Oorhulumente basebenza njengabakhuseli-mikhosi bendalo yelizwe, besebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo lokumisela iinkqubo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubunjani bomoya, ubunyulu bamanzi, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye nezidalwa ngezityalo. Ngoxa amasebe esizwe anjengendawo yokusingqongileyo yokhuseleko lwemekobume (EPA) emisela imigaqo yesizwe, lilizwe elithi livumelanise le migaqo-mthetho ekhethekileyo yelizwe, yezoqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko. Ukusukela kwiinjongo zemozulu yeKreyoryan ukuya kucwangciso lwelizwe elisetyenziswa nguoodoma, izakhiwo zedemokhrasi ziye zavelisa indima etyebileyo yemekobume yendalo. Eli nqaku lihlola indima eninzi karhulumente ekukhuseleni indalo, ukuhlola iziseko zabo ezisemthethweni, imigaqo engundoqo, imigudu ephambili, inkcubathayo, imingeni eqhubekayo, kunye nemiyalelo yexesha elizayo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nesomthetho sesenzo sokusingqongileyo kweLizwe

Oorhulumente bafumana igunya labo lokusingqongileyo kwimiGaqo-siseko yase-U.S. kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe wabo. Ummiselo weSimemezelo seshumi elinamashumi amathandathu kumazwana onke angawaphathi ngokungqalileyo urhulumente wesizwe, kuquka “amandla olawulo” okukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, nentlalo-ntle. Eli gunya lamapolisa litolikiwe ngokubanzi ukugunyazisa ulawulo lwesizwe, ukukhupha imithombo yendalo, nokuphuhliswa komhlaba. Ngaphezu koko, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uquka amalungelo acacileyo okanye imiyalelo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wasePennsylvania uvakalisa ukuba “abantu banelungelo lokukhusela umoya ococekileyo, amanzi acocekileyo, amanzi acocekileyo, nokulondolo lwendalo, imbali kunye nomgangatho wemekobume yendalo.” Imimiselo enjalo inikela isiseko esiqinileyomthetho yemeko-mo-mo-ntle.

Imithetho yemekobume idla ngokuseka inkqubo yentsebenziswano yorhulumente, apho amaphondo anikwa khona imbopheleleko yokuqala yokuzalisekisa nokumisa imigangatho yesizwe. UMthetho we-Ceather Air, i-Clean Water Act, kunye noMthetho weNguqulo-mali neNkqutyana yokulondolozwa kweNkcubeko yeNkcubeko, konke kuvumela amazwe ukuba athathe “ubuhlanga” ngokuvumela, ukuqwalasela, kunye nokuqinisekisa, ukuba iinkqubo zawo zihlangatyeze okanye zidlulele kwemiqathangobe yorhulumente. Eli lungiselelo limisela ulungelelwaniso oluthe ngqo lomgangatho wesiseko wokukhusela ilizwe lonke. Kodwa, lithetha ukuba unqwenela ukwamkela imilinganiselo ephezulu yemityalo-"efana nemithetho yezithuthi zeKhalifoni yeKhalifoni, i-injini eninzi.

Iindawo ezingundoqo zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nenyathelo lomgangatho karhulumente

Urhulumente uthetha ngokukhusela imekobume kwiinkqubo ezininzi.

Ulawulo lobunjani bomoya

Ngaphantsi koMthetho we-Cec Air Act, amazwana ajongene nokukhutshwa kweZicwangciso zoLawulo lwezibonelelo ze-SCIP (SIPS) ezichaza indlela eziza kufikelela ngayo nokugcina imigangatho ye-National Air Ubunjani be-AMDIENT (NAAQS). Amazwe ajonge ukungcoliswa komoya okufana ne-ozone, i-sulfurecure dioxide, kwaye alawula ukukhutshwa komthombo wemithombo wamandla njengezikhundla kunye neefektha. Amanye amazwe ahamba ngaphaya kwemilinganiselo yesizwe ngokufumana imilinganiselo engqongqo ye-aslipper mouse yezithuthi. IKhalifoni, umzekelo, iye yahlala ixesha elide ibeke imilinganiselo yayo ekhethekileyo yokukhupha umphunga phantsi koMdlalo womoya ococekileyo, kunye namanye amazwe aneendlela zokukhetha ukwamkela imigangatho ka-Khalifoni elungele ukusetyenziswa yi-2035.

