Zezoqoqosho Nezentlalo

Ngaphandle kwemveliso yokutya, ezolimo ezincinane zidala imisebenzi, zixhasa ezonyango lwasemaphandleni, zinciphisa nobuhlwempu. Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, ezolimo zisebenzisa amashumi amahlanu-80% abasebenzi, kwaye abasebenzi abancinane babumba uninzi lwaloo misebenzi. Xa abalimi befumana ingeniso engakumbi, bayisebenzisa kwindawo yabo, izixhobo zemfundo, unyango, kunye nezinto eziluncedo ezinika amandla ukomeleza uluntu lonke. Amabhinqa, amalunga nesiqingatha sabalimi abanobundyebomqesho kwimimandla ethile, ngokufuthi afumana kwakhona ingeniso kwisondlo sentsapho kunye nemfundo yabantwana, zivelisa inzuzo ephakathi.

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe olujoliswe kumaxhoba abalawuli abancinane lubuyisela imbuyekezo egqitha kakhulu kwimveliso. Yakha ikomkhulu lomntu, inciphisa iingcinezelo zokufuduka ezisemaphandleni ukuya kumabhanki, kwaye inegalelo kuzinzo lwezobupolitika ngokuthetha ngengcambu yengxaki: ukutya nokuswela kwezibonelelo.

Umatshini Woncedo Lwamazwe Asemzini Ofikelela Kwizixa Ezincinane

Ukufumaneka kokuphuculwa kweMbewu, iZibonelelo, kunye nee-biotechnvory

Enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zoncedo lwamanye amazwe inceda abaxhasi abancinane ngokunikezela ngomgangatho ophezulu wembewu ``I-MaLT''' ebangela ukukhutshwa kwezifo, i-injili yezifo, kunye nentlobo eziphezulu ezinikezelayo. Iintlangano ezifana AGRA (Iindawo elungele iGreyidi yeNguquko eluhlaza eAfrika) kunye ne-International Maize and Elealorical Development Center (CIMMYT) zabela iintyatya-mente ezincinci zempilo yomhlaba. Ezi zifakelwe ziphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda okanye eziphindwe kabini kwimingxube emincinane, inika abalimi intsalela yokuthengisa ngokutya.

Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo exhaswe yi USAID eEthiopia yasasaza iintlobo zombona ozolileyo ozii-oyile kwimida engaphezu kwama-200 000. Abalimi abamkela ezi mbewu baxelwa ukuba zivelisa unyuko lwe-30-50%, xa kuthelekiswa nolwahlulo lwesithethe, kwanaxa kungena masitovu. Ungenelelo olunjalo lufuna utyalo oluqinileyo kuba imbewu ephuculiweyo ifuna ukubuyiselwa kwaye kufuneka idityaniswe noqeqesho kwimisebenzi engcono yokulima.

Uqeqesho kubuchule obuzinzileyo nemozulu

Iinkqubo zoncedo zamanye amazwe zigxininisa ngokungakumbi kwimfundo kunye neenkonzo zokwandisa. Kunokuba zinikeze amagalelo nje, uncedo olunempumelelo lufundisa abaninizo indlela yokuzisebenzisa ngokunempumelelo nangendlela yokuzigcina zikhuselekile. Izihloko ziquka ukulondolozwa kwezityalo (intsimi encinane, ukugawulwa kwezityalo), ulawulo lwezinambuzane ezixubileyo (IPM), ukuvunwa kwamanzi, ukunkcenkceshela, ukunkcenkceshela, ukutha, ukujikeleza kwezityalo.

Uqeqesho lusoloko lusenzeka “ngezikolo zasemasimini athe tye” okanye izicwangciso zokubonisa apho abasebenzi abancinane bafunda khona ngokwenza. Uphando olusuka kwiCGIAR (olwakha lwasetyenziswa njengeqela lobugqi kwi-international Agriculture Research) lubonisa ukuba uqeqesho olunjalo lokunika ingxengxezo lunganyusa imveliso ngo-20-30% ngexa kuncitshiswa iindleko zegalelo kunye nomonakalo wemekobume. Ezi ndlela zikwakha ugcino-zimo lwempumelelo ngokuchaphazanyiselwa kokungqubana kwemozulu.

