Table of Contents

Inkqubo kawonke wonke ibhekisela kwizigqibo nezenzo ezithatyathwa ngamagunya karhulumente ukucombulula imicimbi yebutho labantu. Ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kumgangatho wemfundo abantwana bethu abayifumana kwiinkonzo zonyango ezikhoyo kwiintsapho, ukhuseleko lokutya namanzi, kunye nemeko yeendlela esihamba ngazo. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zigqibo ezenziwa ngayo zinceda abemi ukuba baphumeze ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwinkqubo yezobupolitika kwaye bathabathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo ekulungiseni imigaqo echaphazela imimandla yabo.

Nokuba ungumfundi ophanda ngenzululwazi yezobupolitika, ummi onenkathalo ofuna ukuqonda urhulumente bhetele, okanye umntu onomdla ekulawuleni kunye nokubophelelana kwebutho loluntu, kubalulekile ukuthatha isiseko somgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Olu khokelo lubanzi luza kukuhambisa kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwenkqubo, abadlali abaphambili ababandakanyekileyo, iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemigaqo edalwa ngurhulumente, nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo ekulungiseni izigqibo ezilawula ibutho lethu.

Yintoni Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke?

Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke ubhekisela kwizenzo ezithatyathwa ngurhulumente(iisigqibo ezijoliswe ekucombululeni iingxaki nasekuphuculeni ubomi babemi bawo. Le nkqubo ilawula iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi, kuquka imfundo, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, umsebenzi, izimali, izoqoqosho, ezothutho, kunye nebutho labantu liphela.

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke lulungiselelo lwemithetho, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo oorhulumente abazalisekisa ukufikelela iinjongo zentlalo nezezoqoqosho. Lingxelo yenjongo karhulumente kunye nesigqibo sakhe sokucombulula imbambano okanye ingxaki ethile. Imithetho yezopolitiko ingenza iintlobo ezininzi, kuquka umthetho odluliswe yiBhunga, imimiselo ekhutshwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente, imiyalelo elawulayo evela kumongameli okanye kwirhuluneli, kunye nezigqibo zenkundla ezimisela imizekelo engokwasemthethweni.

Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke umele ukhetho lweqela lwesizwe olwenziwa malunga nendlela yokwaba izinto, yokulawula ukuziphatha, nengxubusho eyahlulwe. Iingxaki zikawonke-wonke eziphembelela inkqubo kawonke-wonke yokwenza inokuba zeyoqoqosho, yentlalo, okanye yezopolitiko. Le nkqubo ayimili nje kuphela oko kwenziwa ngurhulumente kodwa ikwanento akhetha ukuyenzayo ukuze angayigcini imeko ekhoyo yinkqubo ngokwayo.

Inkqubo yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo: Ukusuka kwingxaki ukuya kwisisombululo

Ukusungulwa komgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke asiyonkqubo elula, elandelelanayo. Endaweni yoko, ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, abadlali abaninzi, yaye ngokufuthi kuthatha ixesha elininzi ukusuka kulwazi lwengxaki yokuqala ukuya kuzalisekisa okokuqala. Ukuqonda la maqondo kunceda ukuphelisa izigqibo zikarhulumente kunye nalapho abemi banokuba nempembelelo enkulu khona.

Umlinganiselo 1: Ukwaziwa kwengxaki kunye nocwangciso lwe-Agenda

Ucwangciso lwe-Agenda lungowokuqala kulandelelwano olusengqiqweni nolulandelelwano lwexesha: urhulumente akanakugqithisa mgaqo-nkqubo ukuba ingxaki ayichazwanga ekuqaleni. Eli qonga lokuqala elibalulekileyo ligqiba ukuba yiyiphi imibandela efumana ingqalelo karhulumente kwaye yeyiphi enganakwa okanye elibazisekayo.

Ukumisa i-Agenda kubandakanya ukuchonga nokubeka phambili imiba efuna ungenelelo lorhulumente. Eli qonga limisela isiseko sophuhliso lwenkqubo ngokubalaselisa imingeni emayilungiswe. Asiyongxaki yonke ekufuneka ibe yeyona iphambili kwinkqubo.

Ucwangciso lwe-Agenda luxhalabele indlela iingxaki zenkqubo ezivela ngayo nendlela ezilufumana ngayo ulawulo.

  • Izalathiso eziziwo: Uluntu lungafunda ngeengxaki ngezalathiso ezijolisekileyo. Imizekelo yisantya sokungasebenzi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, amanqanaba ongcoliso okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho. La manyathelo asenokubonisa ukuba izinto ziya zisiba mbi kakhulu, kwaye eso senzo siyafuneka, ngaloo ndlela ukwenza umba uzuze ingqalelo enkulu.
  • Iziganeko ezisetyenziswayo: iziganeko, iintlekele, okanye iziganeko eziphawulekayo zinganyanzela umba phambili kuluntu kwaye zifune ukuphendulwa ngurhulumente ngokukhawuleza.
  • Ingqalelo ePhambili yeMedia: Abadlali abangundoqo kucwangciso lwemimiselo baquka iitanki, amaqela enzala, amajelo, namagosa karhulumente. Inkcazo yamajelo athe zwabha ingakhulisa imiba ethile kwaye ibangele uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke ukwenzela isenzo.
  • Inkokeli zezobupolitika zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo eziqwalaselweyo nezibekwa kuqala. Imigaqo neenkolelo zazo zisoloko zikhokelwa kulwalathiso lwemigaqo yezo njongo zobupolitika kwinjongo zazo.

Kunzima kakhulu ukufumanisa ingxaki kunokuba isenokubonakala; xa umntu omnye okanye iqela lisenokukholelwa ukuba kukho ingxaki, elinye iqela lingangakholelwa. Ngokufanayo, elinye iqela lingayichaza ngokwahlukileyo ingxaki kunenye. Ezi zinto zibangela ukuba le ngxaki ibonakale njengeyokwendalo kwezobupolitika. Indlela ingxaki echazwa ngayo idla ngokumisela izisombululo ezigqalwa njengezifanelekileyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wesi-2

Xa inkupho ikhusele indawo kucwangciso lwenkqubo, iqonga elilandelayo libandakanya ukuphuhlisa izisombululo ezinokwenzeka. Iqonga lomgaqo-nkqubo kulapho iinjongo zihlolwa ngokucokisekileyo, izisombululo ezinokwenzeka ziphuhliswa, kwaye kwenziwa izigqibo malunga nezona zicwangciso zisebenzayo. Izicelo zenkqubo zibunjwa zibe ziindleko zedrafti, imimiselo, okanye izicwangciso ezizimisele ukucombulula iingxaki ezichaziwe.

Umsebenzi ongundoqo wokwenziwa kwemithetho ngukuthoba umqolo walo lonke ukhetho olukhoyo kwaye abenzi besigqibo bangalwamkela. Eliqonga libandakanya uphando olunzulu, uhlalutyo, kunye nokunxibelelana nabagcini beemasti abahlukeneyo.

Kweli nqanaba, abenzi benkqubo bangazenza bafumane uluvo lwe-epistestem, abagcini-mali kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla, ngaloo ndlela bebandakanyeka koko kwaziwa ngokuba 'kukwenziwa kwemigaqo esekelwe ekufumanekeni'. Inzululwazi esisiseko nengokwentlalo ingabaluleka kakhulu kweli nqanaba lenkqubo. Uphando lungabonisa ukuba ngubani ochaphazeleke ngokuphazelekileyo yingxaki, ukugqugqisa nobunzulu bengxaki ethile, kunye nobuchule obusenokuba bubangela ingxaki.

ngexesha lokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo, abenzi benkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele imibuzo emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • Ziziphi iinjongo ezikhethekileyo ezimele zifunyanwe ngumgaqo-nkqubo?
  • Ziziphi izixhobo ezikhoyo zokucombulula le ngxaki?
  • Ngubani oza kubeka ityala lokusebenzisa le nkqubo?
  • Ziziphi izinto eziya kufuneka?
  • Ziziphi iindleko neengenelo ezinokubangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo?
  • Ngoobani abaza kuchatshazelwa ngumgaqo-nkqubo, yaye njani?

