Igunya ElinguMongami Elahlukileyo: Indima Yoorhulumente Bezizwe EUnited States

Oorhulumente bezizwe bakwisikhundla esikhethekileyo kwilizwe lezobupolitika laseMerika, besebenzisa umgangatho wegunya elingokwemvelo elingelozwe okanye elingurhulumente kodwa eliyedwa ngokupheleleyo. Olu lawulo lobukhosi, olusekelwe kwiwaka leminyaka lokuzilawula noluqinisekiswe ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zomlo ongokwasemthethweni nowezobupolitika, lubumba ubomi bezigidi zamaMelika Omthonyama kwaye luphembelela uburhulumente bama-U.S. Ukuqonda indima yoorhulumente besizwe kufuna ukuxilongwa okunzulu kwesiseko sabo sembali, ukuntsonkotha okuntsonkothileyo okungokwasemthethweni okuchaza amagunya abo, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo zanamhlanje abahamba ngazo imihla ngemihla.

Aba rhulumente abangoorhulumente abalawulwa; bangabazukulwana nabasemagunyeni abasebenzayo bolawulo lwemfuza olumiselwe ngaphambi kweUnited States ngokwayo. Namhlanje, phantse izizwe ezima-554 ezimkelwe ngurhulumente zisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwegunya likarhulumente kubemi nemimandla yazo, zilawula iinkonzo ezisuka ekunyanzelweni komthetho nasekukhuselweni kwemekobume ukuya kwimfundo nasempilweni. Indima yazo ingumandla aphilayo, anamandla aqhubeka eguquka ngokwenziwa kweligi, umthetho, kunye ne-interbian progation.

Imvelaphi Enzulu Yembali Yolawulo Lobuhlanga

Ingcamango karhulumente wesizwe ayiqalanga ngokufika kwabathathi-nxaxheba baseYurophu. Kangangamawaka eminyaka, amangingqi amaMelika amaIndiya ayenenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zolawulo, umthetho, kunye nolawulo. Ezi nkqubo zahluka-hlukene kakhulu . Ukusuka kulwakhiwo lwedemokhrasi lwe-Haudenosaunee Confederacy, ezinye izazi ezithi zichasa i-U.S. umGaqo-siseko, kwisiseko solawulo esisemzinzile solawulo lwama-Mississippian. Ukuvuma esi siseko sangaphambi kwe-Chosasteria kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ulawulo lwesizwe alunikwangagunya lesizwe kodwa lunelungelo elisisiseko eliqinisekiswe, elinyanzelwayo, kwaye elidla ngokuchatshazelwa ngumthetho worhulumente.

ISizukulwana Sobuthanga Nesivumelwano

Uqhagamshelwano lwaseYurophu lwasungula ukuphazamiseka okuyintlekele. Izifo, imfazwe, kunye nokushenxiswa kolawulo kwatshabalalisa abantu kunye nokusekwa kwezakhiwo. Noko ke, izizwe azizange ziphele. Zavumelana, zaququzelelana kwaye zalwa ukuze zigcine ukuzilawula kwazo. IBritane, kwaye kamva iUnited States, ibophelele izizwe njengezizwe zamanye amazwe, zibophelele ulwalamano phakathi komnqophiso. Inkundla ye-U.S. i-370 yezivumelwano nezizwe zama-Indida American. [FL] [FOL] [1840] [18] Izivumelwano ezingezona zivumelwano zelizwe ngokwengqiqo yale mihla; zazingabo abalawuli bezizwe ezizimeleyongavumelani izivumelwano phakathi kwezizwe ezithiwaziwayo ezithi zikwazi ukutshintshisana mazwe, uxolo, uxolo, kunye nezivumelwano ezisemgaqongangomthetho osemthethweni, kodwa ezimele i-Androgen Georgia (ie) ezimele ukuxhasa imigaqo esemthethweni elawulayo.