Ubuchule Bokusetyenziswa Kwemicrofini, Amaqela Okusindisa, Nodweliso Lweinshorensi

Ukungabikho kwamakomkhulu ngumqobo ozingisileyo kwabangenamali. Abakwazi ukuthenga imbewu, izichumiso, okanye izixhobo zokunkcenkceshela, kwaye abakwazi ukufumana imali ebolekiweyo ebhankini ngenxa yokungalingani kwemali. Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle luxhasa amaziko afumana ii-microfinicess ezincinane, ezitsala imali encinane, ezincinci nezixhaswa kakhulu yimijikelo yezolimo. Ukulondolozwa kwemali ebhankini kunye nemali ebolekisiweyo yemali (VSL) yenye inkqubo eqhelekileyo, apho amaqela abalimi bagcina imali egciniwe baze baboleke enye kwenye kwenye into ngenzala encinane.

Iinkqubo zemali yezolimo zincedile ekunyuseni ityala kwizigidi ezingaphezulu kwezi-5 zabanini bemali kwi-Saharan Afrika. I-inshorensi yesalathisi . "apho ingeniso esekelwe kwi-inshorensi" esekelwe kwi-data yemozulu kunokuba kuvavanywe intsimi----------- kwaye ingqiniwe ithembisa. Ikhusela amafama kwimbalela okanye ilahleko enzima, ibakhuthaza ukuba bafake imali kumagalelo aphezulu, aphezulu kakhulu.

Ukufumaneka korhwebo nokubaluleka kwamakhamandela

Kwanaxa abanini bevelisa intsalela, basoloko bejongene nocelomngeni lokuthengiselwa kwayo ngenzuzo. Iindlela ezingezizo, ukunqongophala kwezixhobo, kunye nabantu abaxhaphazayo bathetha ukuba abalimi bafumana intwana yexabiso lokugqibela lentengiso.

Amaqonga amanani olwazi lwentengiso (umz., izilumkiso zamaxabiso ngefowuni) kunye ne-e-commerce yamagalelo okulima zikwandisiwe kuncedo lwabaqhubi benqwelo-moya ababuya ngasemva. Umzekelo, i-World Food Programme “Izixhobo zokuya kuMathengiselwa e-Alliance” idibanisa abagcini-mali nabambalwa nabathengi bezobunjani, inika uqeqesho olunobunjani, kunye nezisombululo zeposi yokugcina izinto ezinciphisa ukonakaliswa kwempahla ukusuka kuma-30% ukuya phantsi kwe-5%.

Iinkqubo zehlabathi lokwenene kunye nempembelelo yazo elinganisiweyo

AGRA – Ushishino Lwelizwekazi Lokuvukela Uhlaza

Ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo ngo- 2006, i-AGRA iye yasebenza kumazwe ali-18 aseAfrika ukuguqula ezolimo ezincinane zisuka kwicandelo lezoshishino elichumayo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuphuhlisa iintlobo zembewu ezityebileyo, ukuqeqesha abasebenzi abancamisayo, ukuxhasa imveliso yezichumiso, kunye nokusingqongileyo komeleza inkqubo. Ngokwengxelo yonyaka ye-AGRA, ukungenelela kwayo kuye kwafikelela kumakhaya angaphantsi kwama-30 ezigidi elimi kwaye kwanegalelo kulwando lwe-60% lwemikhozo yengqolowa kwimimandla ethile.

Abahlalutyi baphawula ukuba ukugxininisa kuka-AGRA kwimbewu exubileyo kunye nezichumiso ezenziweyo kungadala ubungozi bokuxhomekeka nokusingqongileyo. Oku kuphendula oku, intlangano iye yajolisa kulawulo lomhlaba oludityanisiweyo lwempumelelo kunye nendlela yokusebenza komhlaba. Sekunjalo, le meko ibonisa indlela uncedo lwamanye amazwe olunokulinganisa ubugcisa obuqinisekisiweyo ngokukhawuleza, kwaye indlela ekuyimfuneko ngayo ukuqhubana nobuchule bokulungisa iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.