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kuthetha ukuvela ngendlela yokucombulula ingxaki. IBhunga, isebe eliphetheyo, iinkundla, kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla anokubandakanyeka. Kudla ngokuvela izicelo ezininzi zokukhuphisana ebudeni beli qondo, zibonisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo nezinto eziza kuqala.

ISibonelelo 3: Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noMthetho

UMthetho woLawulo ubandakanya ukukhetha izicelo, ukuphuhlisa inkxaso yezopolitiko, nokuyimisela emthethweni. Eli liqonga eliqheleneyo kubantu abaninzi nenkqubo yokuba umthetho unjani.

Kumcimbiswa inkqubo xa iKhongosare idlulisa umthetho, imimiselo ibe yeyokugqibelela, okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo inikela isigqibo kwityala. Amaqumrhu agunyazisiweyo okanye amasebe aphetheyo kufuneka avumele izicelo zenkqubo. Eli qonga libandakanya ingxubusho yezopolitiko, ukulalanisa, nokwakhiwa komanyano ukukhusela iivoti okanye inkxaso efunekayo.

Inkqubo yokufumana abantwana abatsha iyahluka-hluka kuxhomekeke kumgangatho karhulumente nakuhlobo lwenkqubo eqwalaselwayo. Kumgangatho wesiZwe, umthetho kufuneka udlule zombini izindlu zeBhunga uze ufumane imvume kamongameli (okanye une-vetoPAin). Iinkqubo zolawulo zinokumkelwa ngamaqumrhu olawulo emva kwexesha lokugqabaza kukawonke-wonke. Izigqibo zenkundla zimisela inkqubo ngemizekelo esemthethweni.

Nyaka ngamnye, iBhunga kufuneka ligqibe kwinkqubo yezicelo ukuba malini ekufuneka isetyenziswe kwinkqubo nganye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkqubo kufuneka igunyazwe (ifakwe) kuqala phambi kokuba imali ifaneleke kuqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le. Oku kuthetha ukuba nasemva kokuba inkqubo ivunywe ngokusemthethweni, ifuna inkxaso-mali ukuze isetyenziswe ngokunempumelelo.

ICandelo 4: UHlahlo-nkqubo

Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo wokwamkelwa komnye kusekuqalekeni kwe-$) inkqubo kufuneka isetyenziswe. Ukufakelwa liqondo lokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo apho iwiswa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente kunye namanye amaqumrhu aphetheyo. Le nxalenye yile apho imigaqo-nkqubo iguqulwa khona ibe yimicimbi ngokwezigqibo zolawulo, iqinisekisa ukuba iinjongo zihlangatyezwana ngezenzo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nolwabiso olufanelekileyo lwemiqathango.

Uzalisekiso okanye ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo kusoloko kufezwa ngamaziko angezo ezo njongo zakha zaza zamkelwa. Ummiselo odla ngokunika ulwaleko olubanzi lwenkqubo. Amasebe karhulumente kufuneka azalise iinkcukacha, akhuphe imimiselo ekhethekileyo, iinkqubo, kunye neenkqubo ukuze aphumeze injongo yomgaqo-nkqubo.

Ukusebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ezenziwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente, njengokumisela imithetho, ukulungiselela iinkonzo, nokuqhuba amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke. Ukufakelwa kusenokuquka ukwamkela imithetho nemimiselo, ukulungiselela iinkonzo neemveliso, amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke, ukushwankathela iimbambano, njl njl.njl.

Unxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nemigaqo ibalulekile ngexesha lenqanaba lokuzalisekisa, njengoko benceda abalawuli bachaze iinkqubo zenkqubo baze benze izigqibo ezithe ngqo. Ukuphunyezwa okuphumelelayo kuxhomekeke kwizinto eziliqela:

  • [[UMTL:0] izibonelelo ezaneleyo: Imisebenzi ifuna inkxaso eyaneleyo yemali, abasebenzi, kunye nobuchule bobugcisa bokuphumeza inkqubo.
  • Iinjongo ezicacileyo: Iinjongo zenkqubo ezichukumissth yenza uzalisekiso lube nzima kwaye lungakhokelela ekulungiseni inkqubo.
  • Ukwenziwa kolu gqiza kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkotheni kwenkqubo, umanyano phakathi kwabo benza inkqubo isebenze, kunye nokuthobela.
  • Inkxaso yemithetho ejolise ekusebenzeni: Inkxaso engapheliyo evela kwiinkokeli zezobupolitika kwaye uwonke wonke unceda ekulondolozeni imigudu yokuzalisekisa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uphicotho: Inkqubo kufuneka ifumane ulwamkelo nentsebenziswano kwabo ichaphazelayo.

Imingeni yokusebenza iqhelekile. Imithetho isenokungachasana, inkcaso ivela kumaqela aneziphumo ezichaphazelekayo, ukudibana nemiqobo engabonwanga kwangaphambili, okanye ukuthotywa kwemiqobo yokungathandi kwezobupolitika. Umsantsa phakathi kwemigaqo ebhaliweyo nemigaqo ephunyeziweyo unokungqinelana.

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye noHlomelo

Kuvavanyo lwesigaba, abenzi-nkqubo bahlola iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo kwaye bafumanise uhlengahlengiso olufunekayo ukuze baphucule ukusebenza kwawo. Uvavanyo yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo elinganisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo ngokuchasene neenjongo zayo.

Ingabandakanya iindlela zokulinganisa kunye noqulunselo ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi kwimpembelelo yenkqubo, ukusebenza, kunye nengeniso. Abadlali abaninzi bavavanya impembelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo, ukubona ukuba bayazicombulula na iingxaki ezicacisiweyo kwaye baphumeza iinjongo zabo. Uvavanyo lujonga kwiindleko kunye neengenelo zemigaqo kunye neziphumo zabo ezingangqalanga kunye neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.

I-APP ifuna ukuphendula imibuzo ebalulekileyo:

  • Ngaba inkqubo ifikelela kwiinjongo zayo ezichaziweyo?
  • Ngaba iingenelo zifanelekile?
  • Ngubani ongenelwayo kulo mgaqo, yaye ngubani owenzakalisayo?
  • Ngaba ikho imiphumo engacwangciswanga?
  • Ingaba inkqubo ingaphuculwa okanye ingapheliswa?

IKhomishini isebenzisa umsebenzi wayo wolawulo kunye ne-Ofisi yokunika ingxelo jikelele ukuze ivavanye umsebenzi wayo, abaquki-gosa abangaphandle baquka amaqela enzala, amatanki, i-academia, kunye ne-media. Iimbono ezininzi ezikukumgangatho osebenzayo woncedo lwenkqubo zinika umzobo opheleleyo wempembelelo yenkqubo.

Uvavanyo luthetha ukufumanisa ukuba inkqubo isebenza kakuhle kangakanani, kwaye akuyonto ilula. Abantu abangaphakathi nangaphandle kukarhulumente basebenzisa uhlalutyo lwexabiso lokuhlawula ilahleko ukuzama ukufumana impendulo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba urhulumente uchitha amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kulo mgaqo, ngaba iinzuzo ezifunyenwe kuyo zifanele inkcitho?

Okufunyaniswe kusenokukhokelela kuhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo, utshintsho, okanye kwezinye iimeko, ukupheliswa. Imbali ibonise ukuba xa igqitywe, kunzima ukuyiphelisa imigaqo-nkqubo. Xa ipheliswa, kudla ngokuba ngokuqhelekileyo kuba inkqubo ayiphelelwanga, ngokucacileyo ayizange isebenze, okanye ilahlekelwe yinkxaso yayo phakathi kwamaqela enzala kunye namagosa anyuliweyo abeka uludwe olukwindawo yokuqala.

Imo Eqhelekileyo Yokwenziwa Komgaqo-nkqubo

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ayiyonto ithe inyathelo elilandela inyathelo, kodwa ibandakanya iinguqu ezinkulu ukuphumeza iinjongo zenkqubo. Ipolicie idla ngokujikeleza ibuyela emva kwimigangatho yangaphambili njengoko ulwazi olutsha luvela, iimeko zitshintsha okanye zityhila imfuneko yotshintsho.

