Ukwazisa: Isiseko Solawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Inkqubo yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano ime njengesiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, enzelwe ukuthintela ukuxinaniselwa kwamandla nakweliphi isebe elinye lorhulumente. Isuka kwimigaqo eboniswa zintanda-lwazi zezobupolitika njengoMontesquieu kwaye kamva ifakelwe kwi- umGaqo-siseko weUnited States , le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho, umphathi, kunye namaziko ekwahluleleneyo asebenza ngokuxhomekeka ngokuxhomekeka kokulawulana. Kummandla wokwenza inkqubo, iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano zisebenza zombini nxamnye ne-demoriventi kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho i-mviswano ebanzi nengqibelelo. Eli nqaku lihlola iziphumo ezininzi zovavanyo kunye neenkqubo zembali, ukuvavanyanisa iingcambutho, ukusebenza kwemeko zemicimbi yezopolitiki, nokusebenza kwemeko yezopolitiko.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nemibhinqo Efihlakeleyo

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya orhulumente iqala isiqalo saseMelika. Umqwalaseli woluvo lobuGqaba uBaron de Montesquieu, kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo Umoya woMthetho [, waphikisa ukuba inkululeko igcinwe kakuhle xa uwiso-mthetho, umphathi-mandla, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba yahlukile. Abaququluneli boMgaqo-siseko badwe kakhulu kwezi ngcamango, ukwenza inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye lizakuba nendlela zokuxhathisa ukungeneka kwabanye. Njengoko uJames Madison umbhali odumileyo kumthetho obhaliweyo u-FLT] u-FLT. [2] u-FLT], u-AdmGwamGenekiso-siseko wezomGenethi wezo, u-offam, u-Adktle.

Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ulawulo-lawulo-lawulo-lawulo-lawulo-lawulo luye lwamkela umahluko wale mizekelo, ukusuka kwiinkqubo zomongameli ezifana neBrazil ne-Nigeria ukuya kwiinkqubo zepalamente kunye neenkundla zomGaqo-siseko. Iinjongo ezizohlukeneyo ziyahluka, kodwa injongo engundoqo ihlala ihleli: ukunqanda nawuphi na umenzi-nxaxheba kwimigaqo engasetyenziswanga mntu. Ukuqonda le mvelaphi kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba kutheni iintsokokhelo nolungelelwano ngokufuthi kuyenze ibe nzima inkqubo .

Ubuchule Bokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Ukuxabisa impembelelo kumgaqo-nkqubo, umntu kufuneka kuqala aqonde izixhobo ezingundoqo amasebe ajongana ngazo. Ezi zixhobo zisebenza kwinqanaba ngalinye lenkqubo yebhayisekile yobomi, ukusuka kwisicelo sokuzalisekisa ukuya kuhlolo lokugweba.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

IKhomishini yenza izixhathiso ezininzi phezu kwesebe elilawulayo. Ilawula uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, iqinisekisa ii-modeli zoomongameli (kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi kunye nabagwebi borhulumente), kwaye ingalawula i-vetos yomongameli kunye nee-3 ezimbini eziphezulu emagumbini omabini. I-State ’ icebiso-amandla agunyazisiweyo, ingakumbi kwiisivumelwano kunye namagunya olawulo, isebenza njengebreki ezichaphazelekayo kwimigaqo-siseko yangaphandle kunye neekomiti zejaji. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lingaqhuba uphandolo lwezintlola lize linyanzelise ubungqina, njengoko kuboniswa kwizenzo zesebe eliphetheyo njengeIran-Kontra okanye i-6 kaJanuwariast. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akanakusebenza ngaphandle kokuxhasa inkqubo yemithetho okanye ukuqulukelo.

Icandelo Elilawulayo Lihlola Umthetho

UMongameli usebenzisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiKhonkxamente ngamandla eveto, enokumisa umthetho kwikhondo layo ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini ihlanganisa ulawulo oluphezulu. Ngaphandle kwevetos esesikweni, uMongameli angasebenzisa isisongelo seveto ukubumba, ngokufuthi enyanzela ukulalanisa. Imiyalelo yegunya kunye nemetakrada ivumela uMongameli ukuba alawule amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuba athathe inyathelo kumthetho okhoyo, enze inkqubo ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. Umzekelo, izenzo zesikhulu sokufuduka (DACA) okanye umgaqo wemeko-bume bemeko-buzwe, ziyenze i-US. Noko ke, imiyalelo enjalo iphantsi kocelomngeni olusemthethweni kwaye inokutshintshwa ngabalawuli, ibonakalisa ukulawulwa kwemeko ye-gqweleji ye-a yolawulo oluzimeleyodwa.