Inkqubo Ekhethekileyo YeFAO Yokhuseleko Lokutya

IFAO isebenzisa iNkqubo ekhethekileyo yoKhuseleko lo Food (SPFS) kangangamashumi eminyaka, inika abalimi abancinane kumazwe angaphezu kwekhulu aluncedo lobugcisa, amagalelo, kunye namakhonkco entengiso. Le nkqubo igxininisa ekucebiseni: uluntu lwasekuhlaleni luchaza iibhotile zebhotile kunye noncedo lokusebenzisa ikhowudi enye. EBangladesh, iprojekthi ye-SFSFS yafundisa abanini-yo ukulima imifuno ngexesha lemvula ngokusebenzisa iibhedi ezinyusiweyo kunye nokhukhuliseko lwemikhukula, ukongeza umjikelo webhotile kunye nokunyusa isondlo yasekhaya.

Uvavanyo lwe-SPFS lubonisa ingeniso engaguqukiyo yemveliso engama-30-50% phakathi kweentsapho ezithathi-nxaxheba, ecaleni kokuphucula intlobo-ntlobo zokutya (ingakumbi utya okutyiwa yiVitamin A kunye nentsimbi). Indleko yendlu nganye iphantsi kwe-$200 /$$$__iyenza ibe luhlobo olunexabiso eliphezulu loncedo.

Yondla Ikamva – Inyathelo Likarhulumente WaseUnited States Lokuqalisa Ihlabathi Lonke

Inyathelo lorhulumente wase-U.S. lokuHlisa ikamva lelona lungiselelo likhulu lokunceda ekulima, elisebenza kumazwe ali-12 ajolise kwinkqubela yezolimo. Indlela eliqhuba ngayo iprojekthi nezokondlayo, ukulingana kwamabhinqa kunye nokumelana nemozulu. Phakathi konyaka wama-2010 nowama-2020, ukondla ikamva kufikelela kwiintsapho ezizizibonelelo ezizizigidi ezingama-23, ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu ngama-28% kwimimandla ekujoliswe kuyo, kunye nokwandisa ingeniso ngo-avareji ye-R350 nge-R1 000 ngendlu nganye ngonyaka.

Impumelelo ephawulekayo yiGhana, apho inkqubo yakhuthaza iintlobo eziphucukileyo ze-cowpea kunye ne-antnut, kunye nobugcisa bokugcina izinto zasemva kokuvuna. Abancinane abamkela ezi nkqubo babona imveliso yabo ihla ukusuka kuma-20% ukuya kutsho kuleyo ingaphantsi kwe-5%, kwaye iindleko zabo zemarike zanda ngama-40%. Inyathelo lokuxhasa imali yamaqela amabhinqa avumela amafama ukuba ahlawule umhlaba aze aqeshe umsebenzi ngaphandle kwe- mvume.

Iingxaki Ezingapheliyo Nesizathu Sokuba Ezinye Iinkqubo Zisilele

Ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali kunye nolu hlobo lwexeshana

Omnye wemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni koncedo lwamanye amazwe kwimiqobo emifutshane, iprojekthi esekelwe kwithuba elifutshane. Imali enikwa iminyaka emininzi isoloko ithatyathelw' indawo yezinto eziza kuqala, ishiya abalimi bengaqhubeki. Umzekelo, iprojekthi ethabatha iminyaka emihlanu eqeqesha abalimi kwezolimo xa benobuchule obutsha, kuphela kwiprojekthi ezamva ezakuqala ukuqamba ngenkqubo eyahlukileyo. Le nkunkuma incitshiswayo isenokuphelisa ukuthembana.

Iingcali zophuhliso ziye zabiza imijikelo emide yenkxaso-mali ``iminyaka eli-10 ukuya kweyi-15] ukuhambelana nexesha elifunekayo lolundi lokutshintsha uqheliselo lokulima olunzulu. Ingxelo yonyaka wama-2021 ukusuka kwi-ECD yaphawula ukuba kuphela i-15% yezibophelelo zoncedo lwezolimo ezihlala iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu, inani elifuna ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza.