Inkqubo ephunyezweyo nevavanyweyo ingabuyela kwinqanaba lokuyila ukuhlaziywa, okanye ukuvavanya izinto ezifunyanisiweyo kunganyanzela umba onxulumene nocwangciso. Le ndalo ithetha ukuba ukwenza inkqubo yenkqubo kuqhubekeko lokufunda, lokutshintsha, nokulungisa kunokuba kulungiswe isiganeko sexesha elinye.

Abenzi Abaphambili Bomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukwenza inkqubo kawonke-wonke eUnited States kwenzeka ngamanqanaba amaninzi kwaye kubandakanya iinguqu zabadlali bezomthetho, njengabadlali bezobupolitika abanyuliweyo, abasebenzi bezakhono, amaqela enzala kwanabemi. Ukuqonda okuphembelela izigqibo zemigaqo luncedo ekuboneni apho banokuba nempembelelo enkulu khona nendlela inkqubo eyahlukeneyo echaphazelekayo.

Amagosa Acetyisiweyo

Amagosa aqatshelweyo — kuquka iinkokeli, iirhuluneli, izibonda, izigebenga, kunye namalungu ebhunga `ababonakalisi benkqubo. Banegunya elisemthethweni lokucebisa, ukuphikisana, kunye nokuvota kwiinkqubo. Banegunya lokugqiba ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo ephunyezweyo nendlela abanxibelelana ngayo.

Amagosa aqatshelweyo asabela kwiingcinezelo ezininzi: iimfuno zobungangamsha, ukunyaniseka kweqela, iingcamango zobuqu, abanikeli bephulo, kunye noqikelelo lwabo lomgaqo-nkqubo olungileyo. Kufuneka balungelelanise izilangazelelo zokhuphiswano ngeli xesha begcina inkxaso eyaneleyo yezobupolitika ukuze bahlale besesikhundleni. Iimeko zabo zenkqubo zidla ngokubunjwa yimfuneko yokubhenela kumavoti, ukwenza uluvo lwabantu lube ngumbano obalulekileyo kwizigqibo zemigaqo.

Imicimbi karhulumente namagosa karhulumente

Amagosa alawulayo (iqumrhu lolawulo) aphumeza inkqubo okanye azalisekise inkqubo. Ngoxa amagosa aseburhulumenteni esoloko eboniswa njengabasebenzisi bemigaqo esungulwe ngamagosa anyuliweyo, eneneni aphumeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo ngobuchule, ubuchule ekuzalisekiseni, kunye nobuchule bokumisela imimiselo.

Amaziko karhulumente anolwazi olukhethekileyo malunga nemimandla yenkqubo, agcina inkumbulo yolawulo enqamleza utshintsho lwezopolitiko, kwaye anamava emihla ngemihla ngendlela imigaqo esebenza ngayo. Obu buchule bubanika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lwenkqubo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwayo. Amaziko akwayila imimiselo enenkcukacha ezinika imigaqo-nkqubo kwimiyalelo ebanzi, ukwenza ngokunempumelelo izigqibo zenkqubo ngaphakathi kwisiseko somthetho.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Amaqela anomdla amela iinkcubeko ezithile aze asebenzele ukuphembelela inkqubo ngendlela eyingenelo kumalungu awo. La maqela ahlukene ukususela kumaqumrhu oshishino kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi ukuya kwimibutho yemeko-bume, unxulumano lwezakhono, namaqela ajongene nemicimbi ethile.

Amaqela anomdla aphembelela inkqubo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

  • Ukubhabha: Ukunxibelelana ngqo nabenzi benkqubo ukuxhasa iindawo ezithile ezikhethekileyo
  • Iminikelo yeCampaign: Abaxhasi abaxhasa iindawo zabo zenkqubo
  • Imfundo ye-Public: Isusa uluvo lukawonke-wonke kumaziko eendaba kunye nocwangciso lwengca
  • Iligiga: Ukusebenzisa iinkundla ukuvavanya okanye ukukhusela iinkqubo
  • [[UMTHLWE] I-Expertie: Ukunika abenzi benkqubo uphando, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nolwazi lobugcisa

Ngoxa ngamanye amaxesha amaqela enzala egxekwa ngokuba nempembelelo engathethekiyo, akwasebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yenkqubo. Asebenzisa kwaye ahlaziywe ngoko kukhethwa ngamalungu awo, anike abenzi benkqubo ulwazi, kwaye ancede urhulumente agcine ukuphendula ngokuzalisekiswa kwenkqubo yokuhlola.

Cinga Ngezintlondi Nemibutho Yophando

IiNkcukacha zokucinga ngeenqanawa kunye nemibutho yophando eqhuba inkqubo, ivelisa iingcamango zokusingatha iingxaki zikarhulumente, ibonelele ngobuchule kubenzi benkqubo. Le mibutho yahlukene ukusuka kumaqela ajongene neenkcubeko ngokweengcamango ukuya kumaziko ophando angoondilele kakhulu. Iphembelela inkqubo ngokuvelisa iingxelo, ngokunikela ubungqina phambi kweekomiti zemithetho-siseko sowiso-mthetho, ukupapasha ii-op-ep, kunye nabenzi beenkqubo zokucebisa.

Umgangatho nokunyaniseka kophando kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu phakathi kwezi ntlangano. Ezinye zigcina imilinganiselo engqongqo yobungqina nohlalutyo, ngoxa ezinye ngokuyintloko zinikela ugwebo olungokwasengqondweni kwizikhundla ezimiselwe kwangaphambili zenkqubo. Abenzi-nkqubo nabemi ngokufanayo kufuneka bahlolisise imithombo nomgangatho wophando lwenkqubo.

Izixhobo Zokuxuba

Imibutho yamajelo eendaba idlala indima ezininzi kwinkqubo yenkqubo. Inceda ekumiseleni ingxubusho ngokugqiba ukuba zeziphi iimbambano ezifumana intlawulo, isalathisi sendlela iingxaki eziqondwa ngayo, ibonelela ngeqonga ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo yezomthetho, kwaye igcine urhulumente ephengulule ngokuphanda ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo kunye neziphumo zayo.

Ukuvela kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano ezisebenzisa amanani kunye neenkqubo zokunxibelelana kwabantu kuye kwaguqula indlela exoxwa ngayo imiba yezopolitiko nempikiswano. Ulwazi lusasazeka ngokukhawuleza, abemi banokuyilungelelanisa ngokulula ngakumbi imicimbi, kwaye abenzi benkqubo bajongene nengxelo kawonke-wonke ekhawulezileyo. Noko ke, oku kuye kwafak ’ isandla ekwandiseni kokungachani kakuhle, ukubhincisa ukwenziwa kobubungqina obusekelwe kwinkqubo.

Iinkundla

Iinkundla ziphembelela inkqubo ngokuchaza imithetho, ukufumanisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ingumGaqo-siseko kusini na, nokumisela imiqathango elawula izigqibo zexesha elizayo. Izigqibo zezeejaji zinokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo ibe yephulo, zifune ukuba kubekho inyathelo likarhulumente, okanye zilungise indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo.

Iinkundla zibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo amancinane nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ihambelana nemigaqo-siseko. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayinayo inkqubo yokunyanzelisa izigqibo zayo; amanye amasebe karhulumente kufuneka azalisekise izigqibo zayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukwenza inkqubo egwebayo kuxhomekeke kwintsebenziswano evela kwamanye amasebe.