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

Ijudiary, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, isebenzisa amandla okuhlola okugweba, "igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu. Eli gunya, elimiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison [1853], livumela iinkundla ukuba zingasebenzi ngemigaqo-nkqubo echasene nomgaqo-siseko. Ilizwe limisela imithetho enje [[FLT:]] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo (1954]) [[FLT:])] kunye [[FLT:] obergefells. Hods[FLT] [FLD] [FLD5] [205] [0] [iiiindlela yokutolika iprojectives projectives projectives project, ingtmentagements zooooooooooooooooooooooothements, idi

Isiphumo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo

Iintsontela kunye nolungelelwano olunempembelelo enzulu kwindlela edalwe ngayo, ephikiswayo, emiswayo, kwaye ephunyezwe ngayo. Le nkqubo inyanzelisa iingongoma ezininzi zeveto, ezifuna ukuvumelana okubanzi okanye ukusetyenziswa kwendlela elungeleleneyo ukoyisa imiqobo. Eli candelo lihlola iziphumo ezingaphaya kwesebe ngalinye.

Umkhosi weGrid

Eyona mpembelelo ibonakalayo yovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano yindawo yokulawula esoloko isetyenziswa kwiBhunga. Ngenxa yokuba umthetho kufuneka udlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo kwiNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlalo (nganye inemithetho yayo) kwaye uphumelele kwi-veto enokwenzeka yobumongameli, inkqubo ithe ngokuzenzekelayo. urhulumente owahlulweyo. "xa ulawulo kunye nomthetho weBhunga ulawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo", uyakwazi ukuphelisa oku libazinzileyo. Umzekelo, ukususela ngo-202021, i-U.S. unamathuba andandalasiweyo karhulumente owahlukeneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezimxinabileyo kwimiba eyintloko enjengezempilo nenkqubo yemozulu. Noko ke, i-gridrock inganyanzelela ukhuthulo. Umthetho we-Esting Active u-Actsting phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-Active.

Isenzo sesigqeba njengomsebenzi osebenzayo

Xa umthetho olawulayo uvala iinjongo zomthetho, oomongameli baya bejika ngokuya besenza imisebenzi yegunya. Le miyalelo ivumela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwimiba efana nokufuduka, imfundo, kunye nomthetho wokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, uMongameli Obama wasebenzisa inyathelo lolawulo lolawulo ukwenza iDeference for Childhoold Actions for Moffals (DACA) inkqubo emva kwemithetho yeeKhomishini yokungaluphumeleli utshintsho lwezimo zokufuduko. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli uTrump wakhupha imiyalelo kwimida yodonga kunye nokurhoxa-mvume okulula. Ngoxa isebenza ngexesha elifutshane, imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo iyaphela: ingenziwa inguquko ngomva (njengoko uMongameli Biden wemiyalelo emininzi yeTrump-era) okanye yabethwa ziinkundla zenkundla. Ngokunjalo, ukuxhomekeka kwesenzo solawulo lwezongalomo-ofisi ngaphakathi kwesixokelelwano kunye nolungeleneyo.

Ukucaciswa kwesigwebo nokuzinziswa komgaqo-nkqubo

Uhlolo lwezomthetho luzisa izimiselo zexesha elide (okanye ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo.) Xa iNkundla Ephakamileyo imisela umthetho-siseko, ukuba ukutolikwa kuhlale kuse de iNkundla ngokwayo iwuguqule okanye kudluliswe umgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, iAffordlable Care Act Act Act Act (A) yasinda kwimingeni emibini emikhulu yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, iqinisa indawo yayo njengomthetho phezu kokuchaswa kwezopolitiko oluqhubekayo. Ngokuphikisana noko, iNkuchaza kumele, iNkundla i-’ isenza isigqibo ku-Dobs v. Jackson Women &squarsto; iQuauauara iQuault; iNtlangamela i-mthetho wezempilo [202])] uphendulo, ukuphuma kwemiqathango yezomthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho wezongalathi.

