Ukwazisa: Inkqubo Yonyulo Lobuongameli BeU.S.

Kwiminyaka emine, amaMelika aya kuvota ukuze anyule umongameli wawo. Le nkqubo ayisosiganeko esinye kodwa luthotho lwamanyathelo anwenwa phantse kwiminyaka emibini, aquka abaphathi abaphezulu, iindibano, unyulo jikelele, kunye nenkqubo yokuvota engaqhelekanga ebizwa ngokuba yiElectoral College. Ukuqonda indlela ezi nqanaba ezilungelene ngayo zinceda abemi babone indlela abavoti babo abaguqulela ngayo kwisikhundla esiphezulu sohlanga. Eli nqaku licacisa iqonga ngalinye ngolwimi olucacileyo, ukusuka kwisibhengezo somvotiso ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela sokufunga.

Le nkqubo ichazwa ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., umthetho wesizwe, kunye norhulumente. Ilinganisa amandla karhulumente nokuthanda kwabantu, idala inkqubo eye yavela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ngoxa isakhiwo esisisiseko sihlala siqinile, umjikelo ngamnye uzisa ujijeko olutsha, ukusuka kwiinkqubo zephulo ukuya kwiingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni.

Indlela Ende: Iimarike NeeCaucus

Phambi konyulo jikelele, amaqela ezobupolitika kufuneka akhethe umtyunjwa wawo. Oku kwenzeka ngothotho lokhuphiswano lomgangatho wombuso oyaziwa njengo [[FLT: 0] ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye unyuso[. Ezi ziganeko zivumela amalungu eqela ukuba achaze ukhetho lwawo kubangeneli. Iziphumo zigqiba ukuba baphi abathunywa abafumana indibano yesizwe yeqela.

I-Primery vs. Caucuses

Izaphuli-mthetho zilawulwa ngoorhulumente belizwe kwaye zisebenza njengonyulo oluqhelekileyo: abavoti baya kwiindawo zokuvota baze bafake ivoti ye-computer. I-Caucuuses ziintlanganiso eziqhutywa ngamaqela ezobupolitika ngokwawo, apho abaphulaphuli baxubusha abathathi-nxaxheba baze bavote, ngokufuthi ngokuboniswa izandla okanye ngokubekwa ngokwamaqela. Ngenxa yokuba abaxhasi bathatha ixesha elininzi kwaye bafuna ukuba nenxaxheba, badla ngokutsala abambalwa, abavoti abathenjiweyo abangakumbi.

Amazwe akhetha ukuba agcine amaziko aphezulu okanye agcine ii-kaucuuses, kwaye imithetho yawo yahluka-hlukene kakhulu. Amanye avumela kuphela amalungu abhalisiweyo ukuba avote (asondelelene), ngoxa amanye evumela ukuba azimeleyo abe nenxaxheba (amaqela avulekileyo). Ixesha eliphambili liqala ngoFebruwari wonyaka wonyulo kwaye liyaqhubeka kude kuJuni.

Ubalo lothumelo kunye noMtyunjwa

Iqela ngalinye linika amabhaso inani elithile labathunywa kurhulumente ngamnye osekelwe kubemi nakumandla eqela. Ukuze aphumelele ekutsalweni, umbhaptizi kufuneka akhusele inkoliso yabathunywa kwindibano yesizwe. IRiphablikian Party iba ngamabhaso ngokulinganayo kumaphondo amaninzi, ngelixa iDamokhrasi isebenzisa inkqubo yolungelelaniso enomda okwi15% yabathathi-nxaxheba ukufanelekela abathunywa. Ukuba akukho mbutho uzuza inkoliso kwi-primetries kunye ne-kaucre, indibano iba yindibano "ye-bhetyelwa," apho abathunywa be-ofisi bedibana khona de kuphume umtyuwa.

Iindibano Zesizwe: Ukuthoba Intaka

Xa ixesha lentlalo liphelile, iqela ngalinye liqhuba indibano yesizwe. Amawaka eendwendwe ezivela kulo lonke eli lizwe ahlanganisana ukuze achaze ngokusesikweni umlandeli wawo womongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli. Ezi ndibano zikwathatha iqonga elisemthethweni, uxwebhu oluchaza izinto eziza kuqala kwinkqubo yakhe kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ngexesha lendibano, umtyunjwa unikela intetho eyamkelekileyo ebeka imixholo yephulo kunye nombono. Esi siganeko sigqutyuthelwa kakhulu ngamajelo eendaba kwaye sisebenza ukumanyanisa iqela kunye nabaxhasi bentlanganiso phambi kwephulo lonyulo jikelele. Ngoxa iindibano zale mihla zidla ngokuba nezithethe, zihlala zibalulekile kwikhalenda yonyulo.