Abemi Noluntu

Nangona abemi ngabanye besenokubonakala bengenampembelelo ilinganiselweyo xa kuthelekiswa nezilangazelelo ezicwangcisiweyo, uluntu luyilo lonke ngendlela ebalulekileyo. Iimpembelelo zoluvo lukawonke-wonke ezibangela ukuba lungqamane nocwangciso, zithintele uludwe lwezinto ezinokukhethwa ngokwezobupolitika, kwaye zigqibe ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo iyaqhubeka kusini na inkxaso ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Abemi baphembelela inkqubo yokuvota, ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiingxelo zoluntu nakumagqabaza, ukuthelela imibutho yobugqwirha, ukuqhankqalaza nokuqhayisa, nokuguqula intetho yesidlangalala ngonxibelelwano loluntu nezinye imigangatho. Ulwazi kunye nokuthenjiswa kwabemi kubalulekile ekwenzeni inkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Iintlobo Zezithethe

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ingacalulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukusinceda siqonde iinjongo zazo ezahlukeneyo, iindlela, kunye neempembelelo zobupolitika. Inkqubo kawonke-wonke idla ngokubekwa kwiindidi ezine ezahlukeneyo: ukubekwa phantsi, ulawulo, unikezelo, kunye nonikezelo. Uhlobo ngalunye lunenjongo ekhethekileyo kwaye lugxininisa ekucombululeni imingeni ekhethekileyo kwibutho lethu.

Imigaqo-nkqubo

Imithetho yezobupolisa engaphantsi ithetha ngqo ngemibandela ethile − efana nokuhlaziywa kwemfundo, ukukhutshwa kwezonyango, okanye ukutshintshwa kwemozulu. Le nkqubo igxininisa koko urhulumente akwenzayo ngokwenene ukucombulula iingxaki nokuphucula ubomi babemi. Imela imisebenzi engundoqo karhulumente ekucombululeni iimfuno zezentlalo-ntle yabantu.

Imigaqo-nkqubo ephantsi iquka phantse yonke imimandla yomsebenzi karhulumente. Iquka iinkqubo ezinikezela ngeenkonzo, ezabelwe ubuncwane, ezilawula ukuziphatha okanye ezisasaza ubutyebi. Ukuqonda iinkqubo ezincinci kudinga ukuhlolisisa ukuba yintoni urhulumente azama ukuyifeza nendlela afuna ngayo ukufikelela olo sukelo.

Amagosa alawulayo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo imisela imithetho okanye imilinganiselo ebumba ukuziphatha. Imizekelo iquka imimiselo yemekobume, imithetho yokhuseleko emsebenzini, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela abantu. Imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula inceda ekukhuseleni umdla woluntu kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ishishini elithile lisebenza ngendlela efanelekileyo nakhuselekileyo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo imisela imiqathango okanye iimfuno kubantu ngabanye kunye nemibutho. Iinkqubo zokuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo yotywala kunye nezithintelo kwiinkqubo zoshishino ezingafanelekanga yimizekelo emibini yemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yolawulo lukarhulumente. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezithintela ixabiso lombane nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa emanzini ngomnye umzekelo wezenzo zomthetho. Iimfuno zikarhulumente zokulawula imisebenzi ethile, iimfuno zokhuseleko kumayeza, imiqathango yokukhutshwa kwetyhefu nengcoliseko kwimizi - mveliso, kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko ezincinane zabasebenzi zingumzekelo wonke wemigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo idla ngokudala impikiswano ngenxa yokuba imisela inkululeko kwaye ibeka iindleko kwimibutho elawulwayo. Kodwa ke, ifeza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo ekukhuseleni impilo yoluntu nokhuseleko, ukuqinisekisa ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo, ukulawula ubuncwane obuqhelekileyo, nokusingatha ukungaphumeleli kwentengiso. Ucelomngeni lukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi komgaqo ofunekayo nokuphepha imithwalo enzima ethintela ukuphuhliswa okanye umsebenzi wezoqoqosho.

Amagosa aphambili

Imithetho-siseko yokusasaza inika amaqela athile okanye iinkqubo okanye iinzuzo ezifana nezibonelelo zemali okanye iimali zokuxhasa ezolimo. Iinkqubo zokusasaza ivumela abadlali bakarhulumente ukuba banikele ngezinto eziluncedo neenkonzo kubemi abaninzi ngenkcitho yabo bonke abahlawulela iirhafu. Zicelelwe ukuphucula ukusasazwa kweempahla neenkonzo ngokunika intsalela ezinkulu zabemi kunokuba bathabathe kwelinye iqela baze banike elinye.

Iinyaniso ezimbini zemigaqo-nkqubo yokungavumelani zibenza babe yeyona nkqubo karhulumente ingenakuphikiswa: wonk'uwonke uyabelana ngeengenelo zawo, kwaye uwonke-wonke uyahlawula iindleko zawo. Ukudibana kwemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu yokusasaza imihla ngemihla. Imizekelo iquka iindlela zikawonke-wonke nemfundo kawonke-wonke.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusasaza ixhaphakile kwezobupolitika kuba inika iingenelo ezibonakalayo kwii-contipective ezithile ngexesha isasaza iindleko ezibanzi kubo bonke abahlawuleli berhafu. Oku kwenza kube lula ukwenza imigaqo-nkqubo edala abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo. Noko ke, ukuqokelelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ekhuthazayo kusenokukhokelela kwiingcinezelo zoqingqo-mali nemibuzo yokuba ngaba oovimba bayasetyenziswa kakuhle kusini na.

Amagosa Afanelekileyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokhuseleko yokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni imela ubuncinane bohlobo lwenkxwaleko, itshintshela ngokucacileyo ubuncwane, ingeniso, okanye amathuba avela kwelinye iqela lentlalo. Le migaqo ijolise ekucombululeni ukungalingani ngokweerhafu, iinkqubo zokhuseleko, okanye ngoovimba boluntu.

Iinkqubo zoncedo lobuzwe ziphikisana kakhulu kuneenkqubo zokwahlula-hlula kuba zinika iingenelo kumaqela athile ngokulahlekelwa ngabanye. Iinkqubo zoncedo-ntle zomanyano, njenge-Someral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP) kunye ne-AP yexeshana yeMibutho efuna uTshayino (TTANF), ziyimizekelo ephikisanayo yeenkqubo zenkqubo zikarhulumente ezikhuthaza uluntu.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokwabelana ibangela ingxubusho enzulu yezobupolitika ngenxa yokuba ibandakanya imibuzo esisiseko ngokusesikweni, ukulingana, nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente. Abaxhasi baphikisa le migaqo-nkqubo bafanele ukusingatha ukungalingani nokunika abantu ababuthathaka umnatha wokhuseleko. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba badala ukuxhomekeka, ukudimaza, nokuhlawula iirhafu ezingekho sesikweni.

Inkqubo yerhafu eqhubela phambili yaseIndiya, apho abangeni-mali abafumana imali eninzi bahlawula irhafu ephezulu, ibonakalisa inkqubo yokuphakamisa. Ngokufanayo, imigaqo-nkqubo yokwabelana ngemfundo nangemisebenzi yeCasteminalis, iShedyulid, iNtlanganiso yeSikolo, kunye nenye i-Freedad Cladenties imela iindlela ezijolise ekulungiseni iimeko ezingezizo zembali.

Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Echaseneyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo enxulumene nokuyila nokulawula kwamaziko karhulumente isenokubhekisela kwiinkqubo ezimisela indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente. Iinkqubo eziqukelweyo ziquka ukusekwa kwamasebe karhulumente, ngokuqhelekileyo phantsi kwesebe elilawulayo, elisebenza ukunyanzelisa imithetho yemithetho emiselwe yiBhunga.

Le nkqubo imisela inkqubo emiselwe ngayo ezinye imigaqo-nkqubo. Igqiba indlela urhulumente alungelelaniswe ngayo, amagunya anawo amasebe awahlukeneyo, nendlela asebenza ngayo urhulumente. Ngeli xesha ingabonakali kakhulu kunezinye iindidi zemigaqo, imigaqo-nkqubo edityanisiweyo ngokusisiseko ibumba urhulumente

Iingingqi ezinkulu zomgaqo-nkqubo nemizekelo

Ukuqonda iinkalo ezithile zemigaqo - siseko kusinceda sibone indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi ngcamango zichazwe ngasentla.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho

Inkqubo yezoqoqosho iquka izenzo zikarhulumente zokulawula ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho. Iquka imiba enjengenkqubo yemali (indlela urhulumente aphatha ngayo ukunikezelwa kwemali netyala), inkqubo yemali (indlela urhulumente ayifumana ngayo kwaye ayisebenzise ngayo imali), njalo njalo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ichaphazela imisebenzi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokusasazwa kwemali. Iquka izigqibo eziphathelele ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu, ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente, inzala, izivumelwano zorhwebo, kunye nomthetho wezorhwebo. Inkqubo yezoqoqosho idla ngokuphikiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zezoqoqosho zicebisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlawula, kwaye iinkqubo zineziphumo eziphawulekayo zokwabiwa.