Indima Yeembono Zabantu Nomanyano

Ii-checks kunye nolwahlulo olususela ngaphaya kwamasebe amathathu esizwe. UMgaqo-siseko ukwahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe (ubufalda), ukwenza umaleko owongezelelekileyo wee-checks. Amazwe angalinga iinkqubo . "ezifana nokubekwa komsada okanye ukusetyenziswa kwempilo-wonke-wonke" ezinokuthi zahluke kumthetho kazwelonke. Urhulumente wesizwe angawukhulula imithetho karhulumente, kodwa amazwe angacel ’ umngeni amandla athelekelele enkundleni. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lukwasebenza njengovavanyo olungacwangciswangacwangciswanga: amagosa anyuliweyo kufuneka aphendule ngonyulo, kwaye imigaqo engathandwayo isenokutshintshwa ngonyulo okanye ngamanyathelo aqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo yomgangatho efuna ukuba inkqubo ehlala isabela kwizilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo, nangona ikwazi ukuvelisa umsebenzi wemimiselo oluguquguqukayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kwiipeksi Nakulungelelwano

Ukuhlolisisa imimandla ethile yezomgaqo kukhankanya indlela ezisebenza ngayo ii-checks nolungelelwano ekusetyenzisweni kwayo.

Utshintsho lwezonyango: UMthetho

Ukudlula nokusinda kwe ACA (2010) kubonakalisa ukuntsonkotha kovavanyo kunye nolwahlulo. Emva koMongameli Obama ’ unyulo, uDemocrates walawula omabini amagumbi eBhunga kunye nomphathi, kodwa umthetho othe wanqanyulelwa ngenxa yeenkqubo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo (iNkupho) kunye nemfuno yokukhusela i-60-inte ephezulu. Ingxelo yokugqibela igqithe ngohlahlolo ukuze inqande i-Moneybuster. Wambi wakha walawula, umthetho wajongana neengxaki ezingoko, ukhokelela kwizigqibo eziphezulu ezimbini zeNkunga). I-NFFUFFLTYS ezithekileyo. Imeko ezithe . I-FLT.[FFFFFF]

Umgaqo-nkqubo woTshenxiso-nkqubo: IDACA noKhuseleko loMda

Inkqubo yodityaniso i-DACA (2012) ikhusele abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga ababeziswe njengabantwana; uMongameli Trump wazama ukuphinda ajongene novavanyo kunye nolungelelwano. UKhomishini iye yasilela ukudlulisa utshintsho olubanzi ukususela ngo1986, ikhokela oomongameli i-Obama&rsquousquo; ucwangciso loku-DCA (20) olukhusela abaphambukeli abangenisiweyo abaziswayo njengabantwana; uMongameli Trump wazama ukuphinda azame ukuvala i-dacawa yeNkulelo-mthetho kodwa wavingcelelwa ukugxampthaniswa komtyo lwe-mali e-malini [FLT: 0]. Imfazwe ibonise indlela abanokukhuselwa ngayo ukhuseleko lwengingqi yokhuseleko lweNtlanga-mthetho.[FLTRUP] 202020). Ngelixesha eli xesha, u-nkulu elisebenzayo lomthetho lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, u-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko solawulo lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-onke, u-onke, u-ondo lwandise u-mali, u

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: Isicwangciso sokukhupha amandla acocekileyo neWotus

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ibonisa indlela utshintsho lomthetho phakathi kolawulo. Isicwangciso seGunya eliGcinkileyo (2015) esijolise ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwekharbon kodwa sagcinwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye kamva sathatyathelw' indawo ngumthetho omxinwa phantsi kolawulo lweTrump. Umthetho wamanzi we-United States (WoTUS) wafumana uhlaziyo oluninzi kunye neengxaki zenkundla. IBhunga aliwudlulisanga umthetho omtsha wokusingqongileyo, ngoko inkqubo ekhutshwe ngemiyalelo yegunya lempatho kunye nomthetho wolawulo.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo

Ngoxa uphando nokulungelelana kukhusela inkululeko, kwakhona bajamelana nokugxekwa okuphawulekayo kule mihla.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokusebenza kwentsebenziswano