Ukuhlaselwa kolongamo: Ukusetyenziswa Kweenkokeli kunye neXesha

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nophakathi kweye-20 yayimele ukuhlaselwa okuxhaswe ngurhulumente kwisizwe esithile. UMthetho we-Alottement wonyaka we-1887 waqhekeza amazwe esizwe agcinwe ngokomthetho ngokwemiba yabantu, namazwe aseleyo evulekileyo kubemi abangengawo amaqela. Le nkqubo yayijolise ekupheliseni oorhulumente besizwe kunye nomkhosi. Ngowe-19343, izizwe zazilahle isiseko selizwe lazo. Kwangoko, kuma-1950, inkqubo yolawulo lwamazwe asekuhlaleni yayifuna ukuphelisa ulwalamano oluseluntwini, ngokungenasizathu sinye ukuphelisa izizwe ezithe ngqo, zichitha iimpahla zazo, zize zimisele abemi bazo ulawulo. Le migaqo yayisele itshabalalisa, kodwa azizange zicime ilungelo lokuzilawula. Endaweni yoko, i-Romatilo-politiki entsha.

IRenazio: Uqikelelo lobuqu kunye neXesha laNgoku

Intshukumo yamaLungelo e-Ovinic Amalungelo abantu yoo-1960 yanika intshukumisa enamandla yokutshintsha. Isenzo sobuNative Merika, ukusuka ekusebenzeni kwe-Alcatraz Island ukuya kuMthombo Wolwahlulo, inyanzelisa ukucalucalulwa kwesizwe. Ngo1975, iBhunga lalawula i-Indiya Self-Damartionation kunye ne-Education Office, icandelo eliphawula umthetho obalulekileyo owaguqula inkqubo yokupheliswa kwenkqubo yokuzinzisa nezizwe ezinikwe amandla okudibanisa urhulumente wesizwe ukuba zisebenzisa iinkqubo zazo. Oku kwalandelwa ngumthetho wesizwe we-Indiyan Child Welfarelight Act (unity Act) ka-1978, owathi wisa igunya lobuhlanga elibandakanya abantwana boMgaqo-omatiko-o-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho wolawulo lwesizwe ka-Genegalelo-mali ka-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kazwelonke ka-mthetho kazwelonke, ophawula ukutshintsha ukulawulwa kwesizwe ngokwezikhundla lwesizwe kulawulo lwesizwe, urhulumente lwamazwa kwe

ISisakhelo sasemthethweni: uBukhosi, ukuzimisela, nokuThembela

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni loorhulumente besizwe lixhomekeke kwiintsika ezintathu ezidityanisiweyo: ulongamo lwefa, inkqubo karhulumente yokuzigqibela, kunye noxanduva lokuthembana kwe-United States. Esi sakhiwo sintsonkothile, sisoloko sicaciswe, kwaye siphantsi kokutshintshana kwinjongo yezobupolitika kunye nokucaciswa kwezomthetho.

Ulongamo Lwesizwe Lwemvelo

Ulawulo lwesizwe ngumgaqo osisiseko. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ivumile ngokuphindaphindiweyo, izizwe zibizwa ngokuba "ziilizwe ezixhomekeke kwimpumezo" ezilondoloza amandla azo emfuza olawulo lolawulo, ngaphandle kwalapho loo magunya ebekwe umda yiKhomishini okanye ngesivumelwano. Oku kuthetha ukuba isizwe sinegunya lokuchaza ubulungu baso, ukunyanzelisa imithetho yaso, ukunyanzelisa imithetho yaso yolwaphulo-mthetho neyoluntu ekulawuleni kwaso, ukulawula ilizwe nokusingqongileyo, irhafuthelisa irhafu, irhafu yayo. Noko ke, lo mbuso awumiselwanga ngokupheleleyo. [[FOct: 0] eUnited States v. [[FTG.0] V[FLD 1] iNT] inkundla yesizwe engawiswanga, i-Allsterolves, Aty Atynethis , Atynethiaventine, Aty, ingubon, i-Allmonds.

Imbopheleleko Yokukholosa Ngomanyano

Le mfundiso isemthethweni, esekelwe kwizivumelwano, kwimithetho, nakwimiyalelo yabalawuli, inyanzelisa imbopheleleko yokuziphatha neyomthetho eUnited States ukukhusela izinto zesizwe, amazwe, kunye nezinto, nokusebenza kwintlalo ezintle zamazwe esizwe. Asiyomisebenzi nje elula enxulumene nomphathi wemali egciniweyo; ngumsebenzi omkhulu, onyanzelekileyo onyanzelekileyo onyanzelisa amaqumrhu ajongene nemicimbi yesizwe, enjenge-Bureaustrau of Indian Affaiats ne-Indiya Health Service. Imbopheleleko yokuphathiswa ityala isetyenziswa zizizwe ezingurhulumente zorhulumente worhulumente ukuba ziphendule ngemali yemali, njengakwisibonelelo-mali ekhoyo [[FLT:].U.Coarlselsev.[FLPFFU.1]