Oorhulumente basebenzisa izixhobo zezoqoqosho ukusukela iinjongo ezifana nokusebenza, ukuzinza kwexabiso, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, nokhuphiswano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Inkqubo efanelekileyo isoloko ixhomekeke kwiimeko zezoqoqosho ngezantsi. Amaziko asebenza kakuhle ngexesha lolwando lwezoqoqosho asenokuba neziphumo ezingento ngexesha lokurhoxa kwezoqoqosho.

Umgaqo-nkqubo weNtlalo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yentlalo enxulumene nentlalo-ntle, ubuhlwempu, ukungalingani, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle. Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle zinokuba zezohlobo lwentlalo-ntle, zinika inkxaso yezonyango, iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa, imbuyiselo yomsebenzi, njl. njl. njl.. Enye inkqubo eqhelekileyo yinkxaso yokondleko: iSomeral Nutrition Ingxubo yoncedo (SNAP) eUnited States, umzekelo, inceda iintsapho ezifumana ukutya okusempilweni eninzi.

Iinkqubo zoluntu zibonisa imilinganiselo yoluntu malunga nembopheleleko, imbopheleleko yomntu ngamnye, nendima karhulumente ekuqinisekiseni intlalo-ntle esisiseko. Ziquka iinkqubo ezinika inkxaso yengeniso, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, uncedo lwezindlu, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo kubantu abasengozini.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

Inkqubo yemfundo iquka ukwandisa amathuba okufumana iinkqubo zobuntwana okanye ukunyuka kwemali ezikolweni zikarhulumente.

Inkqubo yemfundo ibaluleke kakhulu kuba imfundo ichaphazela amathuba abantu abanawo nokukwazi ukumelana nezoqoqosho ngoxa ifeza iinjongo ezibanzi zoluntu ezifana nemfundo yoluntu nokudibana kwebutho labantu.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango

Inkqubo yempilo karhulumente igubungela iinkalo ezifana nokunikezela ngonyango kumntu wonke, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka nokuba nomgangatho, ukumelana nongxamiseko, njl. Njl. Njl. amazwe amaninzi, njengeKhanada ne-United Kingdom, anenkqubo zonyango lwehlabathi lonke ezinika bonke abemi iinkonzo zezonyango eziyimfuneko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yabo yezoqoqosho injani na, ngoxa abanye, njengeUnited States, bevumela ukuba kuvele imarike evulekileyo kodwa abanazo izikhuseli ezisisiseko ezikhoyo.

Inkqubo yonyango iquka ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezifana neMedicare kunye neMedicaid ukuphucula indlela yokufumana unyango. Iinkqubo zonyango zithetha ngeemeko eziquka iinshorensi, iindleko zonyango, ukufaneleka kwendlela yokunyamekela impilo yoluntu, umgaqo-nkqubo wezamayeza, kunye nemali yezophando.

Inkqubo yonyango ibandakanya imibuzo esisiseko yokuba unyango lulungile okanye luyimveliso, indlela yokulinganisela iindleko zokuqulatha ingeniso nokufikelela, kunye nendima urhulumente afanele ayiphumeze ekunikezelweni kwempilo nasemalini. Amazwe ahlukene kakhulu aye asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphendula le mibuzo, ebonisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zobupolitika.

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo uquka ukwenza imigangatho yokukhutshwa kwekharbon okanye ukutsalela uhlaziyo kwizibonelelo zamandla ezivuselelwayo. Imimiselo yokusingqongileyo ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wemigaqo-nkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo ijolise ekukhuseleni imekobume, ekunciphiseni ungcoliso, nasekucombululeni iingxaki zendalo ezisemhlabeni wonke.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo ixubusha imiba efana nomoya namanzi, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ulondolozo lwezinto zemvelo, ukukhuselwa kwezilwanyana ezisengozini, kunye nokulawulwa kwamazwe oluntu. Le nkqubo idla ngokubandakanya ukulungelelaniswa kokhuseleko lwemekobume nenkqubela yezoqoqosho, ukupheliswa kwenzululwazi nokucombulula iingxaki ezingaphaya kwemida yendalo.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuye kwavela njengengxaki enzima kuba ifuna ukuba kulungelelaniswe amazwe ngamazwe, ibandakanya ixesha elide, kwaye kufuneka iinguqulelo eziphawulekayo zezoqoqosho. Iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo zigxininisa ngakumbi ekulondolozeni nasekuziphembeleleni kwexesha elide koqheliselo lwangoku.

Umgaqo - mgaqo - siseko Wezobulungisa

Imithetho yezomthetho elawula ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, ukubekwa kwetyala, ukuchotshelwa, ukulungiswa, nokubuyiselwa komgaqo-nkqubo.

Inkqubo yobulungisa ibandakanya ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko loluntu namalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukumisela isohlwayo esifanelekileyo, ukusingatha ukungavisisani kobuhlanga nezoqoqosho kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, nokugqiba ngendlela yokunika abasebenzi ubuncwane kunye nokuthintela. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwaqwalaselwa imicimbi efana nokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, utshintsho lwamapolisa, kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa kunezo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingokwesithethe ezizayo.

Inkqubo yezindlu

Inkqubo yezindlu ibandakanya imigudu karhulumente yokulungiselela abantu izindlu ezaneleyo nezinokufikeleleka. EUnited States, inkqubo yezindlu yavela ekuDothobeni okuKhulu yaye iphawulwa yimibandela efana nokuhlaliswa kwezindlu, izindlu ezifanelekileyo, izindlu zoluntu, njl.njl.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezezindlu iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoluntu enenjongo yokunika onke amalungu ebutho labantu izindlu ezinokufikeleleka nezifanelekileyo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya amanyathelo ahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka iinkqubo zezindlu ezinokufikeleleka ezibeka imali encinane yokufumana abantu abangenayo kunye neentsapho eziphucukileyo ukuze kuphuculwe ukufumaneka kwezindlu ezikhuselekileyo nezizinzileyo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo ebandakanya ukufumaneka kwemali, ukungabi namakhaya, ubunjani bezindlu nokhuseleko, ucalulo kwiimarike zezindlu, kunye nophuhliso lwengingqi. Le nkqubo isebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo eziquka inkxaso-mali, izikhuthazo zerhafu, imimiselo yokuhlala, nemithetho echasene nokungahlali.

Inkqubo yezothutho

Inkqubo yezothutho iquka izenzo zikarhulumente zokulawula iinkqubo zezithuthi. Iquka imiba enjengenkqubela-phambili yezibonelelo, ezothutho zikawonke-wonke, ukulondolozwa, njl. njl. njl. imigaqo-nkqubo yezothutho ichaphazela indlela abantu abahamba ngayo, iimpahla, ukuphembelela umsebenzi wezoqoqosho, ukulondolozwa kwemekobume, inkqubela yedolophu, nomgangatho wobomi.

Inkqubo yezothutho ibandakanya izigqibo ezimalunga notyalo-mali lwezibonelelo, ulawulo lwamashishini ezithuthi, ukukhuthazwa kweendlela zothutho, nokusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nokucwangciswa kwezithuthi.

Iingxaki Ekwenzeni Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Kunzima ukwenza inkqubo kawonke wonke ephumelelayo. Abenzi benkqubo bajamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezibangela ukuba inkqubo ibe nzima kwaye zidla ngokuphumela kwimigaqo engaphumeleliyo kwiinjongo zabo.

Ukuntsonkotha Nokungaqiniseki

Iingxaki ezininzi zenkqubo zintsonkothile ngendlela engaqhelekanga, ziquka izinto ezininzi ezibangela izinto ezininzi, zichaphazela abantu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, zize zidibane nezinye iingxaki. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuveliswe izicombululo eziphumelelayo kufuna ubuchule kwiindlela ezininzi zokuzilungisa nokuqwalasela izinto ezininzi.