Ukunyuka kwe-Rondentiation kuguqulele iintsontela ze-Certical kwisixhobo. I- filibuster kwiNdlu yeNdlu yemikhosi, isetyenziswa ntlandlolo ukuvala umthetho, ifuna amavoti angama-60 kwimali eninzi. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekuxhomekekeni kulwamkelo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye nemiyalelo ye-overhente. I-parisan irhintyela lihlise i-Congress ’ iziphumo zomthetho kwimbali esezantsi. Ngokutsho kwesifundo sophando lweziko-mali [[FLT:], i-palsethi ye-1171], i-Prongresslock idlulise imithetho engaphantsi kunayo nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi engamashumi eminyaka. i-Gricklock icuts kwaye ifinyeza inkqubo ye-’ ubuchule bokuphendula imicimbi engxamisekileyo njengemozulu netyala lesizwe.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kunye nokungabi nalulawulo

Ulwandiso lwamandla olawulo oluphezulu, ingakumbi ngemiyalelo yabalawuli kunye nezindululo zongxamiseko, lunyusa inkxalabo malunga nokurhoxa kwegunya lowiso-mthetho. Oomongameli abavela kuwo omabini amaqela baye basebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukudlula kwiKhomishini, benyusa abagxeki njenge Brennan Center ukwenzela ugwebo lokulumkisa nge- “risk yokuxhotyiswa kwempathiswa. ” ngelixa iinkundla zikhe zihlole le nkqubo yokuqhathatha (umz., zithintele uTrumps &quo; ukuva uvalela uhambo), isantya esiphantsi kwemithetho kusoloko kuvumela ukuba imigaqo esetyenziswayo izenzeke okomzuzwana.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Ijaji ngokwayo ijongene nokugxekwa ngenxa yokugqitha indima yayo. Xa iinkundla ziwisa imithetho edumileyo okanye zikhupha imithetho ebanzi kwimicimbi yentlalo, zityholwa ngokugweba. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa zithatha ikontraka okanye umphathi ophetheyo, zijamelene neemeko zokuthintelwa kwekomiti. Ukwanda kokubekwa kwemithetho egwebayo (ngokodwa emva kokubekwa kwequmrhu eliphezulu) kuthintele umgca phakathi kotoliko olusemthethweni kunye nenkqubo eyenzekayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo i’ uninzi olunesithethe luye lwathatha inyathelo elinogonyamelo kwimicimbi efana nokuqhomfa nokuphuma kwemilo, nto leyo ebangela abanye baphikisayo ukuba iNkundla ngoku yenze umthetho. Oku kugxininisa ubunzima bokugcinwa kovavanyo olungakhethi cala xa umhloli we-chelo ngokwayo ingumphathi wezopolitiki.

Ukuqhelana Neendlela Zokulungelelanisa Inkulungwane Yama - 21

Ukugcina impumelelo yazo, uhlolo nolungelelwaniso lungafuna utshintsho. Iiprojekthi ziquka ukususa okanye ukuguqula i-monicbuster ukunciphisa i-gridlock, ukubeka imida kwiirula zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuze kuncitshiswe ukumiselwa, kwaye kumiselwa utshintsho lwamandla emfazwe ukubuyisela igunya lombutho kumsebenzi womkhosi. U.S. umGaqo-siseko uguqulwe amaxesha angama-7, ebonisa ukuba inkqubo ingaguquka.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kwinkqubo ekwenziwayo inzulu kwaye iyadida. Kwesinye isandla, bakhusela umthetho ongcungcuthekisayo okanye onyanzelisayo, bakhusela amalungelo amancinane, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba inkqubo ibonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi. Kwelinye icala, bangenza ulwamkelo lwe-grain, inyanzelo yegunya, kwaye i-Acternicratic contrast. Inkqubo ilele kwinkcaso yayo yokuzinzisa, kodwa ixhomekeke kumatshini wezopolitistiki ophathelele imigaqo yemithetho yezolawulo. Njengoko ilizwe lijamelene neengxaki ezinzima, ligcina umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kokulawula nokuzilawula nokuzilawula okusebenzayo. Abahlazinzi bomthetho, nabagwebi ngokufanayo kufuneka baqhubeke bexhasa abaquququququququququo; ngoxa belungele ukuqhelanisa iimeko zedemokhrasi. [FFoctive Centerern] [5]