Umgaqo wokuziqonda

Ukuzimisela nokuzimisela kuyindlela yokusebenza yolawulo. Yinkqubo yokuba izizwe zifanele zibe negunya kunye nobuncwane bokuyila nokulawula iinkqubo neenkonzo zazo, ukususela kwizikolo namapolisa ukuya kumaqumrhu okuphuhlisa izoqoqosho. UMthetho wokuzilungisa ngokwazo, uvumela izizwe ukuba zithabathe ulawulo lwenkqubo karhulumente, zilawule ngokungqalileyo izigidi zeerandi zemali. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekunyukeni okuphawulekayo kolawulo lwesizwe sikarhulumente. Umzekelo, iNavajo Navajo Navajo ngoku isebenzisa inkqubo yayo yemfundo, iMissississippi Band yamaNdiya iqhuba inkqubo yempilo yesizwe, kunye nenkqubo yentlalo yesizwe elawula amahlathi eColvillesvreat.

Izicelo Zale Mihla: Urhulumente Wezizwe Uyasebenza Namhlanje

Oorhulumente bezizwe banamhlanje bantsonkothile, banezikhundla ezininzi ezisebenzisa uludwe lwamandla oludla ngokulingana noorhulumente bakarhulumente, nangona benemiqathango neengenelo ezingaqhelekanga. Impembelelo yabo ifumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi basekuhlaleni.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho neenkqubo zokusesikweni

Izizwe ezininzi zisebenzisa amasebe azo amapolisa, iinkqubo zenkundla, kunye nezibonelelo zokuvalelwa. Ezi nkqubo zibalulekile kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kwimimandla emikhulu nekude apho ukugcinwa komthetho kusenokuba kude. Iinkundla zesizwe zisingatha iinkundla ezininzi, ukusuka ekuphuleni kwezithuthi kunye nomthetho wentsapho ukudibanisa iimbambano, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, amatyala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukuntlukwano okulawula kukungakhawulezi okuqhubekayo. [ii-Olivrant [ izigqibo] zesigqibo sezizwe ezilawula amandla okuvala abaphuli-mthetho abangekho mthethweni bezandleko, ukudala "umsantsa wokhuseleko wasekuhlaleni" onokuthi uxhatshazwe. Umthetho noMthetho onzima noMthetho ka-Deliyolo nyaka ka-2013, kunye no-2013, ukwenziwa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ochasene nomthetho oluchasene nomthetho lwesizwe, ukubuyiselwa komthetho, nokubalelwa komthetho okuthenjiweyo, kumthetho okuthe ukusetyenziswa ngokutyiselwa komthetho, nokusetyenziswa okuthelela okuthelela oku

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nolawulo

Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho lungumda obalulekileyo kurhulumente wesizwe. IGiming yeyona ndawo ibonakalayo, ivelisa amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kwingeniso yonyaka efumaneka kwiimali efunekayo ukusuka kwezonyango ukuya kwiindlela. Kodwa izizwe ziya zisanda. ISizwe sase-Cctaw saseOklahoma sisebenza kakhulu ekuveliseni kunye namashishini e-awerspace. ICow Creek Band yase-Umpqua i-Umpqua inezikomponi eziphumelelayo kwi-inkonzo yomsebenzi wama-dolanti. I-Oneida ye-Locansbols Hotelas, ikhompathi yegafu, kunye neendawo zokuthengisa iirhafu. La mashishini akangoodwa amashishini; azizibonelelo nje ezizimeleyo, zilungiselela ukuzilawula ngokwemali okuvumela ukuncitshiswa kwezizwe zawo kwimicimbi ezoqoqosho. I-Rhovisi ye-Riphabliki, irhafu engenisa irhafu, irhafu engenisa irhafu yamazwe awo ahlukeneyo, avelisa amazwe awo ahlukeneyo.