Ubunjani bamanzi nokhuseleko olumanzi

Oorhulumente benza indima ephambili ekukhuseleni imithombo yamanzi okusela, imilambo, amachibi, namanzi agudle unxweme. Bamisela imilinganiselo yamanzi, bavumela ukuphuma phantsi kwenkqubo yeNational Pollutient Dispolation (NDES), kwaye balawule iinkqubo zokulawula ungcoliso olungeyondawo kumthombo wokungaveli kwemithombo yamanzi efumaneka kwezolimo nakummandla wasedolophini. Amazwe akwalathisa namanzi angaphantsi kwamanzi anokuchaphazela ummandla osezantsi. Kummandla oKhulukhulu lwamachibi, amazwe asibhozo asebenza kunye ngeKhomishini emikhulu yeMachi neGreat Lakes Commist kunye neGreat Lakes Conds Coms Coms kunye ne-actives Comsting. Ngokunjalo, kuthethwa kummandla weCeapeake echweba emanzini oshetyiswe, e-Virginia, e-Virginia, kunye nezinye ii-ondondondo ezidiyo ezidiyo.

Ulawulo lwenkunkuma nokusetyenziswa kwakhona

Oorhulumente balawula ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo neyingozi, ukusuka ekuzaliseni kwelizwe likamasipala ukuya kumaziko onyango lwemizi - mveliso. Amazwana amaninzi aye amisela ukuphinda asebenze ngokunentsingiselo yokuphinda aphinde asetyenziswe kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma. Umzekelo, iSB 54 (2022) yaseKhalifoniya ifuna zonke izigqubuzo ezisetyenziswayo kunye neenkonzo zokutya ukuba ziphinde ziphinde zisetyenziswe okanye zifakwe ngo-2032, kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma yeplastiki ekwiziintlabalasi. Umthetho we-Oregodry's Plastic and Recyckinglective Moderniation Act unciphisa ixabiso lokuzinzo lwezibonelo nokusetyenziswa kwemali ehlelileyo kunye nokwandisa ulawulo lweziko lweziko lweziko leMimandla.

Ukusetyenziswa Komhlaba Nokulondolozwa Kwawo

Nangona ukusetyenziswa komhlaba ngokwesithethe kuye kwalawulwa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, urhulumente uphuhliso oluqhubekayo ngemithetho yolawulo lwezentengiselwano, ukulondoloza izityalo, kunye nokukhusela izithuba. IBhunga leNdlu ye-Oregon yoweb. IBhili ye-100 yeNdlu yeeNtloko ye-Oregon yadala inkqubo yokucwangcisa isixeko nephondo lonke efuna ukuba zonke izixeko neendawo zifumane iplani ebanzi ehambelana neenjongo zelizwe ezili-19%, kuquka nokukhuselwa kwefama nelizwe. Le nkqubo inconywa ngokuthintela ukunqongophala kwedolophu nokulondolozwa kwemimandla yendalo. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa ukulondolozwa kwemali, kunye nemilinganiselo yokufumana ucwangciso lwe-Florida ekwaziyo ukuzuza indalo ehlala ngonaphakade, umzekelo, ikhusele ngaphezu kweeherethi ezi-800000 zendawo zendalo ukususela ngo-200.

Ukubonelela ngokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kumgangatho kaRhulumente

Ukhuseleko lwemekobume olunempumelelo lufuna ugcino-mali oluneemali ezinikezelweyo. Amazwe avelisa iindleko zemali ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa, kuquka iindleko zemvume yongcoliso, intengo yerhafu ehlawulwayo, irhafu yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nemilinganiselo yokunikezelwa komanyano. Amazwe amaninzi amisele izimali zokusithemba indalo ezinika ingeniso eqinileyo yokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwemali. Umthetho usebenzisa iindleko eziseleyo zemali eziphuma kwimithombo yemfuthotho ekhupha ukungcola, ukuxhasa ingeniso encinane yemali eseleyo yemali esetyenziswayo kwimali ephumayo ekhusini ephuma kwimithombo yemveliso ekhupha ungcotho lwemali.