Abenzi benkqubo bajongene nokungaqiniseki okubalulekileyo. Iziphumo zemigaqo-nkqubo zisoloko zinzima ukuqikelela, ingakumbi kwiindlela ezintsha zokufikelela. Iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga ziqhelekile, kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo inokuba neziphumo ezahlukileyo kakhulu kunokuba bekulindelekile. Oku kuthandabuza kwenza kube nzima ukukhetha phakathi kolunye uhlobo lwenkqubo kwaye kudala ubungozi obuza kusilela ukufikelela iinjongo zayo okanye ukudala iingxaki ezintsha.

Iingxaki Zezobupolitika

Le nkqubo iphenjelelwa yimfazwe yezobupolitika, ukuxhathisa abaxhasi, kunye noonobangela beziko. Kulo Mthetho, amalungu eKhontrala aye aphawula ukuba ukulwa nokungavumelani kweengcamango, ukuxambulisana kweembono, nokuhla kokuvuma ukulalanisa ngemigaqo kwenza ukuba inkqubo ibe nzima kakhulu kunokuba yayinjalo kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo.

Ukuqwalasela kwezobupolitika kudla ngokugatya uhlalutyo lobugcisa kwizigqibo zenkqubo. Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka bakhe iminqonganiso, banelise imicimbi eyahlukeneyo, baze bagcine inkxaso yezopolitiko. Oku kunokukhokelela ekulalanisiseni okunciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo, ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo elungileyo, okanye okuphumela kwimigaqo-nkqubo yomfuziselo ebonakala icombulula iingxaki ngaphandle kokuzicombulula.

Imijikelo ye-Electoral yenza iingcinga ezifutshane, njengoko abezobupolitika begxininisa kwiinkqubo eziza kubonisa iziphumo phambi konyulo olulandelayo kunokuba bacombulule iingxaki zexesha elide. Amaqela anamandla anomdla angayivala imigaqo-nkqubo esongela izilangazelelo zawo, kwanaxa ezo migaqo iza kunceda uluntu ngokubanzi.

Akukho Zinto

Ubuncwane bukarhulumente bufikeleleka, bunyanzelisa ukuba kwenziwe ukhetho olunzima ngezinto eziza kuqala. Asiyongxaki yonke enokucocwa, kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka ikhuphisane ngemali elinganiselweyo, abasebenzi, kunye nengqalelo yezopolitiko. Ukungahlawulwa kohlahlo-mali kudla ngokuthetha ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo iphantsi ngokweenjongo zabo, ithintela ukuphumelela kwabo.

Imiqathango yesakhelo ikwachaphazela ubuchule bukarhulumente bokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ngempumelelo. Iinkonzo zisenokungabi nabasebenzi baneleyo abanobuchule obufanelekileyo, ubugcisa obufanelekileyo nezibonelelo, okanye ubuchule bokulungelelanisa ukuphumeza iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo. Ezi zithintelo zobuchule zinokuthoba kwanemigaqo emiselwe kakuhle.

Imilinganiselo Engqubanayo Nezilangazelelo

Izigqibo zemigaqo zidla ngokubandakanya iimfazwe ezisisiseko ezingenakuconjululwa ngohlalutyo lobugcisa kuphela. Amaqela ahlukeneyo anazinto eziza kuqala ezahlukeneyo, imbono eyahlukeneyo yokusesikweni, neembono ezahlukeneyo ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente. Ezi mfazwe zithetha ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo eya kwanelisa amanye amaqela ngoxa ethoba abanye.

Imithetho yezopolitiko ikwadala abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo, isasaza iinzuzo neendleko ezingalinganiyo kulo lonke ibutho labantu. Abo bathwale iindleko zemigaqo-nkqubo basoloko bexhathisa ngamandla, kwanaxa iinzuzo zininzi zidlula iindleko. Oku kudala imiqobo yezopolitiko kwimigaqo-nkqubo eya kuphucula intlalo-ntle epheleleyo kodwa kuyingozi kumaqela athile.

Ukusebenzisa Ucelomngeni

Kwanemigaqo ecwangciswe kakuhle ingasilela ukuba ayiphunyezwanga kakuhle. Ukwenziwa kweliso kufuna ukuguqulela iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo ophangaleleyo kwizenzo ezithile, ukudibanisa imibutho emininzi, ukukhusela intsebenziswano kwezachaphazelekayo, nokuziqhelanisa neemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Abaphathi bamacandelo abakwimigangatho yesitrato, -- abasebenzi bakarhulumente abasebenzisana ngqo nabemi ._banobuchule obugqithisileyo kwindlela abayisebenzisa ngayo imigaqo. Izigqibo zabo, ezibunjwe ngokwezabo izigqibo kunye neengcinezelo abajamelana nazo, zingayitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo indlela imigaqo esebenza ngayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo efanayo inokusetyenziswa ngokwahlukileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo okanye ngamasebe awahlukeneyo.

Impumelelo

Ukugqiba enoba imigaqo-nkqubo iyaphumelela kusoloko kunzima. Iinjongo ezininzi zinokuba neenjongo ezininzi ezinokungqubana. Iziphumo zisenokuthatha iminyaka ukubonakala, kuyenze kube nzima ukwahlula iimpembelelo zenkqubo kwezinye iinguqu. Ulwahlulo lunzima, xa iziphumo ziphucula, ngaba kungenxa yenkqubo okanye ezinye izinto?

Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lusekelwe kugcino-lwazi olunzima oluya kwingeniso eyahlukileyo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha oluphikisanayo, utoliko. Abafaki-tyala abahlukeneyo bangajonga inkqubo enye ngokwahlukileyo ngokwemigangatho yabo kunye nezilangazelelo. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukwakha ulwamkelo malunga nokuba imigaqo iyasebenza na kwaye ziziphi iinguqu ezifunekayo.

Indlela Abami Abanokuba Nayo Ngayo Nomgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Ukuqonda inkqubo kawonke-wonke kubalulekile, kodwa ukuganana kwabemi kubalulekile ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi. Zininzi iindlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba kuzo iinkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo baze baphembelele izigqibo zikarhulumente.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

Kufuneka ulandelo olunempumelelo lufuna ukwazi ngemibandela yezomthetho, izindululo, neengxoxo. Oku kuthetha ukulandela iindaba ezivela kwimithombo ethembekileyo, ukufunda imixholo ephambili ngaphandle kokuqonda iinkcukacha zenkqubo, ukufuna iimbono ezahlukeneyo, nokuphuhlisa ukukwazi ukuhlolisisa ngokucokisekileyo imicimbi nobungqina.

Abahlali kufuneka bakuqonde okwenzekayo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente − indawo, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente. Iinkqubo ezininzi ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla zenziwa ngqo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, kodwa ezi zinto zisoloko zingenayo ingqalelo eninzi kunezopolitiko zesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo nendlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo kunceda abemi bahlulele amathuba okuganana ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuncedisa Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Ukuvota yeyona ndlela isisiseko yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kwidemokhrasi. Unyulo lugqiba ukuba ngubani ozenzayo izigqibo zenkqubo kwaye lubonelela ukuba kumele kuthatyathwe ityala lomsebenzi karhulumente. Ukwenziwa kovotelo kufuna ukuba abantu abafuna ukuchongwa baqonde iimfuno zemigaqo-nkqubo kunye neengxelo zabo kwimibandela ebaluleke kuwe.

Inxaxheba ekwakheni inxaxheba kumsebenzi wobupolisa isenokugqithisa ngaphandle kokuvota ukuquka ukunikela ngokuzithandela kumaphulo, ukunikela kwabo baza kuvota, nokukhuthaza abanye ukuba bavote. Le misebenzi inceda amagosa akhethiweyo anokukhetha izinto eziza kuqala kumgaqo wakho aze andise igunya lezobupolitika lamaqela akho awakhathaleleyo.