Imfundo noLondolozo lweNkcubeko

Oorhulumente besizwe banikwe isiseko esinzulu semfundo njengesixhobo sokufumana amathuba ezoqoqosho kunye nokusinda kwenkcubeko. Ngocwangciso lwenkqubo ye-Johnson-O'Malley kunye nokulawula ngqo i-Bureau of Indian Educations, izizwe ezininzi zisebenzisa iinkqubo zazo zemfundo. Ezi zikolo zibekwe ngokukhethekileyo ekufakeni imfundo yolwimi lwe-Orenside, imbali yezenkcubeko, kunye nemigangatho yengingqi yezentlalo kuqeqesho. Ngomzekelo, iNavajo National Relity of Diné Education, iqhuba izikolo ezifundisa ulwimi lwamaNavajo kunye nezithethe ezikwimigangatho yemfundo esezantsi karhulumente. Imfundo ephakamileyo ikwazakhampatho, kunye nabafundi besizwe abangaphezu kwama-30 akhonza abafundi abangama-50 000 ngonyaka. Ezi zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni abafundi bolawulo kumaIndiyankwethu entlalo nangaphandle.

ISebe lezeMpilo nezeNtlalo

Ngezivumelwano zokuzigqibela, oorhulumente abaninzi besizwe basebenzisa iinkonzo zonyango ezithe ngqo ngaphambili ezilawulwa yi-Indiyan Health Service (IHS). Oku kubenza bakwazi ukulungiselela iinkonzo zeemfuno zoluntu, nokuba oko kubandakanya ukudibanisa uqheliselo lwesithethe lokuphilisa, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko, okanye ukulawula izifo ezingapheliyo ezifana neswekile. Iziphumo zinokutshintsha. Izizwe ezininzi ziyakwazi ukunikela impilo entle yabantwana, uncedo lwezindlu kunye neenkqubo zokunyamekela amakhaya, ukukhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwemali yesizwe, ukuqhuba iziko lombuso-olwazi lwezonyango lwesizwe kwi-Anchorage kwaye zinika iinkonzo zempilo zoluntu kulo lonke elo lizwe, ukufikelela iziphumo ezidla ngokugqith kweziseziko zeIHS. Ngokunjalo, izizwe ezininzi zinika uncedo kubantwana, abadala, kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko lwentlalo-ntlalo, ulwano lwentlalo olubanzi lwentlalo olubonisa i-ntle

Ubugosa bokusingqongileyo nelizwi lesizwe

Oorhulumente besizwe sase-Ute Indian basoloko bekwimiqobo yemekobume. Amazwe abo anezinto zendalo ezibalulekileyo, ukususela kumaplanga nakwizimbiwa zendalo ezisengozini yokutshatyalaliswa, ukuya kumagumbi okuhlala asengozini. Besebenzisa igunya labo elilawulayo, izizwe ziye zaba ziinkokeli ekukhuseleni imekobume. Isizwe sase-India silawula inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuhlola ukuphakama komgangatho womoya kwindawo yazo. I-Swinomic Indian Trinity Community eWashington ivelise iplani elungele ukutshintsha imozulu ekhoyo engqubana ulwazi lwesithethe nenzululwazi yeNtshona. Ngaphezu koko, i-Othervition Protection Agemental iphatha izizwe ezibhambeleneyo njenge "izimimiselo" ukwenzela ukuzalisekisa imimiselo yemekobume obukumgangatho ococekileyo kunye nomgangatho ococekileyo we-Arever Act, ezivumela ukuba zivel-odmistments phakathi kwemigrac. Oku kuyindlela enamandla yegunya likarhulumente elinguwonke ney

Ucelomngeni Nokulwela Ulongamo Olupheleleyo

Nangona kukho inkqubela ebalulekileyo, oorhulumente bezizwe baqhubeka bejamelene nocelomngeni oluvavanya igunya labo nokunyamezela kwabo.