Imigudu yolwahlulo neMimiselo yeMigaqo emininzi

Ingxaki yemekobume ayifane ihlonele imimandla, yenza intsebenziswano yengingqi, imikhosi yemisebenzi, kunye nezivumelwano zokuzithandela zokucombulula iingxaki. IRegional Greenhouse Gastinitiative (RGI) ngumzekelo obalaseleyo: ishumi elinanye kumntla-ntshona kunye neMid-Atlantic ingumthetho ivumelane ukukhupha ikhampasi ye-carbon dioxide esuka kwicandelo lamandla kunye norhwebo, ukuvelisa ngaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi ze-5 zamawaka eedolantiki, ukuvelisa intswana apho amandla aphinde aphinde avuselelweyo. Ngokufanayo, iNtshona Koloni i-Cheadiotamentie iquka iCalifornia, iQuebec, kunye nezinye izinxuluma-o oorhulumente kwiinkqubo ze-atmocrac nokhunic Adminic Adminic (A) kunye neeNkonzo ze-U.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Nemigudu Karhulumente Yokusingqongileyo

Phezu kwayo nje indima yabo ebalulekileyo, oorhulumente bamazwe bajamelana nemiqobo emikhulu ekukhuseleni imeko - bume.

IiNqanawa zoBume kunye neeNtlanganiso zobuLungu

Amasebe amaninzi asekuhlaleni ajongene nokungabikho komsebenzi ophezulu, anciphisa amandla awo okuhlola amaziko, ukunyanzelisa imimiselo, kunye nokunika uncedo lobugcisa. Ukuhla kwemali ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho kungakhokelela ekufumaneni ikhenkce-jingi yoqoqosho kunye nohla kocwangciso lwenkqubo. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yeTexas malunga neNkundla yendawo engqongileyo yawa phantsi amaqondo ayo asebenzayo nge12% phakathi ko-2010 no-2020, kwananjengokuba abemi borhulumente kunye noshishinoshishino lwamashishini besanda. Oku kungayikhokelela ekufumaneni iziphumo ezisemva zezicelo zemvume, ukulibazisela ukunciphisa ukwenziwa komthetho, nokuhlolisingephi nangoko.

Imiqobo Yezobupolitika Neyasemthethweni

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo idla ngokungqubana, ineenjongo ezingqubanayo phakathi koshishino, ezolimo, amaqela emekobume, kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zingamisela imithetho ephelisa imithetho engqongqo yasekuhlaleni, efana nokuvalwa kwemithetho yeplastiki okanye imiqathango ekwinkqubela ye-oli negesi. Ngaphezu koko, ukumangalelwa kwamaqela oshishino kunye nabameli bempahla yabucala kusenokulibazisa okanye kuhlekelele imimiselo. Ukutshintsha kwemithetho yezolawulo yezolawulo lwengingqini kungenza ukungaguquguquki: xa urhulumente eqengqekezela imithetho yemeko-bume, unqwenela ukulondoloza imilinganiselo engqongqo inokujamelana nocelomngeni esisemthethweni kwigunya labo. Oku “kukhuthuko loshishino lwemiciko lwempahla yabucala kuyabonakala ngakumbi kwiimpikiswano ngolawulo lwegesi kunye nongcoliso lwamanzi.

Iimeko Ezitshintsha Ngokukhawuleza Zenzululwazi

Abenzi benkqubo yelizwe kufuneka benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kwinzululwazi engcono, kodwa izithuba zogcino-lwazi, ukuvela kwezichaphazelo ezikhawulezileyo zotshintsho lwemozulu, kunye neziphumo ezikhawulezileyo zokutshintsha kwemozulu zinzima ukulungiselela ixesha elide. Umzekelo, ngenye kunye nepolylyfluoralkyl izinto ezikhoyo (PFAS) ziphawulwe kumanzi afumaneka kwiindawo ezikhoyo kulo lonke ilizwe, kodwa imigangatho yokusela amanzi ephezulu kakhulu, kwaye iziphumo zempilo zezi zinto ziyafundwa. Ngokufanayo, iindlela zokuguqula imozulu kufuneka ziqwalasele ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, ubushushu kunye neziganeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo. Ilizwe elifana noMntla Carolina neFlorida liye labeka kakhulu kwimodeli yolungiso nxweme, kodwa isantya sotshintsho kumaxesha amaninzi ngaphandle kobuchule bobume bobume bobume bobume bobume bezoburhulumente.