Ukungalawuleki Kwezobupolitika Nokunganyaniseki

Iinkqubo zoncedo oluncinci ezisebenza kwamanye amazwe abuthathaka. Ukuxakeka kuphazamisa ukubonelela ngamatyathanga, ukutshabalalisa izibonelelo, kunye nokuchitha iindawo zokulima. Kumazwe afana noMzantsi Sudan, iYemen, kunye nommandla weSahel, uncedo lwamanye amazwe kufuneka lunikezelwe ngemijelo yongxamiseko, kwenze ukuba inkqubela-phambili yexesha elide yokulima ibe phantse engenakwenzeka. Ukunganyaniseki kuphazamisa ubuncwane `imbewu nenyotyali elithengiselwa abalimi kuthengiswe kwiimarike ezimnyama okanye kwintengiso ebhakelwe ngamagosa asekuhlaleni.

Ukunciphisa ezi ngozi, abanikeli basebenzisa igalelo elithe ngqo lokungena kwi- “cash-plus”: ukuthunyelwa kwemali ngokuthe ngqo kubalimi kunye noqeqesho kunye nee-asethi ezidityanisiweyo. Oku kunciphisa amathuba okunganyaniseki (ngokuba imali ifikelela abamkeli abafunwayo ngemali ehamba ngeenqwelo-mafutha) kwaye kunika amafama ubulula bokukhetha amagalelo awo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu – Isisongelo Esikhoyo

Kwaneenkqubo zoncedo ezichukumiseke kakuhle, ezilawulwa kakuhle zilwa nxamnye nokukhula kwempembelelo yemozulu. Iimbalela ezikhawulezileyo nezinzima, iimkhukula, kunye nezitshitshisi zitshabalalisa izityalo kunye nomhlaba otsha. Iipetroli nezifo zisasazeka kwimimandla emitsha. Izininzi, ezidla ngokulima umhlaba onemvula encinane, zinokuba sengozini enkulu.

Uncedo lwamazwe asemzini luxhomekeke ekufakeni utyando kwiintlobo-ntlobo zemozulu ezingenisa imozulu, iinkqubo zokulumkisa kwangethuba, kunye nemali yokuxhasa iintlekele. Kodwa ukuxhaswa kwemali yezolimo kusenokwanela kakhulu, ngokunjalo kuseyingcongcosana yoko kufunekayo. IBhanki yehlabathi ekhulayo iqikelela ukuba amazwe asakhasayo afuna ubuncinane ii-R370 zezigidi ngeminyaka ukutshintsha imozulu, ngoxa ukuqukuqela kwangoku kungaphantsi kwamawaka ezigidi ezingama-10 ezigidi zeerandiya.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo – Ukulungelelanisa Izinto Ezisebenzayo

Imali edityanisiweyo kunye neeNdlela zokuSebenza

Ukuvala umsantsa wemali, amaziko ophuhliso ahlola imali edityanisiweyo qhaqha ngokusebenzisa uncedo lokuvumela utyalo-mali lwabucala kwizolimo ezincinane. Umzekelo, isiqinisekiso semali exhaswa ngu-USAID singavumela ibhanki yezorhwebo ukuba iboleke intsebenziswano kubalimi kwinzala ephantsi. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zingandisa impembelelo yemali yoncedo nganye xa kusenziwa imarike yokuthenga ngetyala.

Iinqanawa ezisebenzisana neenkampani ze-agri-tech nazo ziyakhula. Abasebenzi benethwekhi, iinkampani ezihambayo, kunye nezinikezeli zemifanekiso yesatellite zinikela iinkonzo .ezifana nokuzoba umhlaba, ukufumanisa izinambuzane, uqinisekiso lwe-inshorensi , ukuqinisekisa okungaphambili okuxabisa kakhulu kwabanini-mali. Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle lungabeka ezi nkonzo ekuqaleni, kwangoko lutshintshela kwiimodeli ezisekelwe kumarikente.