Iphulo Eliqhelekileyo Lokhetho

Xa kukhethwa abachongi, iphulo lonyulo liqala ngokunyanisekileyo. Eli nyathelo lisuka kwiindibano ekupheleni kwehlobo ukuya kumhla woNnyulo ekuqaleni kukaNovemba. Iqela elihamba ilizwe, lithathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo, liphumeze izibhengezo, lize lixhobise amavoti ukuba aphumele kwivoti.

Iphulo libhekisa kulawulo lwezitshixo ezingundoqo, ngokungakumbi ezo zinezivoti ezininzi zokhetho okanye ezo zinokujinga ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye. La mazwe "atsala" afumana ingqalelo ekhutshiweyo kuba utshintsho oluncinci kwihambo yovoti lungagqiba isiphumo. I-Candidate ithumela imiyalezo yazo kwinkxalabo zasekuhlaleni, ukusuka ekuveliseni kwi Midwest ukuya ekungeneni eSouthwester.

Imali idlala indima enkulu kumaphulo angoku. Inyusa imali evela kubantu ngabanye abanikelayo, iikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (PACs), kunye neekomiti zeqela. IKhomishini yeNtlalo-ntle yezeNtlanganiso (FEC) ilawula inkxaso-mali yezemali kwaye ifuna ukutyhilwa kweminikelo nenkcitho. Ukusukela kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2010 [ku- Isicizen esimanyeneyo [United[[FLT] v.FEC, inkampani kunye nemibutho inokuchitha iindleko ezizimeleyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyukeni kwe-Super PPACC.

Kulo lonke iphulo, abathathi-nxaxheba nabo banenxaxheba kwiingxoxo zomongameli. Ezi ziganeko zonyuselo zinika abavoti uthelekiso olusecaleni lolwazi, ubunjani, kunye nezicelo zabathathi-nxaxheba. Ingxoxo zilungelelaniswe yiKhomishoni engeyoyabapatisi kwiingxoxo zoPhostoli, nangona imijikelo yakutshanje iye yabona utshintsho kwimiqathango yokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Umhla Wokhetho: Umbutho Othandwayo

Usuku lokhetho lungoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba. Abami ababhaliswe ukuvota iivoti zabo zomongameli. Noko ke, abavoti ngqo kubavoti kodwa isileti se [[FLT: 0] abakhethi [[FLT: 1] babhaptiza loo mvoti. Le yivoti eyaziwayo.

Urhulumente ngamnye unika unyulo olusuka kunyulo lwawo, ukusuka kubhaliso lwemithetho yokuvota ukuya kucwangciso lwevoti. Amanye amazwana avota ngokupheleleyo ngeposi (umz., Oregon, Washington), ngeli xesha amanye efuna ukuvota nge-person nokhetho olulinganiselweyo. Emva kokuvalwa, amagosa onyulo abala iibhola zonyulo kwaye anikela ingxelo ngeziphumo zengingqi nganye nezwe. Ezi ziphumo azikho ngokomthetho zinokugunyaziswa ngamagosa, nto leyo enokuthi ithathe iintsuku okanye iiveki ezithile ngenxa yokufumana ii-posi-boloti kunye nokuncokola.

Umvuzo wovoti odumileyo kwiphondo ngalinye . ngaphandle kweMaine kunye neNebraska. Ifumana zonke iivoti zikarhulumente. IMaine neNebraska zisebenzisa inkqubo yesithili, inika amavoti amabini akhethiweyo kumvuzo welizwe ngokubanzi kwaye enye kumvuzo wesithili ngasinye sombutho. Malunga namazwe onke, umvoti ofumana olona vote zithandwayo ufumana uvoti olupheleleyo lwevoti karhulumente (winner-all).

IElectoral College: Oyena Mgqibeli Wokwenene

I-Electoral College yinkqubo, hayi indawo. Inendawo yabanyuli abangama-538, ilungu ngalinye leKhomishini kunye nesithathu seWashington, D.C. Ukuphumelela umongameli, umvoti kufuneka akhusele uninzi lwevoti ezikhethiweyo: ubuncinane 270.