Izinto eziqaliswayo zikarhulumente otsha: Ufundo lwetyala

Iimeko ezininzi ziye zavela njengenkokeli kukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, ziphuhlisa iinkqubo ezitsha ezisebenza njengemizekelo kwabanye. Ezi zinyathelo zibonakalisa amandla esenzo somgangatho karhulumente.

Intlalo - ntle yePhondo laseWashington

Iphondo laseWashington liye lasebenzisa indlela ebanzi yokufumana amanani eentlanzi zealmon ezisengozini kunye neminenga ebulalayo eseMazantsi exhomekeke kuzo. I-ofisi yeRhuluneli yeSalmon Refusion ilungelelanisa imigudu yokusebenza kumaziko amaninzi karhulumente, amazwe, kunye namaqabane karhulumente. Imali kaRhulumente yokulungisa indawo yokuhlala, ukususwa kwe-culver, kunye nokuguqula okungaphakathi kuye kwangaphezulu kwamawaka ezigidi ze-R12020. Ngaphezu koko, iWashington yamisela imithetho engqongqo kwizithuthi zenqanawa nakwingxolo ekufuphi ne-orcas, kwaye yavala ukuloba iintlanzi ze-almon ezityayo ezityatyani kwimimandla ethile ukuze zikhusele amaxhoba eminenga.

Usukelo Lwamandla Anokuhlaziywa LwaseHawaii Oluyi - 100%

IHawaii imisele enye yezona migangatho ze-portfolio ezivuselelwayo ezinamandla kwilizwe: 100% yombane ovuselelwayo ngo-2045. Ukuma kwelizwe nokuxhomekeka kakhulu kwi-oyile ephuma kwamanye amazwe kuqhube le nkqubo, eye yakhuthaza utyalo-mali kwilanga, umoya, kunye ne-ethermatomatom. Ngonyaka wama-2023, iHawaii yafumana umbane wayo ongaphezulu kwa-30% ekuvuselelweni, kwaye urhulumente uyaqhubeka ukudibanisa ukugcinwa kwebhetri kunye nobugcisa obuchuliweyo. I-ofisi ye-Wehawahio State Ener inika uncedo lobugcisa kwaye ixhasa iinkqubo zobugcisa ze-okrwendo lwamazwe kunye neenkqubo zobuchule.

Inkqubo yeZero-Eignact Vehicle (ZEV)

IColorado yamkela imigangatho ye-ZoV ye-Zovian ngo-2020, ifuna abenzi beenqwelo-mafutha ukuba bathengise ipesenti eyandayo yeenqwelo-mafutha zombane kwiphondo. Le nkqubo ipheleliswa ngamatyala karhulumente amalunga neerandi ezi-$5 000 (iii-EV) ezintsha kunye nohlahlo-mali ekulawuleni izibonelelo. IColorado yaphinda yasabela ii-R375 zezigidi zemali kwimali yeVolkswagen diesel ukuxhasa iibhasi zombane kunye neelori ezinzima. Le migudu idibanise urhulumente ufikelele kwixabiso elikhawulezayo lee-EV lemali e-EV eli-R30,000 elibhalisiweyo ekuqaleni kowayi-2024.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Nokusesikweni Kwemeko - bume