Ulawulo nobufazi

Enye intsingiselo enika ithemba kukutshintshela kwimisebenzi yoncedo elungiselelwe abalimi. Endaweni yokuba ngaphandle “koochwepheshe” bachaze izisombululo, udliwano-ndlebe noluntu kunye nentsebenziswano yabalimi zinikwa amandla okwenza izigqibo kuphi na amagalelo, uqeqesho, kunye nezibonelelo zokubeka izinto eziphambili. Oku kwandisa ubuchule kunye nokuthenga, ukunciphisa ingozi yokushiywa.

Impumelelo yeprojekthi ye- “Farming Systems for Nutrition” eZambia, exhaswa ngemali yi-UK’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, ingqina lo mgaqo. Abaphengululi basebenza ngokusondeleyo nabasebenzi abancinane ukuchonga ukutya okunezondlo kunye nongenelelo olusunguliweyo: ukuqeqesha ukukhulisa amaqanda eenkuku ecaleni kocwangciso lwasekhaya. Lo msebenzi wabona abantwana behla nge-14% kwiilali ezithabatha inxaxheba kwiminyaka emithathu.

Ukufuduka kolutsha nokhuthuzo lwamanani

Kumazwe amaninzi, abalimi abakhulileyo abanomtsalane kunye nabaxhobisayo abatsha abalimi babalulekile kukhuseleko lokutya okude. Iinkqubo zoncedo lwamazwe angaphandle ziqala ukujolisa kulutsha ngokuqeqeshwa ngezixhobo ezincinane zomhlaba ngemiqathango yokudambisa, kunye neenkonzo ze-cell phone ezisekelwe kwi-agriculture. ENigeria, “Uweth in Agriculture” inkqubo, exhaswe yi-African Development Bank, enikezelwe ngamacwecwe e-apps ezithenjiweyo ezimalunga ne-10 000 kubalimi abaselula, ezibadibanisa nabathengi ngeevenkile ze-intanethi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanani kunye nokungena kwefowuni kusezantsi kwezinye iindawo zasemaphandleni, kodwa intsingiselo iya ikhula. Njengoko uqhagamshelwano lusanda, uqeqesho olusekelwe kwiselula, uqikelelo lwemozulu, kunye neenkonzo zemali zinokuba yindawo etshintshayo---(-ukungakhuselwa kweenkqubo zoncedo kuqinisekisa ukufikelela okulinganayo kumabhinqa nakumakhaya ahlwempuzekileyo.

Isiphelo - Uncedo Njengendawo Yokuhlasela, AsiyoNtloko

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe alunakuzicombulula zonke iingxaki abajongene nazo abalimi abancinane, kwaye alufanele lubangele ukuxhomekeka okusisigxina. Olona cwangciso lusebenzayo lusebenza njengezinto ezibangela ikomkhulu, ulwazi, kunye nenkxaso elungiselelweyo evumela abalimi ukuba bazihlaziye, babe nenxaxheba kwizoqoqosho ezichumileyo zasekuhlaleni. Xa lusenziwa kakuhle, lunciphisa indlala, lunyusa ingeniso, kwaye lomeleza uluntu nxamnye nokothusa kwexesha elizayo.

Ubungqina bucacile: ukuveliswa kwemivuzo yezolimo encinci yenye yezindlela eziphezulu zokufumana uPhuhliso oluSuselayo, ingakumbi iZero Interry (SDG 2) kunye nokungabikho kobuhlwempu (SDG1). Kodwa impumelelo ifuna ulawulo oluxhasiweyo lwezopolitiko, inkxaso-mali ebhetyebhetye, kunye nesibopho sokubeka amalizwi abalimi kwiziko. Njengoko iingcinezelo zemozulu zinyuka nabemi behlabathi lonke, indima yoncedo lwamanye amazwe ekunikeni abanini abanini-mali iza kuba yeyona nto inzima kakhulu. Ngokuqhubeka nokuziqhelanisa, kunye nokulinganisa oko kwenziwa, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lunganceda abalimi abambalwa abafumana ukutya ukuba bafumane ukutya okungenazingenileyo kwinjini zokutya ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nempumelelo kubo bonke.