Indlela Abanyulwa Ngayo Abacebisi

Phambi konyulo, iqela ngalinye lezobupolitika likhetha isileti sabavoti kwilizwe ngalinye. Aba badla ngokukhetha abaxhasi bamaqumrhu abanyanisekileyo ```abaxhasi besizwe'''. Aba bakwiqela lomntu, abaxhasi bexesha elide. Amagama abavoti avela kwivoti, kodwa amavoti ajonga igama lomongameli. Xa umvoti evota ibhola yomvoteli, eneneni bavota ireleti yabavotisi.

Ukudibana KwabaCebethi

NgoDisemba, abavoti badibana kumakomkhulu abo elizwe ukuze bavote umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli. Batyobela amaxwebhu amathandathu evoti, athunyelwa kumagosa ahlukeneyo, kuquka uMongameli weCathenal (uMongameli onguMongameli), uSibonelelo sogcino-mali noLawulo loMlawuli weZibonelelo lweSizwe, kunye neeofisi zolawulo zikarhulumente. UMgaqo-siseko awufuni abavoti ukuba balandele uvotelo oluqhelekileyo kwilizwe labo, kodwa u-33 mazwe kunye neSithilithili saseColumbia zinemithetho ebophelele abanyuliyo. Inkundla ePhakakhulu yaxhasa le mithetho ku-202020 [FLT.] Cafalo v. Washington[FLT] [FLT] ulawula ukuba athi ayenze isiqinisekiso okanye asuse okanye asuse i-ombokisi.

Abakhenkethi Abangenalukholo

Ngamaxesha athile, uvotelo lonyulo lomnye umntu ngaphandle komvotisi abathembisa ukumxhasa. Lonto inqabile kwaye ayizange itshintshe isiphumo sonyulo lomongameli. Noko ke, ukunokwenzeka kongeza inxenye yokungaqiniseki. Ngonyaka ka2016, abavoti abasixhenxe baphambukiswa kwizifungo zabo ````nakuko nanini na kunyulo olunye. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ku [FLT: 0] Chifalo ichaza igunya lokususa okanye ukusohlwaya abavoli abangenalukholo, ukunciphisa amathuba okurhoxiswa kolukhetho olunjalo kwimibanyulo lwexesha elizayo.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kokugqibela: Ukubala Izixhobo Zokudlala

Iivoti zokhetho ziyathunyelwa kwiNgqungquthela ze zibalwe kwintlanganiso edityanisiweyo eqhutywe ngoJanuwari 6 emva konyulo. UMongameli onguMongameli, njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtsimi yeNtlanganiso, uyawongamela ubalo. Izatifiketi zonyulo zivulwa ngokonobumba-luvotelwa ngurhulumente, kwaye amavoti abhengezwa ngabaxeli abavela kwiNdlu neNdlu yeeNdlu.

Ukuba umvotelwa uneevoti ezingama-7022 zonyulo, uMongameli onguMongameli uvakalisa umvuzo. Eli nyathelo lokugqibela liqhele ukuba ngumthetho, kodwa linokuba ligatya ukuba kuphakanyiswe iimpikiswano. Phantsi kwe-Electoral Count Act (njengoko iguqulwe yiElectoral Reformation Act yoma 2022), izibheno kufuneka zenziwe ngokubhaliweyo kwaye zisayinwe ngamalungu amaqela amabini. Ukuba impikiswano yenziwa, iNdluvo-ndlu ne-Rhea yengxoxo ukuba ngaba bamkela abavoti abavoti. Emva kwengxoxo, amagumbi omabini; ukuba avumelana, amavoti ayakhutshwa.

Ubalo lwesithandathu lukaJanuwari lufumene ingqalelo evuselelekileyo emva kohlaselo lwama 2021 eCapitol. Iinguqu zangonyaka wama 2022 zacacisa indima kaMongameli onguVice njengeyobulungiseleli kuphela, yasusa ukungaqondakali malunga negunya lendlu yowiso-mthetho, yaphakamisa umqobo wokuchasa ukunqanda iingxaki ezingeyomfuneko.

Ukumiselwa: Isifungo seOfisi

Xa iKhomishini iqinisekisa unyulo, umongameli uthatha isifungo sesikhundla ngoJanuwari 20 (okanye ngoJanuwari 21 ukuba i-20 ifika ngeCawa) kumsitho kawonke-wonke owaziwa ngokuba kukunikezelwa. IJaji eyiNtloko ePhakamileyo inikela isifungo: "Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembeka ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kukhusela, ndikhusele, ndikhusele, ndikhusele, ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko we-United States."