Inkqubo yemo yezobuzwe esebenzayo ixhomekeke ngokunzulu ekuvumeni okunentsingiselo ekuhlalisweni kwabantu, ingakumbi abo baye bathwalwa yimeko-bume ngokumanyeneyo. Amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela ubulungisa bemeko-bume (EJ) okanye amabhunga akhuthazayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingeniso ephantsi kunye nemimandla emincinane ayityeshelwa ekuvumeleni nasekubekeni izigqibo. Umzekelo, iClimate Least and Community Protect ibandakanya ubophelelo lokukhomba- 35% yamandla acocekileyo kuluntu oluswelekayo. Amazwe akwasebenzisa izixhobo ezifana nokuchaphazamiso oluneyo, eziqwalasela imithombo emininzi yongcoliseko kunye neemeko-mente xa kuqwalaselwa imvume entsha. Amanyathelo oluntu, afana neenkqubo zokuhlola umoya kunye nenkcitha-yo yokutya kwasekuhlaleni, adityaniswa kwinkqubo yemeko yezombiso yemeko-omatshini, anika imo yemekobume yemeko-mente, amaqela amaqela amaqela alungele iziphumo zemeko eekhokhokhokhokhokhorayo.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lokusingqongileyo Lwemeko - bume

Xa bekhangela phambili, oorhulumente bazakufuna ukuqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwemekobume.

  • Inkcubeko yezentengiso: Amazwe ahlola ukusetyenziswa kwezivo ezihambele phambili, ujongo lwesatellite, kunye nobuchule bokwenziwa ukuze alandele ungcoliso, ukunyanzelelwa, kunye neemeko zemodeli. Ezi zixhobo zinganceda amaqumrhu alawulayo oyiselo lwemiqathango nokuphucula ucoselelo lweziphumo zemekobume.
  • i-Resilience kunye nolungiso: Njengokuba iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu zikhula ````````````''''''''''', ukusuka kwimililo edangazelayo ekhulayo eNtshona ukuya kwinkanyamba eyomeleleyo kuMzantsi ntshona/umganyana kuza kufuneka ifakelwe ekuqalisweni kwesiseko sendalo, ukubuyiselwa kwezinto eziphilayo, kunye nokulungiselelwa koluntu. Ii-ofisi zokhuseleko kunye nezicwangciso zokuziqhela ziya kuxhaphaka.
  • [[NTL:0] Umthetho wokulungisa: Amazwe angalinga iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwintengiso, ezifana neenkqubo zekhabhan, ukuthengiswa kwamanzi, umgangatho worhwebo, kunye neemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo. Ezi ndlela zingafikelela kwiinjongo zokusingqongileyo ngexabiso eliphantsi ngelixa kunikwa ubugocigoci obulawulwayo.
  • i-Cross-Border kunye neNkcubeko yezizwe ngezizwe: Imingeni yokusingqongileyo efana nongcoliseko lomoya, ukunqongophala kwamanzi, kunye nokufuduka kwezilwanyana zasendle akupheleli kwimigca karhulumente/okanye imida yesizwe. Amazwe aya kusebenzisana ngokuqhubekayo nemithetho ekufuphi kunye noorhulumente bamanye amazwe kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo. I-Climate Alliance, equka iirulam ezingama-24 ezinikezelwe kwiinjongo zesivumelwano se-Paris, ngumzekelo wale ngxaki.

Oorhulumente bangabalawuli ababalulekileyo ekulweni ukukhusela imekobume. Ngokusondelelana kwabo neemeko zasekuhlaleni, igunya labo lokumisela iinkqubo ezilungiselelweyo, namandla abo okuzama izisombululo ezintsha bawenza iiklasi zedemokhrasi zedemokhrasi. Ngoxa imingeni efana nokungaqiniseki koqingqo-mali, inkcaso yezopolitiko, nokungaqiniseki kwenzululwazi kusekwe, ingxelo yesenzo sikarhulumente sinye sokwenza ubuchule nokuzinzisa. Ngokuqinisa imigaqo esemthethweni, ukuxhasa ulawulo, ukubandakanye nokusebenzelana kwemidabini, ukudibanisa imida, kusenokuqhubeka kukhokela indlela yokusingisa kwidemokhrasi eqinileyo neyaneyo. Ilizwe elinyamekela imithombo yendalo yezizukulwana ezizayo liza kungenza kakuhle ukuxhasa nokuhlolisisa inkqubo yemo-mongo-meoa, ukusela amanzi, ukusela, nokuhlala emhlabeni, nokuhlala kulo emhlabeni lixhomekeke kuyo.