Ukunxibelelana Namagosa Amiselweyo

Amagosa acetyiswayo anikela ingqalelo kunxibelelwano oluziintlobo. Ukuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho ukuze bachaze iimbono zakho kwimibandela yenkqubo kunokuphembelela izikhundla zabo kunye namavoti. Unxibelelwano olunempumelelo luchanekile ngembambano, ngokucacileyo ngesenzo ofuna basenze, kwaye bachaze indlela lo mba ochaphazela ngayo wena okanye abantu abakuwo.

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunxibelelana ziyafumaneka: umnxeba, ii-imeyili, iileta, imiyalezo yezentlalo-ntle, kunye neentlanganiso eziqhutywa ngokulandelelana kwiiholo zedolophu okanye kutyelelo lwaseofisini. Amabali obuqu kunye neempembelelo zobulali zidla ngokunwenwa kakhulu kuneengongoma zokuthetha eziqhelekileyo. Amaphulo alungelelanisiweyo apho amagosa amaninzi anxibelelana namagosa asekuhlaleni malunga nomba omnye anokuba nempumelelo.

Ukuthetha Nexesha Lokuva Nezimvo

Amaziko karhulumente asoloko ethetha ngoluntu yaye amkela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke xa kuphuhliswa imithetho okanye enza izigqibo ezinzulu. La mathuba acwangcisiweyo okungeniswa kwenkcazelo avumela abemi ukuba banikele inkcazelo, baphakamise inkxalabo, baphembelele iinkcukacha zenkqubo.

Amaxesha okugqabaza kukawonke-wonke emimiselo ecetyiweyo abaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kuba avumela abemi ukuba baphembelele imithetho eneenkcukacha ezalisekisa imithetho. Amagqabaza anika inkcazelo ekhethekileyo, achaza iingxaki ezinokubakho, okanye acebisa ukuba iinguqu zinokuba nempembelelo kwimimiselo yokugqibela.

Ukuthelekisa Imibutho Yobuchule

Imibutho ejolise kwimibandela ethile iyakwazi ukwandisa amazwi omntu ngamnye nokunika ubuchule, oovimba kunye nomanyano olunokwenza ukuba ubuchule bokusebenza kakuhle. Imibutho edityaniswe nemilinganiselo yakho ikuvumela ukuba unikele kwisenzo somanyano lo gama ungenelwa kulwazi nolwalamano lwentlangano kunye nabenzi benkqubo.

Imibutho ekhuthaza ubugqwirha ibandakanyeka kwimisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo equka ukukhuthaza, imfundo kawonke wonke, ukulungiselela iingca, ukurhweba nokuphanda. Ngokuxhasa le mibutho ngokuyifaka kumalungu, ngeminikelo, okanye ngomsebenzi wamatsha - ntliziyo, abemi banokuphembelela inkqubo ethile kwanokuba abanalo ixesha lokutshata ngokungqalileyo.

Ukuququzelela Uluntu Nemizi Ephakamileyo

Ukucwangcisa nabanye abantu basekuhlaleni kusenokuba yindlela enamandla yokuphembelela inkqubo, ingakumbi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Ucwangciso loluntu lubandakanya ukuchaza izinto ezixhalabisayo, ulwakhelo lolwalamano, ukuphuhlisa ukhokelo, nokuthatha inyathelo elihlangeneyo lokucombulula iingxaki.

Izixhobo zokubhalisa i-Grassroot zingathatha iindlela ezininzi: ukulungiselela ukukhuthaza, ukuqhuba iintlanganiso zoluntu, ukulungiselela imiboniso, ukuqhuba ihlomelo lombhali, okanye ukwenza imibutho enxulumene nemibandela ethile. Le misebenzi yakha amandla ezobupolitika kuluntu nemibandela enokuthi ngandlel

Ukusebenzisa Izixhobo Zonxibelelwano NezobuGcisa

Izakhono zokunxibelelana nezonxibelelwano, imigangatho yezonxibelelwano nemigangatho yezobugcisa zinikela iindlela ezintsha zokubandakanya imiba yezomthetho. Ingingqi zingabelana ngolwazi, zilungelelanise amaphulo, ziququzelela iinkonzo, zinxibelelane ngqo nabenzi benkqubo.

Noko ke, ukubotshwa kwamanani kubangela iingxaki eziquka iingcamango ezingekho mthethweni, iintloko - ntloko ezikhuthaza iimbono ezikhoyo, nobunzima bokwahlula inkcazelo ethembekileyo kwiingcamango ezibubuxoki. Ukubotshwa ngomatshini osebenza kakuhle kufuna uhlolisiso olunzulu lwemithombo neengcamango, ukuthembisana ngeembono ezahlukeneyo nokunxibelelana komsebenzi kwi - Internet nokusebenza ngaphandle kwekhompyutha.

Ukubaleka Ngenxa Ye-Ofisi Okanye Ukukhonza Kwiibhodi NakwiiKhomishini

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuphembelela inkqubo kukuzenzela imigaqo-nkqubo. Ukusukela ibhodi yesikolo semfundo yeofisi yasekuhlaleni/ibhunga lesikolo, ibhunga lesixeko, ikhomishini yengingqi `ifikeleleka ngakumbi kunabantu abaninzi abacingayo kwaye banika igunya elithe ngqo kwizigqibo zenkqubo. Imigaqo emininzi ebalulekileyo echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla yenziwa kula migangatho.

Ukusebenza kwiibhodi zorhulumente nakumaziko okusebenza yenye indlela yokuthabatha inxaxheba ngqo ekwenzeni inkqubo. Ii-ofisi ezininzi zineebhodi zokwazisa kwimibandela efana nocwangciso, iipaki, amathala eencwadi, okanye iinkonzo zabantu. Ezi ndawo zivumela abemi ukuba banikele ngobuchule, bamele iimbono zoluntu, kunye nokunconyelwa kwenkqubo enempembelelo.

Ikamva Lomgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kawonke-wonke kuyaqhubeka kuguquka ngenxa yokuguquka kweemeko, ucelomngeni olutsha, kunye nophuhliso lolawulo. Izimo ezininzi zibumba ikamva lendlela oorhulumente abazenza ngayo izigqibo nabalungisa ngayo iingxaki zikawonke-wonke.

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo osekelwe kubungqina

Kugxininiswa ngakumbi ekusebenziseni ubungqina obungqongqo ukuze kwaziswe izigqibo zenkqubo. Oku kuquka ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungakhethiyo ukuvavanya ungenelelo lwenkqubo, ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lolawulo ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwenkqubo, nokusebenzisa ingqiqo evela kwinzululwazi yesimilo ukuya kwinkqubo. Injongo kukuhamba ngaphaya kwengqiqo nenkqubo esekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo esekelwe kubungqina obusekelwe kwimisebenzi.

Noko ke, uphando lwezopolitiko lungakhange luphendulwe, yaye ubungqina abusoloko bungaqiniseki okanye buthanda ukuphikiswa. Ulwalamano phakathi kophando nenkqubo luhlala luntsonkothile, kunye nobungqina obunobungqina obunye phakathi kwabaninzi ekwenzeni izigqibo zobupolitika.

Ukufikelela Okunentabalala Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Ukwenza umgaqo-nkqubo ophezulu wesithethe wongezwa ngokwandayo ziindlela ezidityanisiweyo ezibandakanya ababambi-tyala, uluntu, kunye nabemi ekuyilweni nasekuzalisekisweni kwenkqubo. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuqingqo-mali, iindibano, kunye nokuphuhliswa kweenkonzo kumela imigudu yokwenza inkqubo edityanisiweyo neyamkelekileyo.

Ezi ndlela zingaphucula umgangatho womgaqo-nkqubo ngokudibanisa ulwazi neembono ezahlukeneyo, ukwakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke ngokunika abantu ilizwi kwizigqibo, kunye nokuphuhlisa ukuphunyezwa ngokufaka abo bachaphazelekayo. Noko ke, zifuna ixesha elininzi kunye nobuncwane, zinokulawulwa zizinto ezilungelelanisiweyo, kwaye zinokuba nzima ukuphendula.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuhlaziywa

Ubugcisa buguqula imichiza yenkqubo kunye nenkqubo yokwenza inkqubo. Ubuntlola bokwenziwa, ugcino-lwazi olukhulu, namaqonga amanani adala imingeni emitsha yenkqubo malunga nemfihlo, uqhaqho-mthetho, kunye nomgaqo weqonga. Kwangaxeshanye, obu bugcisa bunika izixhobo ezintsha zohlalutyo lwenkqubo, ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo, kunye nokudityaniswa kwabemi.