Inkcitho enzima neNkxaso

Ukugqiba ukuba ngurhulumente onjani — urhulumente wesizwe, okanye wesizwe, okanye wesizwe, ``igunya kumntu othile, indawo, okanye umsebenzi okhoyo kusenokuba yingxaki exhobisayo engokwasemthethweni. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukhethekileyo kumthetho kawonke-wonke wmareyimitha 280, apho oorhulumente abathile benikwe igunya lolwaphulo-mthetho kumazwe amancinci, apho oorhulumente abathile benikwe khona igunya lolwaphulo-mthetho kumazwe amancinci. Ilifa lesizwe kufuneka isoloko iye enkundleko yenkundla ukuze ikhusele igunya lalo labo ekungeneni okanye ukunyanzelelwa kwesivumelwano. Iindleko zinkulu, zilahlekisa oovimba abanokusetyenziswa kwiinkonzo zoluntu. [FLT] [v:] [FLT] [FLD1:20] isigqibo esikhuthazayo solawulo lwasempuma - Merika eMelikan, iindleko ezintsha, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yemibutho yemibutho yezo yezomthetho, kwaye isenza ulawulo oluhlala ixesha elide lomthetho lwesizwe.

Imali eseleyo kunye nolawulo loburhulumente

Ngoxa ukufuduka kukuzimisela ngokwako kunike izizwe ulawulo oluthe kratya kwiinkqubo, inkxaso-mali yesizwe ihlala inganele. Inkonzo yezonyango yaseIndiya idume kakubi; inkcitho yempilo yabemi boMdabu waseMerika ingaphantsi kakhulu kunababanjwa bakarhulumente okanye abamkeli bamaMedicare. ISebe leMicimbi yemiba yezeNyungiyani linika abantu imali eninzi ngokunjalo yokunyanzeleka komthetho, imfundo, kunye nezibonelelo zemali ezikhoyo ngokufanayo azinelanga. Ngaphezu koko, isebe elibandakanyekileyo ekudibaniseni norhulumente wesizwe linokuxakeka, kunye neenkxaso ezidityaniswe ngeemfuno, kunye neenkqubo ezinika ingxelo ezinokuthi zithwalise oorhulumente abancinane abanegunya elilinganiselweyo. Umlo opheleleyo, akukho mtyalwano-o-okrwelo lwemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yemali enikezela ngenkcawamathe yesigqibo sesizwe ukuba inkcawaleko yemeko yesizwe iqhubeke imfazwe yesizwe.

Ingcinezelo Yangaphandle Evela EUnited States Nezilangazelelo Zangasese

Oorhulumente basoloko befuna ukunyusela igunya labo kumazwe esizwe, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nerhafu, ukungcakaza irhafu, nokuvumela imekobume. Le ngxabano iyahla. Ngokufanayo, iminqweno yobuqu, ukususela kwiinkampani zezixhobo ukuya kwimisebenzi yokumba imigodi, ngokufuthi bazama ukusebenzisa ubuncwane besizwe, ngokufuthi ngeendlela ezingqubana nemithetho yesizwe nemigangatho yenkcubeko. Ukulinganisa amathuba ezoqoqosho kunye nokukhuselwa kwemekobume nenkcubeko kusisenzo esibukhali. I-Dakota Accouphinedropline eS Staig Rock yaba ngumqondiso wehlabathi lonke, njengoko isizwe saqinisekisa amalungelo aso negunya laso sombuso ukukhusela ukubonelelwa kwawo amanzi, ukumelana nemikhosi enzima nokhuseleko lwasobucala kwinkqubo.

Isiphelo: Iqabane ElinguMbutho waseMerika

Oorhulumente besizwe abasavumi ukudideka. Basoloko besenza amabhongo, bejikeleza, yaye bebalulekile kwi-United States yale mihla. Ulawulo lwabo lwemfuza, oluzicimayo noluphinde luphinde luphinde lutsha, ngoku lunika isiseko esinamandla soluntu ngokwalo kunye nokubuya kwakhona kwezoqoqosho. Imingeni ebhekene nemeko yokudideka okungaguquguqukiyo, okungapheliyo, okunyanzelekileyo phantsi kwemeko esemthethweni okanye engokwembali; kuyimfuneko eluncedo ekulungiseni imicimbi yokhuseleko loluntu. Kodwa ukungenelela kwesiqingatha senqanaba-nkulu ephambili kungulowo ungomnye wamandla ayandayo nobuchule boluntu. Urhulumente uqaphela oorhulumente besizwe njengoosisigxilo olusisigxina, ulawulo oluphakathi kwenkqubo yorhulumente eMelika, kunye neya elungileyo, kwaye ulungele ukusetyenziswa kwemeko olukhoyo.