Ngesifungo, lo mongameli mtsha uthatha onke amagunya omgaqo-siseko neembopheleleko. Ukunikezelwa kuphawula ukufuduswa koxolo kwegunya, uphawu lwedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Kukho abo babengabongameli, amalungu eBhunga, iindwalutho, namawaka abemi kwiSizwe saseWashington, D.C.

Ulwazelelelo Olungakumbi Notshintsho

Ingqokelela yeSizwe ebizwa ngokuba yiVote Interstate

Amanye amaphondo aye adibanisa isivumelwano esibizwa ngokuba yiNational Popular Vote Interstate Company (NPVIC). Phantsi kwalo manyano, amatyala avumelana nabo bonke abavoti babo abavoti abachongi abaphumeleleyo kwivoti ethandwayo yesizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani ophumelele urhulumente wawo. Umanyano luza kuthatha isiphumo kuphela xa amazwe anele adibana kwivoti yama-270 epheleleyo yabavoti abavoti. Ngokwango-2025, 17 kumazwe kunye neSithilishini saseColumbia, emela iivoti zovoti ezingama-209 ezinovoti-voti-ovote. Umanyano lujongenemibuzo esemthethweni neyomGwal, kodwa luhlala lungumgudu osebenzayo.

Imigudu yokukhuthaza iElectoral College

Kuye kwakho izicelo ezininzi zokuthatha indawo yeElectoral College ngevoti ethandwayo yesizwe. Ezininzi zifuna ulungiso lwemithetho-siseko, olufuna unyuso, oluzii-3-3 zombini kwizindlu zongqungquthela kunye nolwahlulo ngeziqu ezithathu zamazwe. Ukunikwa kolwahlulo lwezopolitiko, ulungiso olunjalo aluqhelekanga kwixesha elizayo elingekude. Kodwa, ingxoxo iyaqhubeka, ingakumbi emva konyulo apho umvuzo oqhelekileyo warhoxa walelwa kwivoti (umz. 2000, no2016).

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Inkqubo yonyulo ixhomekeke ekukwazini ukuvota kwabemi abafanelekileyo. Imibandela efana nemithetho ye-ID yomvoti, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ii-posi ezikwindawo yokuvota, kunye nemiqathango yokuvota ichaphazela ukurhoxa komvoti. UMthetho woNcedo waseMelika Vote ka-2002 kunye nemithetho yoNcedo ilandela inkqubo yokuphucula ukufumaneka kovotelo nokhuseleko. Amazwe ayaqhubeka ukuhlaziya iinkqubo zonyulo, kunye neenkundla ezisoloko zingqina ukuphikisana ngamalungelo okuvota.

Isishwankathelo samanyathelo Angundoqo

  • [[UMTL: 0] Amaqela akhetha abathunywa kwiindibano zesizwe.
  • [ Iindibano zohlanga (July-August): Izabelo zigunyazisa ngokusemthethweni ubumongameli kunye nobudlelane beqela.
  • [[UMTL:0] ICandelo loNnyuso Jikelele (Senteber-November): Ingxoxo eququzelelayo, ibhengeze, kwaye ithumele abavoti.
  • Usuku lokhetho [uLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba): Abami bavota abavoti abathenjiswe ngamnye oza kubhaptiza.
  • Intlanganiso yeKoleji ekhoyo (iphakathi-Dekhber): Abaphakamisi badibana kumakomkhulu elizwe ukuvota ngokusemthethweni.
  • Isiqinisekiso esikwindawo engaphambili (Januwari 6): Ingqungquthela ibala amavoti akhethiweyo kwaye ivakalisa uphumelele.
  • Ukwenziwa kwento ngesiqu senqanawa (Januwari 20): Umongameli-omatshini aba nesifungo seofisi kwaye bathathe amandla.

Inkqubo yokukhetha umongameli wase-U.S. intsonkothile ngoyilo, ngenjongo icotha kwaye igqunywe ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho siganeko sinye okanye ukungaphumeleli okunokuthi kuthintele ukutshintsha koxolo kwegunya. Ngelixesha abagxeki bephikisa ngelithi iElectoral College iphelelwe lixesha kwaye inkqubo ilula ukuyisebenzisa, abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ikhusela indima yamazwe kunye nemikhosi efuna ukulwa iphulo ngokubanzi. Ukuqonda inyathelo ngalinye qhakuva i-caucus ukuya kwisifungo sokugqibela.

[[UMTL_HAWU] Izibonelelo:[[UMKCU]