Oorhulumente bazama ukuncedisa kwiinkonzo zamanani, iintlanganiso zogcino-lwazi ezivulekileyo, kunye neeplatfomu ze-intanethi. Ezi zinto zithembisa ukwenza urhulumente asebenze kakuhle, acace nangakumbi, afikeleleke. Kodwa, baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokwahlukana kwamanani, ukungabikho kolwazi lwekhompyutha, nokulahleka komgwebo womntu ekwenzeni izigqibo ezizenzekelayo.

Ukuthetha nobunzima, Ucelomngeni Lokunqamleza

Utshintsho oluninzi lwenkqubo yanamhlanje lunzima .(xlibonne) ukutshintsha kwenkqubo yeli xesha, ukuxhotyiswa kwezifo, ukungalingani kobugcisa, ukupheliswa kwemiqathango yezopolitiko yesithethe kunye nemida elawulayo. Ukulungisa le mingeni kufuna ukulungelelanisa umanyano kwiingingqi kunye nakumgangatho karhulumente, ukudityaniswa kweenkqubo ezininzi, kwaye ingakumbi intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Le nto kukwenza inkqubo yokwenza ubuchule obuninzi, iindlela ezibekwe ezivumela uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwemibandela. Noko ke, amaziko karhulumente asoloko elungelelaniswe ngeendlela ezenza i-silos kwaye zenza kube nzima ukusebenzisana. Ukoyisa le miqobo yesakhiwo kuhlala kulucelomngeni olubalulekileyo.

Ukwenziwa Kwentsingiselo Kanye Nokuthembana

Ukwanda kokwahlukana kwezobupolitika nokuncipha kokuthembana kwamaziko karhulumente kubangela ucelomngeni olunzulu ekwenzeni inkqubo. Xa abemi neenkokeli zezobupolitika bengenakuvumelana ngezibakala ezisisiseko okanye benobungqina obufanayo, ukwakha izivumelwano ezijikeleze iinkqubo kuba nzima kakhulu. Ukwenziwa kwerhafu kungakhokelela ekutyhafeni kwemigaqo-nkqubo, ukungaguquguquki njengoko imigaqo iqhubeka nokutshintsha kolawulo lwezobupolitika, nokukhukuliseka kwezithethe ezenza umsebenzi wolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukulungisa le mingeni kufuna ukuthembana kwakhona ngokubona ngaphaya kolwazi, ukuphendula, nokubonakalisa ubuchule. Kukwafuna ukufumana iindlela zokwahlula-hlula, ukwenza isithuba sokucinga, nokujolisa kwimilinganiselo kunye nezizathu ezifanayo naphakathi kokungavumelani.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke phantse inguwo wonke wobomi banamhlanje, ukusuka kwimfundo esiyifumanayo kubantwana bethu, ukususela ekukhuselekeni kokutya kwethu ukuya kukhuseleko lomhlala-phantsi wethu. Ukuqonda indlela ezi nkqubo ezenziwa ngayo/inkqubo, abadlali, kunye nocelomngeni olubandakanyekileyo olubandakanya , kuyafuneka kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba ngummi onolwazi kunye nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi ukusuka ekufunyanisweni kwengxaki ngokuzalisekisa kunye nokuvavanya. Iqonga ngalinye linika amathuba okungeniswa nokuphembelela abami. Abadlali abaninzi bathatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo, kuquka amagosa anyuliweyo, amasebe karhulumente, amaqela enzala, abaphandi, amajelo eendaba, iinkundla, kunye nabemi ngokwabo. Impembelelo enxulumeneyo yala badlali iyahluka kwiimbambano nangokwexesha elithile, kodwa bonke badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo.

Imithetho ithatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo-zohlukeneyo .Iindlela zolawulo, ukusasaza, ukusasaza, kunye ne-"quation" kunye ne-"isebenzisa amandla ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika kunye neenjongo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo ziluncedo ekuchazeni isizathu sokuba ezinye iinkqubo zibangele impikiswano enkulu kunabanye kwaye kutheni iindlela ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziswa kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo. Imithetho ithetha ngemiba emininzi enqamlezeneyo yezoqoqosho, yentlalo, yemekobume, kunye neminye imimandla, nganye ineentsonga neengxaki zayo.

Ukwenza inkqubo kunzima ngokwemvelo, okubandakanya ukuntsonkotha, ukungaqiniseki, imiqathango yezobupolitika, imiqathango yovimba, kunye nemilinganiselo engqubanayo. Iinkqubo ezigqibeleleyo zinqabile; ezininzi zimela ulwalaniso olungafezekiyo phakathi kwezilangazelelo zokhuphiswano neenjongo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zinceda ukubeka ulindelo olusengqiqweni nokubuqonda ubunzima bokulawula kwidemokhrasi eyahlukeneyo.

Abemi banamathuba amaninzi okubandakanyeka nokuphembelela inkqubo kawonke-wonke ngovotelo, ngokuqhagamshelana namagosa, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zikawonke-wonke, ngokubandakanya imibutho yolawulo, ngokudibanisa ulungelelwaniso lwasekuhlaleni, kwanangokuzifunela izikhundla. Ubuchule kunye nokuthelekisa abemi kubalulekile ekwenzeni inkqubo yedemokhrasi esabela kwiimfuno zikawonke-wonke kwaye imele iphendule kubantu.

Njengoko sikhangela kwikamva, ukwenza inkqubo kawonke-wonke kuyaqhubeka kuguquka. Utyekelo lokufikelela kwiindlela ezisekelwe kubungqina, ulawulo olusebenzisanayo, uphuhliso lobugcisa, kunye neenkqubo zokucinga zinika isithembiso semigaqo esebenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, iingxaki eziquka ukuphelelwa kolawulo, ukuncipha kokuthembana, kunye neengxaki ezithe chatha zivavanya amandla ethu okucombulula ingxaki.

Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo kawonke-wonke ibonisa imilinganiselo, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye nokhetho lwebutho labantu. Kwidemokhrasi, sonke siyanembopheleleko yezi zinto. Ngokuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo kwaye ithathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo, abemi banokuba negalelo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izigqibo zikarhulumente zibonakalisa umdla kawonke-wonke kwaye zicombulule iingxaki esijamelana nazo kunye. Enoba ninomdla kwimfundo, kwezonyango, kwimekobume, amathuba ezoqoqosho, okanye nawuphi na omnye umcimbi, imigaqo kawonke-wonke inika isiseko sombutho onempumelelo kunye notshintsho olunentsingiselo.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke nendlela yokungena ngayo, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. Iintlangano ezifana ne- Public Agenda zinikela ulwazi olungeyopartistiki kwimiba yenkqubo. Amaziko eAcademic anika izifundo neenkqubo kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke, kwaye iiwebhsayithi ezininzi zikarhulumente zinika ulwazi malunga neenkqubo kunye namathuba okuba nenxaxheba. Iintlanganiso zorhulumente wongingqi, imibutho yoluntu, kunye namaqela e-advoctacy anika amathuba okubandakanyeka kwimiba yemithetho ebandakanya imiba yomthetho efuna kuwe.

Isifundo nendlela yokusebenza yoluntu luxhomekeke kwindlela esizilawula ngayo, esenza ngayo izigqibo kunye nesezigqibo ezidibeneyo. Kufuna ukulungelelanisa imilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo, ukungazithembi kwendlela yokuhamba, ukuvumelana kokwakha, nokuguqula izinto. Ngokuqonda ezi nkqubo nokuthabatha inxaxheba, abemi bangayinceda ekulungiseni imigaqo elawula ubomi bethu baze bakhe uhlobo lwebutho labantu esifuna ukuphila kulo.